Carbon and its Compounds

What Is Carbon ?

CARBON is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive

CHARACTERSTICS OF HYDROCARBONS

Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are:The number of carbon atomsHow the atoms are arranged:

1. Straight chain2. Branched chain3. Ring Or Cyclic

Types of hydrocarbons

SATURATED HYDROCARBON

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON

Saturated hydrocarbonsA Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.In a saturated hydrocarbon, all the bonds are single bonds.Alkane is another name for a saturated hydrocarbon.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons A h y d r o c a r b o n t h a t c o n t ai n s one o r m o r e d o u b l e o r t r I p l e b o n d s I s a n u n s a tu r a t ed h y d r o c a r b o n .T h e r e a r e t h r e e t y p e s o f u n s a tu rated h y d r o c a r b o n s : a l k e n e s , a l k yn e s & a r o m a t I c h y d r o c a r b o n s .

NO. OF CARBON ATOMS

NAME FORMULA STRUCTURE

1 METHANE CH4

2 ETHANE C2H6

3 PROPANE C3H8

4 BUTANE C4H10

5 PENTANE C5H12

6 HEXANE C6H14

STRUCTURE OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

ISOMERISM

An isomer is a molecule with the same molecular formula as another molecule, but with a different chemical structure. That is, isomers contain the same number of atoms of each element, but have different arrangements of their atoms. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties, unless they also have the same functional groups. The existence of two(or more) different organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures is called isomerism. Isomerism is possible only with hydrocarbons having 4 or more carbon atoms, because only then we can have two or more different arrangements of carbon atoms.

Isomers T h e o r g a n I c c o m p o u n d s w h i c h hav e s a m e m o l e c u l a r f o r m u l a b u t d i f f e r e n t s t ru c t u r a l f o r m u l a ,t h e s e a r e c a l l e d I s o m e r s a n d t h e p r o p e r t y I s c a l l e d I s o m e r I s a t i o n .

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.

FUNCTIONAL GOUPS SUFFIX / PREFIX & SYMBOLS

ALDEHYDE Suff – ‘al’ ALCOHOL Suff – ‘ol’ KETONE Suff–‘one’

CARBOXYLIC ACID Suff – ‘oic acid’HALOGEN Pref – chloro , bromo, floro,

iodo

SOME FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Addition reaction

Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons, this process is known as addition reaction. Catalysts are substances that cause a reaction to occur or proceed at a different rate without the reaction itself being affected. This reaction is commonly known used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel catalyst. Vegetable oils generally have long unsaturated carbon chains while animal fats have saturated carbon chains.

Substitution reactionSaturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive and are inert in the presence of most reagents. However, in the presence of sunlight, chlorine is added to hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction. Chlorine can replace hydrogen atoms one by one. It is called a substitution reaction because one type of atoms or a group of atoms takes the place of another. A number of products are usually formed with the higher homologues of alkanes.

ethanol

Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature. It is commonly called alcohol and is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks. In addition, because it is a good solvent, it is also used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups, and many tonics. Ethanol is also soluble in water in all proportions. Consumption of small quantities of dilute ethanol causes drunkenness. Reactions of Ethanol :-With Sodium :- 2Na + 2 -> 2 + Hot Conc.With Unsaturated Hydrocarbon :- + The concentrated sulphuric acid can be regarded as a dehydrating agent which removes water from ethanol.

Thank YouMade by Harsh SOrathiyaX -a