ProtoplasmGroup 4th

BIOLOGY CELL

• Dewi Anggi Pratiwi

• Risa Andriani

• Tari Rezky Ayunda

GROUP MEMBERS :

• Definition

• Chemical Properties of Protopalsm

• Physical properties Protopalsm

Materials

DEFINITION

What is Protoplasm ?

Where is it ?

DEFINITION

Protoplasm is the living

contents in a cell that issurrounded by a plasma

membrane.

Protoplasm

Proto = First

Plasm = Substance

Protoplasm is devied in two

form :

1. Liquid Sol

2. Jelly Gel

*Depends on physiological stateProtoplasm is devied in two presence

:

1. Cytoplasm

2. Nucleoplasm

PROTOPLASM

• Present between the nucleus and theplasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell

• Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,suspended in cytosol, are a variety oforganelles of specialized form andfunction.

Cytoplasm

• Enveloped by the nuclear membrane ornuclear envelope

• The nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquidthat surrounds the chromosomes andnucleoli

• Many substances such as nucleotides andenzymes are dissolved there.

• The soluble, liquid portion of thenucleoplasm is called the nuclearhyaloplasm.

Nucleoplasm

PICT OF PROTOPLASM

Cytoplasm Nucleoplasm

Compounds of cells Protoplasm of Animal cells (in%)

Protoplasm of plant cells (in%)

Water 60 75,0

Organic compound 35,7 22,5

Protein+nuclead acid 17,8 4

Lipida 11,7 0,5

Saccharida 6,2 18

Anorganic compound 4,3 2,5

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

WATER

A. The function of water in protoplasm:1. As solvent elements and other chemical compounds

2. As a transport agent

3. As feedstock hydrolysis reaction

4. In place of chemical reactions in water

B. Chemical Structure

CARBOHYDRATE

B. Structure : CnH2n0nA. Function

• The main energy source

• Assist in the process of

metabolism

• Assist in the process of

calcium arbsosbtion

CARBOHYDRATE

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

Disaccharides Polysaccharides

• Simple one• Example :

• Gluchose• Fructose• Galactose• Ribosa• Manosa

• Consist of two monosaccharides

• Example ;• Lactosa• Maltosa • Sucrosa

• Consist of more than two disaccharides

• Example• Amilum• Selosa

Monosaccharide

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

PROTEIN PROTEIN

A. Function

Are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding upchemical reactions

ENZIM

PROTEIN PROTEIN

B. Structure

Polypeptide

Amino acid

Polypeptide

-Polypeptides Are polymers (chains) of

amino acids

- A protein Consists of one or more

polypeptides

Amino Acid- Are organic molecules possessing both

carboxyl and amino groups- Differ in their properties due to differing

side chains, called R groups

Amino Acid

Are linked by peptide bonds

Lipid

• Lipids are a diverse group of

hydrophobic molecules

• Lipids

– Are the one class of large biological

molecules that do not consist of

polymers

– Share the common trait of being

hydrophobic

Fats– Are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a

single glycerol and usually three fatty acids

– Vary in the length and number and locations of double bonds they contain

Fats• Are constructed from two types of smaller molecules,

a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids

Fats

• Saturated fatty acids

– Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

possible

– Have no double bonds

(a) Saturated fat and fatty acid

Stearic acid

Fats

25

• Unsaturated fatty acids

– Have one or more double bonds

(b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acidcis double bond

causes bending

Oleic acid

Phospholipids

• Phospholipids

– Have only two fatty acids

– Have a phosphate group instead of a third fatty

acid

Phospholipids

• Phospholipid structure

– Consists of a hydrophilic “head” and hydrophobic

“tails”

CH2

OPO OO

CH2CHCH2

OO

C O C O

Phosphate

Glycerol

(a) Structural formula (b) Space-filling model

Fatty acids

(c) Phospholipid

symbol

Hydrophilic

headHydrophobic

tails

–

CH2 Choline+N(CH3)3

Phospholipids

Hydrophilic

head

WATER

WATER

Hydrophobic

tail

• The structure of phospholipids

– Results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell

membranes

Steroids

• Steroids

– Are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting

of four fused rings

• One steroid, cholesterol

– Is found in cell membranes

– Is a precursor for some hormones

HO

CH3

CH3

H3C CH3

CH3

Nucleic Acid• Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides to form long

polynucleotide chains.

– Each nucleotide is composed of 3 smaller units:

• 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose).

• Phosphate group attached to one end of sugar.

• Nitrogenous base attached to other end of sugar.

Nitrogenous

base

Nucleoside

O

O

O

O P CH2

5’C

3’CPhosphate

group Pentose

sugar

Figure 5.26

O

Nucleic Acid• The “backbone” of the nucleic acid is formed by the sugar and

phosphate pairs.

• The “rungs” are formed by paired nitrogenous bases.

– Nitrogenous bases complementary pair

• A + T (U)

• C + G..

Nucleic Acid

• There are two types of nucleic acids

– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

– Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Nucleotide

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base

Sugar

Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone

DNA nucleotide

Phosphategroup

Nitrogenous base(A, G, C, or T)

Thymine (T)

Sugar(deoxyribose)

DNA• DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of

nucleotides

DNA

DNA Function

– Directs RNA synthesis

(transcription)

– Directs protein synthesis

through RNA (translation)

1

2

3

Synthesis ofmRNA in the nucleus

Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm

via nuclear pore

Synthesisof protein

NUCLEUSCYTOPLASM

DNA

mRNA

Ribosome

AminoacidsPolypeptide

mRNA

Figure 5.25

DNA

Pyrimidines

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

Purines

Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

• DNA has four kinds of bases, A, T, C, and G

3’ end

Sugar-phosphate

backbone

Base pair (joined by

hydrogen bonding)

Old strands

Nucleotide

about to be

added to a

new strandA

3’ end

3’ end

5’ end

New

strands

3’ end

5’ end

5’ end

Figure 5.27

DNA• Cellular DNA molecules

– Have two polynucleotides

that spiral around an

imaginary axis

– Form a double helix

• The DNA double helix

– Consists of two

antiparallel

nucleotide strands

Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model

Hydrogen bond

DNA• Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the strands

together: A and T, C and G

RNA– different sugar

– U instead of T

– Single strand, usually

Phosphategroup

Nitrogenous base(A, G, C, or U)

Uracil (U)

Sugar(ribose)

RNA

Transcription produces genetic messages in the

form of mRNA

RNARNA polymerase

DNA of gene

PromoterDNA Terminator

DNAInitiation

Elongation

Termination

Area shownin Figure 10.9A

GrowingRNA

RNApolymerase

Completed RNA

• In transcription, DNA helix unzips

– RNA nucleotides line up along one strand of DNA, following the base-pairing rules

– single-stranded messenger RNA peels away and DNA strands rejoin

RNA

DNA

RNAtranscriptwith capand tail

mRNA

Exon Intron IntronExon Exon

TranscriptionAddition of cap and tail

Introns removed

Exons spliced together

Coding sequence

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

Tail

Cap

• Noncoding segments,

introns, are spliced out

• A cap and a tail are

added to the ends

Eukaryotic RNA is

processed before leaving

the nucleus

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Protoplasm consists of various types of elements and organic and inorganic compounds are heterogeneous. The sizes of particles are dissolved in the protoplasm ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 microns, so that it is a colloid solution

• Organic compounds that make up the matrix (protoplasm liquid) as karbohidarat, proteins and fats in the form of suspension (size greater than 0.1 microns), while ions are smaller than 0.001 microns in the form of a pure solution.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Brown motion, the motion of the molecules of protoplasm are irregular due to the presence of water molecules.The motion was studied by Robert Brown (1827), an expert on the Scottish nation Botany in a colloidal solution.Brownian motion is usually the case in a colloidal solution and movement depends on the temperature and particle size.

• Colloidal solution on protoplasm can reflect light when the light comes right direction of the colloidal system, incident light reflection is called the Tyndall effect.

• Siklosis, the current form of movement that occurs in the protoplasm is in a state of sol. This Siklosis caused by Hydrostatic Pressure, Temperature, pH, viscosity (viscosity), Age of Sel.

• Ameboid motion, is the movement of protoplasm in the cells (especially animal cell: Amoeba, Protozoa and leukocytes) are caused by changes in the function so that the cytoplasm of elongated condition.

• Pressure surface, caused by the attraction of the molecules on the surface of the molecules move freely underneath the force in each direction of the same. As a result of

1. Dea

Depend on physiological form : liquid and gel, jelaskan physiological

itu seperti apa .

2. Cindy

Cytoplasma & Nucleoplasma apakah subtansinya sama ?

Mengapa terjadi perbedaan antara sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan ?

3. Bayu

Bagaimana mekanisme protoplasma menjaga bentuk sel ?

4. Abigail

Mengapa sel dikatakan hidup jika memiliki protoplasma ?