slit-like nostrils and two rows of eyelashesthin fur to allow easy heat lossa large surface area to volume ratio to maximise heat lossHump which stores fatlarge, flat feet to spread weight

white appearance for camouflagethick layers of fat and fur for insulationa small surface area to volume ratio, to minimise heat lossa greasy waterproof coatlarge furry feet to distribute weight

Keywords: A

daptation, Competition, Inherit, Asexual Reproduction, D

ominant, Recessive, A

llele

A cell nucleus contains 46 Chromosomes, which carry genes and are made of DNA. Different versions of genes are called alleles.

Extinction, Evolution, Darwin, Natural Selection, Mutation, Vertebrate, Pollution, Acid Rain, FSH, LH, Hormone, Oestrogen, Mutualist

CompetitionAnimals-food-water-territory-mates

Plants-light-water-space-nutrients

Sexual Asexual

2 Parents; fusion of gametes

1 Parent

Lots of Variation

No Variation; clones

Cacti adaptations: Stems that can store water.Widespread root systems = collect water from a large area; support/anchor the plant.Spines not leaves = reduced water loss & protection. Fewer stomata = less water lossTemperature

Monitored by thermoregulatory centre in brain and receptors in skin.

Too Hot

-hair lies flat

-blood vessels dilate so heat lost through skin

-sweat produced

Too Cold

-goosebumps & hairs trap air

-blood vessels constrict

-no sweat

-shiver, respiration releases heat

Scientific names (binomials) provide info. on evolutionary relatedness

Genus Species

Pan paniscus

Survival of the fittest!

Re

pro

du

ction

Stimuli/Receptor Sense Organ

Touch/pressure Skin

Sound Ears

Light Eyes

A Motor Neuron

Reflex Arc

Plant Hormones: Auxin controls growth. Diffuses away from light. Promotes growth in shoots. Inhibits growth in roots. Shoots = +ively phototropic (grow towards light); -ively gravitropic (grow against gravity). Roots = opposite.

HormonesGland > Secretion > Target organ

Theories of EvolutionEvolution = random progressive change over long period of timeLamarck- inheritance of acquired characteristicsDarwin- natural selection & survival of the fittest

Fossils show how organisms have changed, but don’t often form and are usually fragmented

Extinction due to….•Changes in environment•New predators•New competitors•Disease

OwlsBlackbirds

Caterpillars

Oak tree

Pyramids of Biomass

Show amount of material at each stage

Always a pyramid shape because energy & carbon is lost….

- Respiration: releases CO2, energy used in movement + heat production (mammals/birds)

- Not all organisms eaten

- Waste: faeces + urine

The Carbon Cycle -Stored as CO2, or fats/proteins/carbs -Decay carried out by decomposers

Food

Chains

Pyramids of numbers show the number of organisms at each level; not always a pyramid shape

What is the source of all energy?

1. Mutation causes…

2. Variation, with

3. Some individuals better adapted

4. Better adapted survive and reproduce

5. Offspring inherit adaptation and also benefit

E.g. Believed that the offspring of mice who had their tails chopped off would also have no tails…WRONG

Electric shock to stimulate cell division

Adult Cell CloningAdult cell cloning: new individual is an exact replica of just one parent

Embryo transplant: two parents’ gametes, artificial insemination, embryo formed, split into several and each placed in a surrogate uterus

What are the concerns with these procedures?

Genetic Engineering

Immune Response (1 of 3)

White blood cells > produce antibodies > recognise foreign pathogens > faster response next time

Why does a person become malnoushired?

Give two signs of malnourishment.

Complete the table to evaluate the use of statins and cholesterol blockers for

treating high cholesterol levels.

What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health.

Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each?

State three things that affect metabolic rate:

Define metabolic rate

Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each

Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels.

Name Mass (kg) Height (m) BMI AdviceMr X

Miss P

Mrs Q

70

65

54

1.90

1.43

1.74

19.4

31.8

17.8

What are statins and cholesterol blockers used for? Explain how each works..

Drug Advantages Disadvantages

Statins

Cholesterol blockers

• .

Name three important things in the body cholesterol is used for.

BMI = mass in kg (height in m)2Underweight <18Normal 19-24Overweight 25 - 29Obese >30

Explain the link between cholesterol and heart disease.

Name a source of:Saturated fat:Unsaturated fat:

How can you change the fat intake in your diet to reduce cholesterol?

Why does a person become malnoushired? Their diet is not balancedGive two signs of malnourishment.Overweight / underweightDeficiency disesase

Complete the table to evaluate the use of statins and cholesterol blockers for

treating high cholesterol levels.

What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health.Vitamins Minerals

Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each?

State three things that affect metabolic rate:•Activity Levels•The ratio of fat to muscle in the body•Genes (inherited factors)

Define metabolic rateis the rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out.

Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each•Carbohydrate – energy source•Fat – energy, make hormones, insulation•Protein – build new cells

Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels. Diet Genes

Name Mass (kg) Height (m) BMI AdviceMr X

Miss P

Mrs Q

70

65

54

1.90

1.43

1.74

19.4

31.8

17.8

Healthy

Obese –eat less fat and sugar; exercise more

Underweight – increase calorie intake

What are statins and chloesterol blockers used for? Explain how each works.Drugs that lower blood cholesterol.Statins block enzyme in liver. Cholesterol blockers reduce dietary absorption.

Drug Advantages Disadvantages Statins

Cholesterol blockers

• Can lower cholesterol to zero

• Good for people with high cholesterol due to genetics

• Good for people with high cholesterol due to diet

• Less side effects than statins

• Need cholesterol to make hormones etc

• Potentially fatal side effects

• Can interact badly with other drugs.

• Can cause diarrhoea.

Name three important things in the body cholesterol is used for.Cell membranesSteroid hormonesBile

BMI = mass in kg (height in m)2Underweight <18Normal 19-24Overweight 25 - 29Obese >30

Explain the link between cholesterol and heart disease. If you have a high ratio of LDLs to HDLs you have an increased risk of heart disease. This encourages cholesterol to be deposited in the walls of coronary arteries,Blockage prevents glucose and oxygen reaching the heart muscle so heart muscle cells cannot respire so die.

Name a source of:Saturated fat: Meat, dairy, eggsUnsaturated fat: olive oil, peanuts, corn oil, sunflower oil, oily fish, margarine

How can you change the fat intake in your diet to reduce cholesterol?Eat less saturated fats and more unsaturated

What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from?

Explain how the following make you ill:Bacteria

Viruses

How can the following drugs be used to treat disease?Painkillers

Antibiotics

Explain how vaccination works:

Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease.

What is a pathogen?.

Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine.

Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses?

Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem?

How can we reduce this problem?

Why are antibiotics used in farming?

Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria.

What is a mutation?

Why is mutatioin in pathogens problematic?

What is a sterile culture. .

Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile. .

List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile culture1.

What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry?.

What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from? MeaslesMumpsRubella

Explain how the following make you ill:Bacteria Reproduce rapidly and produce toxinsViruses reproduce inside e cells and damage them

How can the following drugs be used to treat disease?Painkillers relieve symptoms (don’t kill pathogen)Antibiotics Kill bacteria

Explain how vaccination works:•Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected•Stimulates memory cells to form•Next time pathogen enters body white blood cells make antibodies faster and in greater numbers

Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease. •Ingest pathogens (phagocytosis)•Produce antibodies – destroy specific bacteria or viruses•Produce antitoxins – neutralise toxins released by pathogens

What is a pathogen?Microoganism that causes disease.

Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine. Noted death rates on maternity wards much lower when midwives delivered compared to doctors - realised doctors were transferring disease from surgeryEncouraged use of chloride of lime to wash hands and kill bacteria - Death rates drastically fellShows importance of handwashing to prevent spread of infection

Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses?Viruses replicate inside human cells so the antibiotic can’t reach them or would kill the human cell.

Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem?Selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive. These are hard to treat. How can we reduce this problem?Do not use antibiotics for minor infectionsReduce use in agriculture

Why are antibiotics used in farming?Help animals gain weight – less energy spent overcoming infectionIncrease profits – prevent spread of infection

Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. Bacteria mutate by chanceBacteria with mutation not killed by antibioticThese cells can survive to reproduceAnd pass the gene for resistance to their offspring – population of resistant bacteria increases

What is a mutation? Change in a gene Why is mutatioin in pathogens problematic?Creates new strains that people have no immunity to or are resistant to antibiotics

What is a sterile culture. Culture of only one type of microorganism.

Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile. .Other microbes would use up food resourcesOther microbes may produce dangerous toxins

List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile cuture1. Sterilise petri dish and culture medium before use2. Sterilise innoculating loop by passing through a flame3. Tape lid to prevent contamination from air4. Work near a flame

What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry?25oC – to prevent growth of human pathogens. Industry higher – faster growth rate.

What is involved in phase two drugs testing?

Complete the table to evaluate the use of cannabis

What does phase one drug testing involve and why is it necessary?

Why did the use of Thalidomide cause controversy?

What is meant byA blind trial?

Double blind trial?

What would the placebo be if the real drug was:A tablet? An injection?

Advantages Disadvantages

What is a drug?

What was Thalidomide originally developed as?

What is it now used to treat?

Give a negative effecs on the body of Smoking

Drinking alcohol

What is drug addiction? Name a very addictive drug.?

What is the advantage of blind trials?

Why is the overall impact of legal drugs on society greater than illegal drugs?

What are withdrawal symptoms? Give an example.

Why might an athlete take the following?•Anabolic steroid

•Stimulants

•Analgesics

•Stimulants

What is involved in phase two drugs testing?Drug tested on healty volunteersStart with low dose – gradually increased until effective dose found

Complete the table to evaluate the use of cannabis

What does phase one drug testing involve and why is it necessary?Test drug on cells, tissues or animalsSafety testing - check for toxicity and interaction with other drugs.

Why did the use of Thalidomide cause controversy? Found to relieve morning sickness but had not been tested on pregnant animals – babies born with severe limb abnormalities.

What is meant byA blind trial? Patients do not now who gets drug and who gets placeboDouble blind trial? Neither doctor nor patient knows who gets drug or placebo

What would the placebo be if the real drug was:A tablet? Sugar pill An injection? Saline injection

Advantages Disadvantages

Can be medicinal: glaucoma / MS /

Cancer

Relaxant

Strong evidence suggesting causes mental

illness

Expensive

May lead to use of more dangerous drugs

What is a drug?Chemical that alters the way the body works.

What was Thalidomide originally developed as?Sleeping Pill

What is it now used to treat?LeprosySome types of cancer

Give a negative effecs on the body of Smoking Lung cancer / Low birth weight / Heart disease / Emphysema etcDrinking alcohol Liver cancer / cirrhosis etc

What is drug addiction? Name a very addictive drug.?When your body becomes dependent on a drug due to frequent use– durg alters body chemistry so badly that you cannot function normally without it.Eg, heroin, cocaine

What is the advantage of blind trials? Avoid bias

Why is the overall impact of legal drugs on society greater than illegal drugs?More people use legal drugs

What are withdrawal symptoms? Give an example. Unpleaseant side effects experienced when you stop taking an addictive drug. Eg. Tremors, palpitations, sweating, headaches etc

Why might an althlete take the following?•Anabolic steroid increase muscle mass

•Stimulants Liver cancer / cirrhosis etc

•Analgesics relive pain

•Stimulants make reactions faster