PROTOPLASMPROTOPLASM

Building materialBuilding material Suspension Suspension

substance that substance that makes up the makes up the physical basis of all physical basis of all living things living things

Carries on the process Carries on the process of of

MetabolismMetabolism• Synthesizes protein Synthesizes protein • Produce energyProduce energy

Reception of food and Reception of food and oxygenoxygen

Processes food and Processes food and oxygenoxygen

Eliminates waste Eliminates waste productsproducts

MACROMOLECULES/organic MACROMOLECULES/organic compoundscompounds

ProteinsProteins lipidslipids carbohydratescarbohydrates nucleic acidsnucleic acids

These are organic These are organic materials that are materials that are life supporting and life supporting and are in the cells of are in the cells of the human body the human body

PROTEINPROTEIN 15%15% building block (amino building block (amino

acids)acids) Order of these blocks Order of these blocks

determine the determine the function of the protein function of the protein molecule which in turn molecule which in turn gives the cell its gives the cell its characteristic characteristic

builds new tissuebuilds new tissue repairsrepairs Source of heat and Source of heat and

energyenergy

makes up antibodiesmakes up antibodies hormoneshormones

ENZYME CONTROLENZYME CONTROL controls speed of controls speed of

chemical reaction chemical reaction (release energy from (release energy from fat)fat)

LIPIDSLIPIDS

2%2% non water solublenon water soluble stores energystores energy component of cell component of cell

membranemembrane protects against protects against

cold/heatcold/heat

Assists in digestive Assists in digestive processprocess

component of component of hormoneshormones

CARBSCARBS

1%1% cell energycell energy releases large amounts of energy releases large amounts of energy

when bonds are broken thru when bonds are broken thru metabolismmetabolism

Three classifications of carbsThree classifications of carbs• monosaccharides-glucosemonosaccharides-glucose• disaccharides- sucrosedisaccharides- sucrose• polysaccharids- starchpolysaccharids- starch

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

1% of the cell1% of the cell BlueprintBlueprint DNA-nuclear DNA-nuclear

command/control/reproduction infocommand/control/reproduction info RNA- in nucleus and cytoplasmRNA- in nucleus and cytoplasm

• messengers or transfer agentsmessengers or transfer agents

CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES Composed of____________Composed of____________ Humans have a total of _________chromosomes or Humans have a total of _________chromosomes or

________pairs________pairs DNA is divided into segments called________DNA is divided into segments called________ The total amount of genetic material contained in The total amount of genetic material contained in

a human chromosome is called the _______ a human chromosome is called the _______ ____________________

The process of gene identification is called______The process of gene identification is called______

A karyotype is a gene map A karyotype is a gene map

INORGANIC COMPOUNDSINORGANIC COMPOUNDS

WATERWATER

80%80% delivers energy to target moleculedelivers energy to target molecule contributes to radiation effectscontributes to radiation effects

Chemical component of cellChemical component of cell

ProtoplasmProtoplasm Organic compoundOrganic compound Inorganic Inorganic

compoundcompound Suspended in Suspended in

waterwater water is 70-80% of water is 70-80% of

protoplasmprotoplasm

WaterWater transports transports

substancessubstances temp. buffertemp. buffer

WATERWATER

70%-85% in cell70%-85% in cell holds and transportsholds and transports temp. buffertemp. buffer most chemical activity most chemical activity

occur in water in celloccur in water in cell OsmosisOsmosis osmotic osmotic

pressure=potassium pressure=potassium and sodium and waterand sodium and water

H2O and Inorganic compoundH2O and Inorganic compound

Osmosis-moving Osmosis-moving substances(water) substances(water) inside and outside inside and outside of cellof cell

too little sodium too little sodium inside or too much inside or too much potassium outside potassium outside cell will collapsecell will collapse--hypertonichypertonic

H2O and Inorganic compoundH2O and Inorganic compound

too much sodium too much sodium inside or too little inside or too little potassium outside potassium outside cell will swell-cell will swell-

hypotonichypotonic

CELL STRUCTURECELL STRUCTURE

CytoplasmCytoplasm nucleusnucleus organelles organelles

Both filled with Both filled with protoplasm protoplasm

Cell StructuresCell Structures

cell membranecell membrane RibosomesRibosomes Endoplasmic Endoplasmic

ReticulumReticulum

Mitochondria Mitochondria

skinskin Synthesize the Synthesize the

proteinsproteins interconnecting interconnecting

tubules (nucleus tubules (nucleus and cytoplasmand cytoplasm

source of energysource of energy

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus

LiposomesLiposomes

Collects molecules Collects molecules produced in one produced in one part of cell-modifies part of cell-modifies and distributes to and distributes to other parts of cell.other parts of cell.

Recycles Recycles proteins,carbs, proteins,carbs, lipids from old lipids from old organellesorganelles

NUCLEUS OF CELLNUCLEUS OF CELL

BrainBrain nuclear envelope nuclear envelope

(membrane)(membrane) chromosomeschromosomes genesgenes nucleolusnucleolus

Genetic/metabolic Genetic/metabolic infoinfo

separates from separates from cytoplasmcytoplasm

protein and DNAprotein and DNA Large amount of Large amount of

RNA held hereRNA held here

Anatomy of a CellAnatomy of a Cell

CELLS SPECIALIZE IN CELLS SPECIALIZE IN ACTIVITIESACTIVITIES

TissueTissue

OrgansOrgans

SystemSystem

OrganismOrganism

Group of cells-Group of cells-same activitysame activity

group of tissues-group of tissues-specific functionsspecific functions

group of organsgroup of organs

Human bodyHuman body

CELL PROLIFERATIONCELL PROLIFERATION

SomaticSomatic

Non-reproductiveNon-reproductive mitosismitosis interphaseinterphase

• period of growth between divisionperiod of growth between division• G1-where cell growsG1-where cell grows• S phase- DNA replicated;# of S phase- DNA replicated;# of

chromosomes doubledchromosomes doubled• G2-organelles reproduced;chromatids G2-organelles reproduced;chromatids

reproducereproduce

ProphaseProphase Metaphase: in terms of radiographic Metaphase: in terms of radiographic

exposure-most sensitive stage. Also exposure-most sensitive stage. Also where the radiation damage can be where the radiation damage can be assessed assessed

AnaphaseAnaphase TelophaseTelophase

Germ - meiosisGerm - meiosis

Process of reduction meiosis as germ cells Process of reduction meiosis as germ cells begin with 46 chromosomes from the male begin with 46 chromosomes from the male (sperm) and female (ova) but must be (sperm) and female (ova) but must be reduced in half Malignant-abnormal reduced in half Malignant-abnormal divisiondivision

More chromatin (contains genetic More chromatin (contains genetic material)material)

Increased rate of nuclear material to Increased rate of nuclear material to cytoplasmcytoplasm

GERM CELLSGERM CELLS

ReproductiveReproductive meiosismeiosis 2 divisions2 divisions -2 cells with diploid somatic #-2 cells with diploid somatic # -divide again with haploid #-divide again with haploid #