Current Status of Transboundary Animal

Diseases (TADs) in Taiwan

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Nien-Nung Lin

Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ), Council of Agriculture, Taiwan

2016.7.27

Outline

• General Aspects• TADs Status and Control and Prevention

Policy– FMD– HPAI

• Conclusion

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General Aspects (1/4)

Species Farm Head

Cattle 2,059 148,147

Goat 2,047 154,710

Pig 7,681 5,498,817Chicken 5,722 88,140,140

Duck 2,693 7,473,062Goose 515 641,949

Livestock population in 2016

General Aspects (2/4)

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• Chickens and pigs are the main population of livestock

Above 80% of poultry and swine population locates in south-western part of Taiwan

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General Aspects (3/4)

The Council of Agriculture (COA)

The Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine

(BAPHIQ)

Animal Health Inspection

Animal Quarantine Department

Meat Inspection Department

Planning Department

Other department related to plant

health inspection and quarantine

4 Branch offices

17 Inspection stations

22 LDCCs

The Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI)

The Branch Institute ofAnimal Drugs Inspection

1 Central authority/ 1 National Lab

22 local animal disease control centers (LDCCs)

Disease prevention and control Central authority: BAPHIQ (Animal Health Inspection) Local authorities: LDCCs

Quarantine BAPHIQ (Animal Quarantine Department, Branch offices and Inspection stations )

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General Aspects (4/4)

The organizational chart of the official veterinary services and the chain of command

TADs-FMD Status(1/3)• Devastating outbreaks in 1997

– Serotype O– Cathay topotype FMDV (Pig adopted strain )

• the predominated FMDV till now– Pigs

• Outbreaks of the new strain in 1999-2000– In Kinmen county– Serotype O– Pan Asia topotype FMDV– Yellow cattle, diary cattle and goats

• Sporadic outbreaks were reported in 1998-2001– O-Cathay FMDV

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TADs-FMD Status(2/3)• No case was reported and detected from 2002 to 2008• 2009-2016:

– O-Cathay FMDV (predominated)– O-SEA FMDV invaded in 2012 (Kinmen county)– A-SEA 97 FMDV invaded in 2015 (Kinmen county)

• No case was detected/ observed from June 2013 to April 2015 NSP case: NSP(+), Ag PCR(-) and VI(-)

Viral case: NSP(-), Ag PCR(+) or VI(+)

Year Cases CasesNSPa Viralb Total

2009 5 3 82010 3 1 42011 7 4 112012 10 5 152013 3 0 32014 0 0 02015 1 1 2Total 29 14 43

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TADs-FMD Status(3/3)• Offshore island is in high risk of FMD

outbreak, especially in Kinmen county– 1999: O-MESA FMDV– 2012: O-SEA FMDV– 2015: A FMDV

Kinmen county

PR China

Taiwan

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FMD Control and Prevention Policy

• Regulations Statute for Prevention and Control of Infectious

Animal Disease Regulations on management of compulsory

vaccination for HC and FMD Elimination Regulations on Cleaning and Disinfection of

Animal Transportation Vehicles and Cages

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FMD Control Policy• Blanket vaccination• Surveillance

– Evaluation of vaccination efficacy (SN titer)– Detection of any suspect case

• Clinical signs• NSP Ab

• Preventive measures• Case control• Stockpile vaccines of other serotypes of

FMDV for emergency use

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Blanket Vaccination

• Blanket vaccination – All cloven-hoofed animals shall be vaccinated

with FMD vaccine– O Taiwan and O Campos strain vaccines (at

least 6 PD50) are used (IM route)

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Blanket Vaccination

• Anti-violation operation is conducted by the verification team on daily basis 13

Pig Birth vaccination booster ………….

Age 0d 12wk 14wk 6m 9m 12m

Birth 1st vaccination 2st vaccination booster ….

Age 0D 4m 12m 2y

Ruminant

Blanket Vaccination• Penalty:

– The owner or keeper will be fined by NTD 30,000-150,000 (USD 1,000-5,000) when• violation of compulsory vaccination, or• all tested animals with titers of FMD SN antibodies 4≦

– The owner or keeper shall make a booster to animals kept in the farm when • mean titer of FMD SN antibodies from tested pigs is <16

(ruminant animal <32) – The boosted herd shall be re-tested after 3-5

weeks to ensure herd level protection 14

Surveillance

• Active surveillance– SN titer

• evaluating the efficacy of blanket vaccination• SN mean titer value for herd level protection

– ≧16x in pigs. – ≧ 32x in ruminants.

• The testing results below the standard values link to the corresponding penalty.

– NSP antibody• to detect possible viral activity in the field.

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Surveillance• On-farm active surveillance

– Clinical inspection– Serological testing

• Random sampling– 95% confidence level, 1% prevalence– 600 pig farms/year– 300 ruminant farms/year

» 15 serum samples/farm• Target Sampling

– 800 pig farms/year– 160 ruminant farms/year

– The achievements in 2015• Above 80% of tested cloven-hoofed animal farms had

protective SN titer 16

Surveillance

• Meat markets surveillance– Clinical inspection– Serological testing for NSP antibody on daily

basis• 1-2 animals per original farm• 40 thousands samples/year

– Any suspected case shall be traced back to the original farm to conduct• movement restriction• follow-up clinical inspection, serological and virological

sampling17

Surveillance

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Prevention Measures

• Application of biosecurity principles at the farm level– On and off farm control

– Personal and vehicle biosecurity

– Routine cleaning and disinfection

– Selective purchasing and quarantine

– Self monitoring and reporting the suspect case19

Prevention Measures• Application of vehicles control, transportation vehicle

and establishment disinfection at auction markets and slaughterhouses– Supervised by LDCCs and veterinary meat inspectors

• Awareness program and education on farmers and stakeholders

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Case Control– Movement restriction on the infected farm– Culling of clinically infected animals and their pen

mates (exposed animals)– Disposal of carcasses– Vaccination of healthy animals within the infected

farm to improve the herd level protection.– Surveillance on surrounding cloven-hoofed

animal farms within 3 km radius area around the infected farm.

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Stockpile for Emergency Use of Other Serotype of FMDV

• Commercial vaccines: – Serotype: A, Asia-1 and O– Monovalent– 100,000 doses/ each serotype (A and

Asia-1)– 50,000 doses/ O serotype

• Antigen bank:– Serotype: A and Asia-1– Monovalent– 600,000 doses/ each serotype

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TADs- HPAI Status (1/3)• Active surveillance program has started

since 1998– Poultry farm: about 1,000 farms/year– Wild birds: more than 3,000 dropping samples

from wetlands/year– Total (include pet bird):over 25,000

samples/year• No H5N1, H5N8, novel H5N2, novel H5N3

subtypes HPAI nor H7N9 (China) subtypes LPAI have been detected before 2015

TADs- HPAI Status (2/3)• High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI)

– Novel H5N2, H5N3 and H5N8 were confirmed in 2015– 6 basic amino acids in their HA cleavage site, which

have never been detected in Taiwan before and are approximately 98%~99% identical to the H5 gene of the 2014 Korean H5N8 HPAIV.

– HPAI Status• 2015 ： 224Chicken farms (including Turkey farms ） , 101

Duck farms, 681 Geese farms and 27 slaughter house cases, total 1,028 cases, 5,446,814 birds were culled.

• 2016 ： Up to July. 20, 17 Chicken farms (including Turkey farms) , 3 Duck farms,14 Geese farms, and 9 slaughter house cases, total 43 cases, 256,103 birds were culled.

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TADs- AI Status (3/3)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

678

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22 23 18 10 15 4 4 3 6 16022 12 7 5 4 1 5 5 3 1 00 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0

Reporting system Surveillance on surrounding farms of index farmActive surveillance

Month

Farm

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HPAI Control Policy• No vaccination policy• Stamping out• Active surveillance

– Poultry farms within 1 KM radius of infected farm– Routine surveillance

• Two nationwide standstill on poultry movement and slaughtering

• Quarantine stations• Health Certificate by veterinarian• Promoting “Regulations on Prevention of H5/H7

Subtype Avian Influenza” and “Regulations on Cleaning and Disinfection of Animal Transportation Vehicle and Cage” 26

Achievements in TADs control

• Taiwan, Penghu, Matzu Island have no FMD case detected or found since June 2013.

• Two yellow cattle cases of A serotype FMD were found in Kinmen island in April and June 2015.

• Appling FMD free zone where vaccination is practiced to the OIE in 2017

• Avian influenza cases have decreased from 1,054 cases in 2015 into 43 cases in 2016. 27

Conclusion

• Implement of active surveillance and monitoring the efficacy of vaccination policy

• Conducting educations, awareness campaigns, on-site assistances and incentive measures

• Guide farmers to improve their hard/software biosecurity measures by "Regulations on Prevention of H5/H7 Subtype Avian Influenza”

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Thank you for your attention!

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