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Seediscussions,stats,andauthorprofilesforthispublicationat:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284173572
FirstinsightsonTuberborchiidistributioninbothnaturalforestsandexperimentaltrufflefieldsinPortugal
ConferencePaper·October2014
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BeatriceBelfiori
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FrancescoPaolocci
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First insights on Tuber borchii distribu.on in both natural forests and experimental truffle fields in Portugal
Anabela Marisa Azul1, João Trovão1, Marcos Morcillo2, Andrea Rubini3, Alessandro Trusso3, Beatrice Belfiori3, Francesco Paolocci3, Helena Freitas1, and Claudia Riccioni3
1Centre for FuncAonal Ecology, Department of Life Sciences. University of Coimbra, 3001-‐401 Coimbra, Portugal. E-‐mail: [email protected] 2Micologia Forestal & Aplicada, Rbla. Arnau 6 local D, Vilanova i la Geltrú, 08800 Barcelona, Spain
3 CNR (NaAonal Research Council) -‐ InsAtute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Via della Madonna Alta, 130 -‐ 06128 Perugia, Italy
AIM To monitor the distribuAon and dynamics of T. borchii in naAve forests and experimental truffle trials established in Portugal (Alentejo region).
BACKGROUND Among the most valuable ectomycorrhizal fungi belonging to Tuber spp., Tuber borchii, is becoming an increasingly popular fungus in the marketplace. Thanks to a good adaptaAon to mulAple environments, T. borchii is also culAvated, in both naAve and non endemic areas. As all symbioAc species, this fungus can improve mineral nutriAon and stress-‐tolerance of the host plant. The scienAfic relevance of T. borchii as a model species for studying plant-‐fungus symbioses is also recognized. MaAng type (MAT) genes governing the sexual reproducAon (i.e. frucAficaAon) have been recently idenAfied unveiling that this is a heterothallic fungus (MarAn et al 2012 European Patent EP2426215).
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
REFERENCES Azul et al. 2010 Mycorrhiza 20, 73-‐88 MarAn F et al. 2012 European Patent EP2426215 Murat et al. 2013 New Phytol 199:176-‐187 Rubini et al. 2011 New Phytol 189:710-‐722 Rubini et al. 2014 Mycorrhiza 24, S19-‐S27
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bilateral Agreement between FCT-‐MCTES (Portuguese FoundaAon for Science and Technology) and CNR (Italian NaAonal Research Council), and VIDT 19118 Co-‐funded by COMPETE-‐FEDER-‐EU, for financial support. All faciliAes at the farm units, Freixo, Breijinho, and Quinta de Sousa.
FUTURE RESEARCH During Summer 2014 a consistent number of new T. borchii ECMs has been found and collected in the same natural areas. This material is now under analysis to assess whether the distribuAon pajern of T. borchii ECMs with different maAng type is biased on their hosts as it has been recently demonstrated to occur on host plants colonized by T. melanosporum (Rubini et al. 2011, 2014; Murat et al. 2013).
CONCLUSIONS Our data show that, at least in experimental truffle grounds, T. borchii ECMs of different maAng type can coexist under the same host-‐plant. This pajern, if supported by further data, disAnguishes this species from the valuable black truffle T. melanosporum, where a biased distribuAon of the two maAng types on single host plants was evidenced, suggesAng intraspecific compeAAon (Rubini et al. 2011; Murat et al. 2013). It could be very interesAng to invesAgate whether or not such a dissimilarity in the strain dynamics of the two species might be at the basis of their very different ecological requirements and pajern of geographic distribuAon.
Tuber borchii
SAMPLING SITES 1 Natural forests (NF), corresponding to naAve Mediterranean oak woodlands dominated by Quercus suber L. (cork oak, Qs). 2 Experimental field trial 1 (EFT1), with plantlets of Pinus pinea L. (stone pine, Pp) inoculated with T. borchii, introduced in areas dominated by Qs and Pp (in spring 2010). 3 Experimental field trial 2 (EFT2) inoculaAon in situ of Qs and Pp young trees with spores of T. borchii in oak woodlands (spring 2011).
METHODS Samplings were performed in summer 2013. Four distant plots, two in the NF, and two in EFT1 and EFT2, and 5 trees per plot, were selected. Around each tree, roots and soil samples were collected from different points. Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) and soil samples were molecularly analyzed by PCR-‐amplificaAon of the ITS region and maAng type locus.
T. borchii ECMs were present in both NF and EFTs (Fig. 6), with higher frequency, up to 50% mycorrhiza.on, in EFT1 (Table 1), and ≤5% in EFT2. In NF, T. borchii ECMs were more irregularly found. Moreover, preliminary data revealed that under the same host plant, T. borchii ECMs of opposite ma.ng type can coexist in experimental grounds.
EFT 2 Pp aTbor aECM iECM nECM
Abundance ≤5% 75-‐85% 12-‐17% <5%
EFT 2 Qs aTbor aECM iECM nECM
Abundance ≤5% 70-‐80% 15-‐20% <5%
EFT 1 Pp aTbor aECM iECM nECM
Abundance ≤50% 45-‐50% 40-‐45% ≤5%
Interes.ngly, although T. borchii ECMs were infrequently found in natural forest, almost all of the soil samples revealed the belowground presence of mycelium of T. borchii and a dominance of one ma.ng type over the other.
Figure 2. above experimental field trial 1, plantlets of Pinus pinea inoculated with T. borchii (spring 2010); below experimental field trial 2, inoculaAon in situ of young trees of Quercus suber and P. pinea with spores of T. borchii (spring 2011).
Figure 3. Natural forest – Herdade do Freixo, Montemor-‐o-‐Novo, Portugal, represenAng oak woodlands dominated by Quercus suber.
Figure 4. EFT1 – Herdade do Brejinho, Grândola, Portugal. Figure 5. EFT2 – Quinta de Sousa, Montemor-‐o-‐Novo, Portugal.
Tabela 1. Abundance of T. borchii ECM in EFT1 and EFT2. aTbor = acAve T. borchii ECM; aECM = total acAve ECM, iECM = total inacAve ECM, nECM = total non mycorrhizal roots (see Azul et al. 2010)
Natural forests cork oak woodlands Experimental truffle trials
Figure 1. DistribuAon of naAve Mediterranean oak woodlands dominated by Quercus suber in Portugal with the sampling sites located in the Alentejo region.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
500bp
1Kb
Figure 6. MulAplex PCR with specific primers of both maAng types on ECMs collected under the same host plant (site EFT1). Lane (L) 2: posiAve control, MAT1-‐2-‐1. L13: posiAve control, MAT1-‐1-‐1. L3-‐11: each lane represent a single ECM. L12: negaAve control. L1: Gene Ruler DNA ladder mix (Fermentas).