Makarajyothi 2015

heaÍõM bXMlfnkXakjaä akäf bfùiuXEqèùleChjX aobXMem£ejX ùhCcecõuX

hájÔeKõaclox aãevflõX Mgíû haæÿjûlmõ ùhmaÿe YibezMem£e bmlf cevam

YtlveL moevÌemqbª Ytloãehjejìjìcue yeaueMeam£ lgYõX vace vcû

ãmõ OvVéjfq celehfle jgaùoeYfó©cûlX Mem£ejX DuX baÌcuessboõX oãevfOfX

Dvõoe MjCX vem£flVacb MjCX cclmxceox kejgCõ Yeabvjì jì cueùhaYe!

anekbrjõX cuehtpõXmqbª jìekjX bfYgXheqbªlr uôoãevÌXMem£ejX ùhCcecõuX

bfùh htpõX bfMV bÌõXbfóÛg MXaYeû ùhfãX mglXìfùh ùhmeovfjlXMem£ejX ùhCcecõuX

cècelXi icvXkejgCõecôl htjflXmqbª bfIxv ujX aobXMem£ejX ùhCcecõuX

DmxclxkganMVjX aobXDmxclxßùlg bfveMvXDmxcofóØ ùhoelejXMem£ejX ùhCcecõuX

becX heoX ùhmejõ ùMflogjfl ujXoìfCX kgÂxpãflVe

pevgvõeOeã beacljcfljYgpXaMóaYesi vfOeã

hËelx heCfoVaãv ùhlfYëMcavMXKòaùk oOevû

aoabe YtóeOfãg©û ùlfoMhlfvglûhelghtqCÛùlãrMû

-Xm-a-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-imkvXm icWw...

]mXp ]q¿Æ-{X-boix

{io ltc \ax

3............................................................................................... ..........

t£{X\Kcnbmb Xr∏qWnØpdbn¬ {io [¿ΩimkvXmhv {][m\ {]XnjvTbmb t£{XamWv XmacwIpfßc

{io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{Xw. Ipd®v \q‰m≠pIƒ°v ap≥]v GXp ImeØpw hncn™v hnIkn®v \n¬°p∂

Xmac∏q°sfs°m≠v \nd™ncp∂ AXnat\mlcamb Hcp Pemibw ChnsS D≠mbncp∂p. Cu Pemibw ÿnXn

sNbvXncp∂ hf∏ns‚ DSaÿ\mbncp∂ samc°me a\bnse DÆn \ºqXncn Xncp\mhmb t£{XØn\p kao]w

HmØv ]Tn°p∂Xn\mbn t]mhpIbp≠mbn. AhnsS HmØv ]Tn°p∂ ImeØv kao]Øv Xs∂ ÿnXn sNøp∂ N{ah´w

{io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{XØn¬ N{ah´Ø∏s\ `Pn®pw tkhn®pw Pohn®p. Imew sN∂tXmSp IqSn At±lw

hm¿≤IyklPamb Zo\ßƒ°v ASns∏SpIbpw Xncn®p kz¥w C√tØ°v aSßp∂Xns\°pdn®v Nn¥n°m\pw

XpSßn. F∂m¬ N{ah´Ø∏t\mSp≈ AXnc‰ `‡n \nanØw `Khms\ Hcp t\cw Z¿in°mXncn°pI km[yamb

Imcya√t√m F∂ Nn¥bm¬ BIpeNnØ\mbn Ign™p hcsh Hcp Znhkw At±lw \n{Zbnem≠t∏mƒ, kz]v\Øn¬

Z¿i\ap≠mbn.

""`´Xncn C√tØ°v aSßns°mƒI, AßbpsS IqsS Rm≥ F∂pw D≠mIpw. C√sØØn Akm[mcWabn

Fs¥¶nepw A\p`hs∏SpIbmsW¶n¬ Fs‚ km∂n[yw AhnsS Ds≠∂v hnizkn®v Bcm[n®vsImƒI''. s]mSp∂s\

\n{Z hn´v Fgpt∂‰ \ºqXncn°v sX√pw kwibw D≠mbn√. N{ah´Ø∏s‚ `‡n hm’eyØn¬ Ba·\mb

hn{]t{ijvT≥ C√tØ°v aS°bm{X Bcw`n®p. C√sØØn, ta¬ {]Xn]mZn® Xmac°pfØn¬ Ipfn°p∂Xn\mbn,

Iønep≠mbncp∂ Hme°pS Icbn¬ h®v IpfØnte°ndßn. Ipfn Ign™v Icbv°v Ibdnb {_m“W≥ IpS

FSp°phm\mbn {ian®t∏mƒ, AXv AhnsS Dd®ncn°p∂Xmbn A\p`hs∏´p. `‡intcmaWn°v N{ah´Ø∏s‚

km∂n[yw AhnsS Z¿in°phm≥ km[n®p. H´pw sshImsX Xs∂ Ipf°cbn¬ Hcp XdsIń, `Khms\ AhnsS

{]XnjvTn®p. Hmeta™ Hcp {iotImhn¬ \n¿Ωn°pIbpw ssZ\wZn\ ]qPmImcyßƒ Bcw`n°pIbpw sNbvXp.

At±lØns‚ Imetijw C√sØ A¥¿P\ßfmWv \nthZyw A¿∏n®ncp∂Xv.

Ime{ItaW ]qPmImcyßƒ \SØphm≥ C√sØ ImcWh¿°v km[n°mØXn\m¬, Hcp Znhkw D®]qP°v

tijw At±lw t£{XØns‚ Xmt°m¬ sNmΔc Xos∏´ almcmPmhns\ Gev∏n®p. [m¿ΩnI N{Ih¿Øn

F∂dnbs∏ńcp∂ almcmPmhv ̀ ‡n]q¿Δw t£{Xw Gs‰Sp°pIbpw, ]p\cp≤mcWØns‚ NpaXe F°metØbpw

{]K¤\mb X®pimkv{X⁄≥ Cu®chmcysc Gev∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. sIm®n almcmPmhns‚ t\cn´p≈ ̀ cWØn≥

]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...

XmacwIpfßc {io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{Xw

5............................................................................................... ..........

Iogn¬ \Span‰w tZhkzw Bbn ssZ\wZn\ Imcyßƒ \SØnbncp∂Xv. F∂m¬ tIcfkwÿm\w

cq]nIrXambtXmSpIqSn, tZhkzØn\p≈ hcpam\w ]cnanXamhpIbpw, t£{XØnse ]qPmImcyßƒ°v ho≠pw

{i≤IpdbpIbpw sNbvXp.

Cu ImeL´ØnemWv t£{X]cnkchmknIƒ t£{XØns‚ D∂a\w \mSns‚ sFizcyw BsW∂v a\ nem°n,

t£{X\SØn∏n\mbn XmacwIpfßc Aø∏ tkhm kanXn F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp kwLS\ cq]oIcn®Xv. tIcf Ducm◊

tZhkzØns‚ Iognep≈ Cu t£{XØnse \SØn∏v NpaXe Aø∏ tkhm kanXnbn¬ \n£n]vXamWv. Ign™

Ac\q‰m≠mbn {]h¿Øn®p hcp∂ Aø∏ tkhm kanXn \nch[n {]h¿Ø\ßƒ t£{XØn¬ \SØn hcp∂p.

[zP{]XnjvT, \S∏pc \n¿ΩmWw, {iotImhnepw Np‰ºehpw sNtºme tabpI, Du´p]pc \n¿ΩWw XpSßnb ]e

_rlZv ]≤XnIfpw ̀ Khms‚ A\p{KlØmepw ̀ ‡P\ßfpsS \n¿temàmb klIcWØmepw ]q¿ØoIcn°phm≥

km[n®p.

Xma-cw -Ip-f -ßc t£{X-Ønse apJy -{]-XnjvT {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn -t‚-Xm-Wv. Chn-SpsØ tZhs\

N{a-h-´-Ø-∏-\mbpw `‡-P-\-ßƒ Bcm-[n-®p-h-cp-∂p. he-Xp- I-c-Øn¬ Aar-X-I-e-i-hp-ambn IpSn-sIm-f-fp∂ {io[¿Ω-

im-kvXmhv Xs‚ `‡-cpsS GX-`n-em-jhpw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dmbn Ccn-°p-I-bm-Wv. I∂n-aq-e-bn¬ KW-]Xn

`K-hm\pw sXs° Xncp-ap-‰Øp≈ t£{X-Øn¬ `{Z-Imfn tZhnbpw `‡-P-\-ßƒ°v A\p-{K-l-ßƒ \¬Ip-hm-\mbn

hmW-cp-fp-∂p. IqSmsX \mK-cm-Pm-hv, {_“-c-£kv F∂o D]-tZ-h-∑m-tcbpw ChnsS {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏ń´p≠v.

tIcfØnse {]ikvXamb ]qtcm’hßfn¬ XmacwIpfßc aIchnf°p’hØn\v {]tXyI ÿm\ap≠v.

{io ]q¿Æ{Xbois‚ {]PIƒ°v tafkwkv°mcw c‡Øn¬ Aen™p tN¿∂n´p≈XmWv. hr›ntIm’hhpw

AXnt\mS\p_‘n®p≈ AXn{]ikvXamb Fgp∂≈n∏pIfpw tafßfpw BkzZn°phm≥ \mSns‚ \m\m`mKØv

\n∂pw BkzmZI¿ {io ]q¿Æ{Xboi k∂n[nbn¬ FØnt®cp∂p. Cu D’hkwkv°mcw NphSp]nSn®mWv

XmacwIpfßc t£{XØnse B≠ptXmdpap≈ aIchnf°p’hhpw Nn´s∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv. F√m h¿jhpw aIcw

H∂n\v XmacwIpfßc t£{XØn¬ Actßdp∂ taf{Xbw Npcpßnb Imeßfn¬ Xs∂ {]ikvXnbm¿÷n

®Xn¬ kanXn°v NmcnXm¿∞yap≠v. `Khms‚ Fgp∂≈n∏pIƒ cmPIobamhWw F∂p≈t∏mƒ AIºSnbmIp∂

hmZytafßƒ°v X\nabpw imkv{XobXbpw ]q¿Æambpw D≠mIWw. Cu e£yamWv ̀ Khm≥ {io ]q¿Æ{Xbois‚bpw

{io [¿ΩimkvXmhns‚bpw A\p{KlØm¬ XmacwIpfßcbn¬ Actßdp∂Xv. D’htØmS\p_‘n®v Hcp {]tXyI

hnjbw am{Xw ssIImcyw sNbvXv {]kn≤oIcn°mdp≈ F∂ kvacWnIbpw BkzmZIhrμØns‚ {]iwk

]nSn®p]‰p∂p.

“£bØn¬ \n∂pw {XmW\w sNøp∂Xv” (\miØn¬ \n∂pw c£n°p∂Xv) t£{Xw F∂ A¿∞amWv

{ioi¶cmNmcy¿ `KhXv KoX° v cNn® `mjyØn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈Xv. XmacwIpfßc {io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{Xw Cu

A¿∞sØ ]q¿Æam°p∂p. Cu t£{XØnse tZhs\ Adn™v Bcm[n°p∂h¿°v k¿Δ sFizcyßfpw {IaØn¬

h∂ptNcp∂p. ap∂qdp sIm√Øntesd ]g°ap≈Xpw ̀ ‡intcmaWnbpw Nn{XIem\n]pW\pamb tamc°me ̀ ´Xncn

Bcm[n®pt]m∂Xpamb XmacwIpfßc {io [¿ΩimkvXmhns‚ ssNX\yw \mƒ°p\mƒ Cu tZisaßpw

hym]n®psImt≠bncn°p∂p. inhXØzhpw hnjvWpXØzhpw HØptNcp∂ H∂mWv lcnlc]p{Xs\∂ k¶ev]w.

Cu tZiØv F√m IpSpw_ßfnepw sFizcyhpw kº¬kar≤nbpw \nd®psIm≠v B{inXh’e\mb `Khm≥ {io

[¿ΩimkvXmhv hncmPn°p∂p.

F√mw `Khm≥ {io [¿ΩimkvXmhns‚bpw {io ]q¿Æ{Xbois‚bpw Xr∏mZ]flßfn¬ ka¿∏n®v sIm≠v

A\yYm icWw \mkvXn Xztah icWw aa !

XkvamXv ImcpWy `mth\ c£ c£ alm{]t`m!!

7............................................................................................... ..........

kzman icWw

Xma-cwIp-f-ßc {io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{X-Ønse Cu h¿jsØ Xncp-

hp-’-h-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v {]Im-i\w sNøp∂ ""t£{X-ß-fnse Npa¿®n-

{X-Ie'' F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ F∂ t]tcm-Sp-IqSnb kvac-

Wn-Ibv°v k¿Δ-aw-K-f-ßfpw D≠m-Is´ F∂v {io[¿ΩimkvXm-hn-t\mSv

{]m¿∞n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. t£{X-ß-fnse Npa¿®n-{X-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw AXns‚

ssZho-Ihpw Iem-]-c-hp-amb {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®pw km[m-cW P\-

ßƒ°pw `‡-P-\-ßƒ°pw Adn-hpw, hnizm-khpw, `‡nbpw D≠m-°p-

hm\pw Cu kvac-WnI D]-I-cn-bv°p-am-dm-I-s -́sb∂v Biw-kn-°p-∂-tXm-

sSm∏w D’-h-Øns‚ I¿Ω-ßfpw BtLmjßfpw ]q¿Δm-[nIw awK-f-am-

bn-Øo-cp-hm≥ {io [¿ΩimkvXm-hns‚ A\p-{Klw F√m-h¿°pw D≠m-

Is´ F∂v {]m¿∞n-®p -sIm-≈p-∂p.

X{¥n ]pen-b-∂q¿ kp{_-“-Wy≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

9............................................................................................... ..........

kp{_-“-Wy≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

]pen-b-∂q¿ a\

Fcq¿ ]n. Hm.

Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd 682301

t^m¨: 0484 2780370

Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

18-˛12-˛2014

Ac-\q-‰m-≠n-te-sd-bmbn Xma-cwIpfßc {io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{X-Ønse

\nXy-\n-Zm-\-N-S-ß-fp-Ifpw D’-hmZnImcy-ßfpw \S-Øn-h-cp-∂Xv Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc

Aø∏ tkhm -k-anXn (TASS) F∂ `‡P\ kwL-S-\-bm-Wv. `K-hm≥ {io [¿ΩimkvXm-hns‚ A\p-{K-

l-Ømepw kan-XnbpsS ap≥Ime ]pWy-{]-h¿Øn-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-Ømepw Cu t£{X-Øns‚ JymXn

\mƒ°p-\mƒ h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. t£{X ssNX\yw IqSp-X¬ t{]mPz-e-am-°p-hm≥ th≠ [mcmfw

I¿Ω-ßƒ Aø-∏ -tkhm kanXn Ign™ Ac-\q-‰m-≠mbn Nn´-tbmSpw t£{X-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ°v Du∂¬

\¬Inbpw sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p. Ch-sb√mw ]q¿Æ-hn-P-b-Øn¬ FØn-bv°p-hm≥ `‡-P-\-ß-fpsS \n¿tem-`-

amb kl-I-c-W-ßƒ kan-Xn°p e-`n-®n-´p-≠v. [zP-{]-XnjvT, \S-∏pc \n¿Ωm-Ww, t£{X-\-ho-I-c-Ww,

Du´p-]pc \n¿Ωm-Ww, AjvS-_-‘-I-e-iw, hn]pe-amb BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn `K-h-Xn°v hr›n-

I-am-k-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ If-sa-gpØpw ]m´pw, Zo]-°mgvN, Ign-™-h¿jw Bcw-`n® k¿∏-_-en, D’-h-_-

en XpS-ßn-b NS-ßp-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xp-am-{Xw.

t£{Xm-Nm-c-ßƒ IrXy-ambn ]men°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tbm-sSm∏w t£{Xkwkv°mcw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-

hm\pw AXp-hgn F√m cwK-ß-fnepw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ `mc-Xo-b-kw-kv°m-csØ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n®v

kaq-lsØ H∂msI Cu kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ D]m-k-I-cm°n am‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp NmeI i‡n-bmbn

amdp-hm\pw Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏tkhm kanXn {i≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p. `mc-Xob kwkv°m-cØn\v C∂v

ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw aqey-Nyp-Xn kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. A]-I-S-I-c-amb Cu Ah-ÿbv°v

am‰w-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ \ΩpsS t£{Xk¶¬∏-Øn-\p-am-{Xsa Ignbq F∂v kanXn hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

IÉªÉÉiÉÂ jÉÉªÉiÉä <ÊiÉ IÉäjÉ:! F∂mWv ]WvUnX aXw. AXm-bXv £b-Øn¬ \n∂pw {XmW\w sNøp-∂-

Xv As√-¶n¬ c£n-°p-∂Xv t£{Xw F∂mWv CXns‚ A¿∞w. hy‡n, IpSpw-_w, cmjv{Sw F∂o

Xe-ßsf {Kln-®n-cn-°p∂ imco-cnc, am\-kn-I, Bflo-b, kmaq-lnI £b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \sΩ c£n-°p-

hm≥ th≠ thZnIfmbn t£{X-ßƒ amtd-≠-Xp-≠v F∂v Rßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv

tZi-Øn\v ssNX-\y- h¿≤-\-hp≠m-Ip-hm≥ t£{XssNX\yw h¿≤n-°-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS

t£{X-Øn¬ kanXn kwL-Sn-∏n-®p-h-cp∂ cmam-bW amkm-N-cWw, hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ D≈ ]T\

]≤-Xn-Iƒ, ̀ mK-h-X-k-]vXm-lw, ]pcm-W-]m-cm-b-W-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS t{]c-I-i-‡nbpw CXmWv. IqSmsX

t£{X-I-e-Isf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn t£{X hmZy-I-em-tI{μhpw kanXn \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p.

Cu {]h¿Øn-I-fpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°m-fmbn `‡-P-\-ßƒ amd-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p.

kaql a\- nse Bflobt_m[w Db¿ØpI hgn Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬ \jvS-s∏-´p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-{KX hos≠-Sp-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv D’-hmZn BtLm-j-ß-fpsS apJy-e£yw. 2015-˛se

aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLm-j-Øn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ bpsS CXn-hr-Ø-amb t£{X

Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ Cu Bi-b-hp-ambn tbmPn-®p-t]m-Ip∂p. ]pcmWIYm `mK-ß-fpsS tIhew Nn{Xo-I-cWw

am{X-a√ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ. [ym\-Øns‚ Zriym-hn-jv°m-c-ß-fm-W-h. thtZm-]-\n-j-Xv X-Xz-ß-fpsS

{]Xo-I-ßfpamW-h. AXn-\m¬ `mc-Xo-b-kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ ka-{K-Xm-Z¿i-\-ambn Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ

amdp-∂p. kvac-Wn-I-bnse D≈S°w Cu Hcp Ah-t_m-[-Øn-tebv°v \sΩ sIm≠p-t]mIpw F∂-Xn¬

kan-Xn°v kwi-b-an-√.

`K-hXv ssNX\y h¿≤-\-hn-\mbn Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏tkhm kan-Xn sNbvXp-h-cp∂ F√m

Imcy-ß-fp-sSbpw hnP-b-Øn\mbn ̀ ‡-P-\-ß-fpsS {]m¿∞-\bpw \n¿tem-̀ -amb kl-I-c-W-ßfpw XpS¿∂pw

D≠m-I-W-sa∂v Aø-∏-\m-a-t[-b-Øn¬ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw `K-hm≥ {io ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-i\pw

{io [¿Ω-im-kvXmhpw Bbq-cm-tcmKykuJy-ßƒ \¬In A\p-{K-ln-°s´ F∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

ic-W-tLm-j-tØm-sS,

s{]m^. ]n. Fkv. tim`≥

{]kn-U‚ v

XmacwIpfßc Aø∏ tkhmkanXn

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc, Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-̨ 682301

BapJw

10Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmj kvac-WnI 2015.......... ..................................................................

XmacwIpfßc Aø∏ tkhmkanXn

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc, Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-̨ 682301

aI-c-tPym-Xn-bn-eq-sS...

11............................................................................................... ..........

{io ]q¿Æ-{X-boim I\nbq `K-hmt\

]e-P∑w ChnsS P\n-°m≥

\n≥ aXn-e-I-sØ∂pw D’-h-]m-bkw

aXn-h-cp-thmfw \pI-cm≥!

D’-h-{`m-¥s‚ Cu IhnXmiI-e-amWv GsXmcp Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-°m-c-s‚bpw a\- n¬. CXns\

Dƒs°m-≠mWv Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc tZi-hm-kn-Ifpw D’-hm-tLm-jsØ kao-]n-°p-∂-Xv. k¿Δm-ò-jvS-h-c-{]-

Z-m-bI-\mb Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚ Xncp-hp-’hw Hcn°¬ IqSn kam-K-X-am-hp-I-bm-Wv.

t£{X-ssN-X\yw tZi-Øns‚ ssNX\yw F∂v a\- n-em-°n-bmWv Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm kan-

Xn-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. Aßn-s\-bmWv t£{Xm-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw A\p-jvSm-\-ßƒ°pw {]m[m\yw \¬In,

t£{Xm-¥-co-£-Øn\p A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ `‡nck{]Zm-\-amb Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-

SpØnbpamWv Cu Xncp-hp-’hw {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sImSn-tb‰v \mƒ apX¬ F√m Znh-khpw hnf-°m-

Nm-cw, c≠mw Znhkw D’-h-_-en, XpS¿∂p≈ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ cmhnse ioth-en, tZi-hm-kn-Isf t\cn¬

I≠v \nd-]d kzoI-cn®v A\p-{K-ln-°p-hm≥ ̀ K-hms‚ ]d-bvs°-gp-∂-≈n-∏v, hninjvS {Zhy-ß-fm¬ A`n-tj-

I-ßƒ XpS-ßnb NS-ßp-Iƒ D’-h-Øns‚ `mK-amWv.

Ign™ c≠p-]-Xn-‰m-t≠m-f-ambn aI-c-hn-f°v Znhkw \S∂p-h-cp∂ taf-{X-bw, hmZy-I-em-kzm-Z-I¿°v

Ahm-Ny-amb A\p-`q-Xnsb {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. AXn\v Zriy-`w-Kn-tb-Ip-hm≥ k¿Δm-e-¶m-c-`q-jn-X-cmbn

]©-K-P-ho-c-∑mcpw! `K-hm≥ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚ Cu Fgp-∂-≈n-∏p-Iƒ XnI®pw

cmP-Iobam-Wv. aI-c-hn-f°v \mƒ am{Xw aq∂p-t\cw \S-°p∂ Fgp-∂-≈n-∏p-Ifpw ]©m-cn, ]m≠n-ta-f-

ßfpw, ]©-hm-Zyhpw t\cn¬ Bkz-Zn-t°-≠-Xp-X-s∂.

Ign™ 12 h¿j-ß-fmbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-h-cp∂ kvac-Wn-I-bn-eqsS AXn hn⁄m-\-

{]-Z-ambn hnhn[ hnj-b-ßsf {Kln-°p-hm≥ km[n®p F∂-Xn¬ Rßƒ°v Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-ap-≠v. Cu

h¿jw \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnjbw ""tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie''bmWv. ImWp∂ Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚

A¿∞]q¿Æ-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒsIm≠v kºp-jvS-amWv Cu h¿jsØ kvac-Wn-I. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn

kwc-£n-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xpw, kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-amb A\-h[n Aaq-ey-Nn-{X-I-em-k-ºØv

\ΩpsS Cu tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠v. Imem-Im-e-ß-fm-bp≈ Nn{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS `‡n-`m-h-\-Isf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-

®n-cp∂ t£{X- Np-a-cp-Iƒ \ap°v A\ywh∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Ah-k-c-ØnemWv aI-c-tPymXn,

"Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie' F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Hcp kvac-WnI {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ap≥h¿j-ß-

fnset]mse CXpw kmam-\y-P-\-ßƒ°v A¿∞-h¿Øm-hp-sa∂v Bflm¿∞-ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

Cu D’-h-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n\v th≠-Xmb klmb kl-I-c-W-ßƒ \¬In-h-cp∂ F√m

\√-h-cmb `‡-P-\-ßƒ°pw A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-Iƒ°pw, Atlm-cm{Xw {]b-Xv\n-°p∂ kanXn {]h¿Ø-

I¿°pw Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚bpw {io ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-i-s‚bpw A\p-{K-l-ßƒ D≠m-I-

s´-sb∂v {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm-≠v,

ic-W-tLm-j-tØm-sS,

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm kanXn {]h¿Ø-I¿°p-th≠n

lcn Fkv.

I¨ho-\¿, aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmjIΩn‰n

tIc-fob t£{X-ß-fnse Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ ˛ tUm. Fw. -Pn. iin-`q-j¨ 15

t£{X Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚ ]cn-Wmaw ˛ s{]m^. hnP-b-Ip-amc tat\m≥ 23

Nn{X-I-ebv°v Hcp BapJw ˛ Sn.- hn. am[-h-hm-cn-b¿ 29

`mc-Xob Nn{X-I-em-]m-c-º-cyhpw tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-ebpw ˛ sI. bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ 35

tIc-f-Ønse Nph¿ Nn{X-̨ -{]-Xn-a, Ah-X-cW inev]-ß-fpw, -hm-kvXphpw

ÿe-̨ -X-em-hn-jvI-c-W-ß-fpsS Hcp Xmc-Xay ]T\w ˛ kn. -]n. ioXƒ 49

aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ip-́ n-\m-b¿ ˛ Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS D]m-k-I≥ ˛ Fw. \fn≥ _m_p 55

Ifn-tbmK kvac-W-bp-W¿Øpw IY-I-fn-®p-h¿®n-{X-ßƒ ˛ tUm. hn\n. F. 63

Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-ßfpw Nn{X cmam-b-Whpw ˛ B¿. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ 71

h¿Æ {]]-©-Øn¬ apßnb sIm®p-ssh-IpWvTw ˛ inh-Zmkv h¿Ω 81

ImbI¬]w Igns™Øp∂ Xpdhq¿ almt£{XØnse Npa¿Nn{Xßƒ ˛ kmPp XpcpØn¬ 87

Npa¿ Nn-{X-Ie ˛ sI.- B¿. _m_p 97

`mcX∏pgtbmcsØ Npa¿®n{Xßƒ ˛ Fkv. cmtPμp 107

apg-∏n-e-ßmSv Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ ˛ tUm. F. Sn. taml≥ cmPv 111

hc-th¬∏v ˛ sI. sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ 117

tIc-fob Npa¿Nn{X h¿Æ-ßfpw h¿Æ k¶-ev]-ßfpw ˛ APn-X≥ ]pXp-a\ 119

Däo-e\w ˛ Fkv. Hma-\-°p-´≥ 125

Nn{X-I-e-bpsS {KŸ-]p-cmWw ˛ sI.- bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ 133

tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS \thm-∞m\w ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn 137

Nn{Xhpw Nn{X-Im-c\pw ˛ DÆokv Fw. aWn BNmcn 139

[ym\-t«m-I-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw ˛ sI.- bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ 143

D≈-S°w

............................................................................................... ..........13

tIc-fob t£{X-ß-fnse Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒtUm. Fw. -Pn. iin-̀ q-j¨

Ahn-On-∂-amb Nn{X-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw Ah-Im-

i-s∏-Sm-hp∂ Npcp°w Nne \mSp-I-fn-sem-∂mWv

tIc-fw. tZhm-e-b-ßƒ, sIm´m-c-ßƒ, {]`p-a-μn-c-

ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se√mw ÿm]-Xy-I-e-bpsS ̀ mK-

ambn `‡n-h¿≤-I-ß-fmb Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-∏n-

®n-cp-∂p. ]mc-º-cy-ssi-en-bn-ep≈ Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-

tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb \q‰-º-tXmfw t£{X-ß-sf-¶nepw tIc-

f-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. Xncp-\-μn-°c Kplm-

t£-{X-Øn¬ H≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hc® Nn{X-ß-

fn¬ \n∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ \ΩpsS Nph¿Nn-{X-]m-c-º-

cy-Øn\v ]Øp \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS XpS¿®-bmb Ncn{Xw

Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bpw.

tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ßsf Ime-K-W-\m-{I-a-

a-\p-k-cn®v hn -̀Pn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ

th≠{X e`n-®n-ń-√. Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-bv°p∂

Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS t]cpw hc® Imehpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p≈ Nph¿Nn{X kt¶-X-ßƒ hfsc hfsc

Ipd-hm-sW-∂-XmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. Hcn°¬ hc®

Nn{X-ßƒ ambm≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ IpΩm-b-Øns‚

sXfn-]qin ho≠pw Nn{X-ßƒ hc-bv°p∂ k{º-

Zmbw ]cs° {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-XmWv

as‰mcp Imc-Ww. Xncp-\-μn°c ssien°v H∂mwL-

´-Øns‚ {]mXn-\n[yw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Smw.

]Xns\´pw ]sØm-ºXpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ hc-

®n-́ p≈ Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fmWv s]mXpth tIc-f-Øn¬

ImWp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-\mdpw ]Xn-t\gpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬

hc® Nph¿Nn-{X-ßfpw A]q¿Δ-am-bn -´m-sW-

¶n¬t]mepw tIc-f-Øn¬ Ahn-S -hn -sS -bmbn

ImWmw. ]m›mXy I®-h-S-°-º-\n-I-fpsS FÆn-bm-

sem-Sp-ßmØ IpX-{¥-ßfpw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS

\njv{In-b-Xzhpw krjvSn® Acm-P-I-XzsØ A]I-

S-ambn I≠ GXm\pw {Im¥-Z¿in-I-fpsS t\XrXz-

15............................................................................................... ..........

Øn¬ Bcw-`n® a[y-Im-e-`‡n{]ÿm-\-Øns‚

Ime-ØmWv Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ kPo-h-am-b-Xv. hnez-

aw-K-e-Øn-s‚bpw Fgp-Ø-—-s‚bpw ta¬∏-Øq-cn-

s‚bpw ]q¥m-\-Øn-s‚bpw am\-th-Z-s‚bpw ]Xn-

s\-´-c-°-hn-I-fp-sSbpw a‰pw Imew Nph¿Nn-{X-

ßƒ°pw Zmcp-in-ev]-ßƒ°pw am{X-a√ IrjvW-

\m-´-Øn\pw IY-I-fn°pw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn.

hnIm-c-ßsf kwba\w sNbvXp {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-

hm-\p≈ tIc-fo-b-cpsS Ignhv Ah-cpsS Iem-cq-]-

ß-fnepw {]I-S-am-Wv. Ip∂p-Ifpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw Ncn-

hp-Ifpw CS-I-e¿∂ tIc-f-Ønse `q{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS

kzm[o\w tIc-fob Nn{X-I-e-bnepw Zmcp-in-ev]-I-

e-bnepw ]tcm-£-am-bn-́ m-sW-¶nepw ImWp-hm≥ Ign-

bpw. h¿Øpf tcJ-Iƒ°mWv tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-

{X-ß-fn¬ {]m[m\yw. NmIym-cpsSbpw IY-Ifn \S-

s‚bpw kvtXmZ-{]-I-S\ k{º-Zm-bhpw Nph¿Nn-{X-

I-em-Im-c-∑msc BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ IY-Ifn

ap{Z-Ifpw Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fnse tZho-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS

AwK-hn-\ymk{Ia-Øn\pw ]c-kv]cw kmay-ap-s≠-

¶nepw BZy-tØ-Xns‚ tIh-em-\p-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂n-

√. IY-I-fn-bnse ]pcp-j-th-j-ß-fpsS taep-Sp-∏n\pw

IhNw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp≈ Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-

fnse taep-Sp-∏n\pw XΩn¬ {]I-S-amb kmay-ap-≠v.

tZh-∑m-scbpw a‰pw aoi C√m-sX-bmWv Nn{X-

ß-fn¬ hc-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcev]w

kvss{XW `mhw Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fnse ]pcpj cq]-

ßƒ°v h∂n-ńt√ F∂p kwibw tXm∂mw. a\-

im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ ]d-bm-dp≈ ]pcp -j-\nse

kvss{XWmw-ihpw kv{Xobnse ]pcp-jmw-ihpw

]≠sØ \ΩpsS Nph¿Nn{X Iem-Im-c-∑m¿°pw

t_m[y-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]c-ip-cm-a≥, th´bv-s°mcp

aI≥, ap\n-am¿, `‡-∑m¿, cmPm-°-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-

hsc am{X-amWv XmSn-tbmSpw aoi-tbmSpw Nn{Xo-I-

cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. k¿hm-e-¶mc `qjn-X-cm-bmWv tZho-

tZ-h-∑msc Nph-cp-I-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tIc-

fob cmPm-°-∑m-cm-Is´ hn\oX thj-[m-cn-I-fpw.

\ºq-Xn-cnbpw Aº-e-hm-kn-bpw ]c-tZ-i-{_m-

lvW\pw \mbcpw am{X-a-√- I-®-h-S-°m-cmb dmhp-

Øcpw Ic-Iu-ie hnZ-Kv[\pw tIc-fob Nn{X-ß-

fn¬ Nne-t∏m-sg√mw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. ]pfn-

bn-e-°-c-ap≠v AX-s√-¶n¬ ]pfn-bn-e-°-c-tØm¿Øv

AXm-bn-cp∂p Aº-e-ß-fn¬ t]mbn-cp-∂-h-cpsS

km[m-cW thjw. tI-c-fob Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS

kuμcy k¶ev]w hywKy-ambn Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fnepw

{]Xn-^-en-®n-cp-∂p. AwtKm-]mwK s]mcp-Ø-sØ-

bmWv kuμ-cy-ambn tIc-fob Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw

I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. imeo-\w, D∑-Øw, F∂n-ßs\ kuμ-

cy-Øn-\p≈ hn`n-∂-[m-c-I-sfbpw Iem-Im-c-∑m¿

AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. \o≠-ap-J-tØmSpw ZrV-i-co-c-

tØmSpw IqSn-b-h-cmWv ]fl-\m-`-]pcw sIm´m-c-

Ønse `nØn Nn{X-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ kv{Xo cq]-

ßƒ. h -́ap-J-tØm-S-Sp-∏-ap-≈-h-scbpw amwkf ico-

c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-scbpw a´m-t©-cn-bn¬ ImWmw.

sh´pI√p-sImt≠m Icn-¶-√p-sImt≠m sIń-

s∏m-°nb Nph-cn¬ ]cp-°≥ IpΩmbw I\-Øn¬

]qin-b-Xn-\p-tijw IpΩm-b-sØfn ho≠pw ]qin

AXn≥ta¬ Nn{X-ßƒ hc-bv°p∂ Hcp k{º-Zm-b-

amWv tIc-f-Øn¬ I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. NnØ-Æm-hm-k¬,

Im©o-]pcw XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnepw \ne-\n-∂n-

cp∂ Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v "s{^kvtIm sks°m'

‘Fresco Seco’ F∂mWv Iem-hn-Z-Kv[≥am¿ hnti-

jn -∏n -°p -∂-Xv . km[m-cW hen -∏ -ap≈ Hcp

Nph¿Nn{Xw hc-bv°p-∂-Xn\v \m¬∏Øn H∂v

Znhkw apX¬ Adp-]Xp Znhkw hsc FSp-Øn-cp-

∂p. a™-®mbw sIm≠v _mly-tc-J-Iƒ hc-®-

tijw \nd-ßƒ Hmtcm∂pw {ItaW hn\y-kn-∏n-

°p-I-bmWv Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. Nn{Xw

]q¿Øn-bm-bn-°-gn-™m¬ Idp-Ø-h-c-Iƒ hc®v ]Sw

]q¿Æ-am-°p-∂p.

17............................................................................................... ..........

Nph¿Nn - {X -ßƒ°p-th≠

Nmb-ßƒ A∏-t∏mƒ Xøm-dm-°p-I-

bmWv ]Xn-hv. ]ecpw sX‰n-≤-cn-®n-

´p -≈-Xp -t]mse ]g -®m -dp -

IƒsImt≠m ]®n -e -®m -dp -Iƒ

sImt≠m am{X-a√ Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ

hc-bv°p-∂-Xv. aÆn¬ \n∂p Ipgn-

s®-Sp-°p∂ Nne-bn\w aÏ-́ -Ifpw

a\-tbm-e, Nmbn-eyw, Fc-hn-°-d,

Xpcniv XpS-ßnb cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw

FÆ-°-cn, \oeAa-cn-®mdv XpS-ßnb

{]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Nmb-ßfpw Nn{X-

\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.

G‰hpw {][m\ h¿Æ-amb Nph∏v

tIc-f-Øn¬ kpe-`-ambn ImWp∂

sh´p -I -√p -I -fnse Hcn\ -Øn¬

\n∂mWv Xøm¿ sNøp-∂-Xv. Nmb-

ß-tfm-sSm∏w Bdn-sem∂p apX¬

]Øn-sem∂p hsc th∏n≥]-ibpw tN¿Ø-tijw

hc-bv°p-I-bmWv coXn.

Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-bv°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

aq∂p-Xcw {_jp-I-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠nse

"inev]-cXv\w' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em-

°mw. ssIX-thcv NX-®mWv ]c∂ {_jp-Iƒ Xøm-

dm-°p-∂-Xv. Iq¿∏n-s®-SpØ apfw X≠v D]-tbm-Kn-

®m-bn-cp∂p ap≥s]ms° Nn{X-Øn-\p-th≠ _mly-

tc-J-Iƒ hc-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tImc-∏p-√p-Iƒ kwkvI-cn®v

Xøm-dm-°p∂ sNdnb {_jp-I-fmWv G‰hpw IqSp-

X¬ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂-Xv.

A©p \nd-ßfpw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ CX-

c-\n-d-ß-fp-amWv tIc-fob t£{X-ß-fnse Nph¿Nn-

{X-ß-fn¬ s]mXpth I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Imhn-®p-h-∏v,

a™, Idp-∏v, sh≈, Ccp≠ \oew F∂n-h-bmWv

Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fnse Cu {][m\ h¿Æ-ßƒ. ]oX-

l-cn-Xw, lcn-X-\o-ew, taL-iym-aw, kph¿Æw XpS-

ßnb \nd-t`-Z-ßfpw Chn-SpsØ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿

]n¬°m-eØv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-́ p-≠v. Nph¿Nn-{X-ßfnse

\nd-ßƒ°v {]Xo-Im-flI kz`mhw Iev]n-®n-cp-∂p.

kzmXzn-Iw, cmP-kw, Xmakw F∂o {XnKp-W-ßsf

B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv tZho-tZ-h-∑msc Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. XnI™ kmXznI aq¿Øn-Isf IY-Ifnbnse-

∂-t]mse ]®-\n-d-Øn-emWv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I.

ctPm-Kp-W-{]-[m-\n-I-fmb tZh-∑msc Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-

tºmƒ Nph∂ \nd-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p {]map-Jyw. Xtam-

Kp-W-aq¿Øn-Isf Idp-∏n\v ]Icw sh≈-bn-emWv

Nph¿Nn-{X-I-em-Im-c≥am¿ Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

A·n-bpsS \nd-tØmSp kmZr-iy-ap≈ Imhn-®p-h-

∏mWv tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ \nd™p \n∂n-

cp∂ h¿Æw. lcn-Xm-̀ -amb tIc-f-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS hncp-

≤-h¿Æw F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]tXy-I-X-bp≈ Cu

Nph∏v Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v khn-ti-j-am-sbmcp

Kmwòcy ]cn-thjw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.

]\-b-∂m¿Imhv, G‰p-am-\q¿, ]pWvU-co-I-]p-

cw, Xr{]-bm¿, ]≈n-a-Æ, sNΩ≥Xn-´, tIm´-°¬,

sXmSn-°-fw, temI-\m¿Imhv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ I≠p-

h-cp∂ Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v kvac-W-̀ -‡n-bp≈ \nan-

Ø-ß-sf∂ \ne-bnepw Iem-kr-jvSn-I-sf∂ \ne-

bnepw {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. ]fl-\m-`-]p-cw, IrjvW-]p-

cw, a´m-t©cn F∂o sIm´m-c-ß-fnse Nn{X-ßfpw

tIc-fob Nn{X-I-e-bpsS anI® amXr-I-I-fm-Wv. apdp-

°n-sIń h®n-cn-°p∂ cp{Z-ho-W-t]mse Ne-\-Øn-

\mbn ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v tXm∂pw G‰p-am-

\qsc \S-cmP Nn{Xw I≠m¬. ]\-b-∂m¿Im-hnse

Nn{X-ß-fn¬ h®v at\m-lcw cma-cm-h-W-bp-≤hpw

koXm-cm-a≥amcpsS ]p\x-k-am-K-a-hp-am-Wv. HmS-°p-

g¬ hmbn-°p∂ thWp-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW-\mWv

]pWvU-co-I-]pcw Nn{X-ß-fn¬ sh®v apJyw. th´

\S-Øp∂ imkvXm-hns‚ Nn{Xo-I-c-Whpw ]pWvU-

co-I-]p-csØ {]ikvX Nn{X-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv Incm-

X¿÷p-\obw IY-bpsS Na¬Im-c-]q¿Æ-amb Bhn-

jvIm-c-amWv ]≈naÆbn-sebpw sNΩ≥Xn-´-bn-

sebpw {][m\ Nn{X-ßƒ. GIm-Zi cp{Z-∑mcpw

thWp-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW\pw sXmSo-°fw t£{X-

Ønse Ahn-kva-c-Wob Nn{X-ß-fm-Wv. cp‹nWo

kzbw-h-chpw Chn-SpsØ A\-izc Nn{X-]-c-º-c-I-

fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

19............................................................................................... ..........

h¿Æ-em-h-Wy-Øn¬ AP-¥bnse Nn{X-ßƒ

Fß-s\-bmtWm ap¥n-\n¬°p-∂Xv AXp-t]m-se-

bmWv tcJm-Nm-cp-X-bn¬ tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ.

Nn{X-I-e-bpsS Bflmhv tcJ-I-fn-em-sW∂ kXy-

Z¿i\w tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-cs\ AKm-[-ambn kzm[o-

\n-®n-cp-∂p. XSn-®-h-c-sIm≠v kmao-]yhpw t\¿Ø

hc-sIm-≠v Zqchpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m\pw HgpIp∂ hc-

IƒsIm≠v Ahn-On-”-amb {à-W-{]-XoXnbpw

krjvSn-°m\pw tIc-fob Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ F∂pw

{i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. ZrjvSn-tIm-Wp-I-fn-eqsS kΩn-Xnbpw

a‰p Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ hncp≤ KXnbpw t_m[-]q¿Δw

Bhn-jv°-cn-°m\pw Ah¿°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.

hn{Kl imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw [ym\-a-{¥-ß-fp-

sSbpw ]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ \n∂v hf-sc-sbm∂pw ]pd-

tØ°v IS-°m≥ Ign-™n-s√-∂-XmWv tIc-f-

Ønse t£{X-Nn-{X-ß-fpsS \yq\-X-I-fnsem∂v.

IYm-Jym\ Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Cu ]cn-an-Xnsb adn-I-S-

°m-\p≈ [oc-]-cn-{i-a-ßƒ ImWm-\p-≠v. h¿Æ-an-

{i-ßƒ ]co-£n-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv t]mcm-bva-bmbn

Nne¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-

∂Xv icn-b-√. Aeu-In-I-

amb Hcp ]cn-th-j-amWv

Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fpsS [\y-X-

I-fn¬ {][m-\w. Ccpfpw

shfn-®hpw F∂-t]mse

emkyhpw cu{Zhpw

AhnsS amdn amdn ImWmw.

\mSy-h¿Ωn-bpsS XnIhv

Fs¥-∂-dn -b-W-sa-¶n¬

A`n-\-b-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ

Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ {i≤n®p

]Tn-®m¬ aXn.

chn-h¿Ω ssien-

bpsS {]Nm-chpw `q\n-b-a-

Øn¬ h∂ am‰ -ßfpw

Nph¿ Nn{X-te-J-\-Øn-

ep≈ Xmev]cyw GXm≠v

XpS-®p-\o-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-

cp-∂p. F∂m¬ bi:ico-

c-\mb aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ip-́ n-\m-b-sc-t∏m-se-bp≈

Iem-Im-c-∑mcpsSbpw a‰pw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Nph¿Nn-

{X-I-ebv°v Hcp ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw Ign™ Ipd®v

h¿j-ß-fmbn D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Iem-\n-cq-]-I≥ F∂

\ne-bnepw Kth-j-I≥ F∂ \ne-bnepw Cu ]p\-

cp-≤m-c-W-Øn¬ kPo-h ]¶m-fn-bm-Im≥ Ign-™-

Xn¬ Cu teJ-I\pw AXn-bmb Nmcn-Xm¿∞yw

D≠v.

GsX-¶nepw Hcº-e-Øn¬t]mbn ]g-sbmcp

Nn{X-Øns‚ kvsIs®-SpØv sIm≠p-h∂v IS-em-

n¬ ]I¿Øn Nph-ń¬ kz¥w t]sc-gp-Xp∂ Hcp

Zpjv{]-h-WX ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn I≠p-h-cp-∂p.

X©m-hq¿ Nn{X-ß-fpsS bm{¥n-Im-\p-I-c-W-ßƒ

bYm¿∞ X©m-hq¿ ssien°v D≠m-°n-b-Xp-t]m-

se-bp≈ A]-I¿jw tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°pw

Cu {]h-WX krjvSn-°pw. AXv kw`-hn-°m-Xn-cn-

°m≥, ]´p-\qepw hmg-\mcpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ \ΩpsS

Iem-kzm-Z-I≥∑m¿°v Ign-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Fw. Pn. iin-`q-j¨: Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I\pw A≤ym-]-I-\pw. ap∂q-tdmfw t£{X-ß-fnse

Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-sfbpw inev]-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®pw tIc-f-Ønse k¿∏-°-f-ßƒ, If-sa-gp-

Øp-]m-´p-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw ]T\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. tIcf km£-cXm anj≥,

sshtem-∏n≈ kwkvIr-Xn-`-h≥ F∂n-h-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp-∂p.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

21............................................................................................... ..........

23............................................................................................... ..........

t£{X Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚ ]cn-Wmaws{]m^. hnP-b-Ip-amc tat\m≥

a\pjy kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy-ap-{Z-Iƒ D]-

I-c-W-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv Kpl-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ Nn{X-ß-

fmWv a\pjy kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS hf¿®-bpsS Hcp

kp{]-[m\ L´w t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ̀ mc-X-Ønepw

tIc-f-Ønepw CØcw Kplm-`nØn Nn{X-ß-fp-≠v.

]n∂oSv kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ Bcm-[-

\m-{I-a-ßƒ hcm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-

fpsS \n¿ΩmWw Bcw-`n -°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

AtXmsS B hmkvXp-`n-Øn-bpsS Ae-¶mcw Bh-

iy-am-bn-h-∂p. a\p-jy≥ ]md Xpc∂v Kpl-bp-≠m°n

AXns‚ `nØn-Iƒ πmÃ¿ sNbvXv AXn-t∑¬

Nn{Xw hc-°m≥ XpS-ßnb kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-cWw AP¥m Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-

fm-Wv. PmXI IY-I-fpsS ]e-Xn-s‚bpw Nn{Xo-I-

cWw khn-ti-j-amb coXn-bn¬ sNbvX Kpl-I-

fmWv AP-¥-bn-te-Xv. ]n∂oSv `mc-X-Ønepw `mc-X-

Øn\p ]pdØpw Nn{X-Ie AP-¥-bn¬ \n∂p

hym]n-®p. _p≤-aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fmWv AP-¥m-Kplm

\n¿Ωm-Whpw AXnse Ae-¶m-chpw t{]m’m-ln-

∏n-®-Xv. tIhew `nØn-b-e-¶mcw am{X-am-bn-cpt∂m

AXns‚ Dt±iyw? _p≤-̀ n-£p-°-fpsS ssNX\yhpw

hnlm-c-hp-a-S-ßp∂ Kpl-I-fn¬ _p≤-I-Y-Ifpw

PmXI IY-Ifpw hc-®-t∏m-ƒ Kplm-¥¿`mKw _p≤m-

¥-co£w t\Sn. _p≤-]-cn-th-jw-sIm≠p ]qcn-X-amb

Hch-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv _p≤-̀ n-£p-°ƒ°v

AXp-ambn ebn-°m≥ Ign-™-Xv. ]n∂oSv ]Sp-Øp-

b¿Ønb t£{X-ß-fp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ t£{X-`n-Øn-

Iƒ inev]-ßƒsIm≠pw Nn{X-ßƒsIm≠pw Ae-

¶-cn-°p∂ kwkvIm-chpw hf¿∂p.

Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚

hmkvXp-cq-]-Øn-\p-X-s∂ ]e khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw

\¬I-Ww. a\p-jym-e-b-Øn-\p≈ hmkvXp-h√ tZhm-

e-b-Øn-\p-th-≠Xv. hmkvXp-cq]w Xs∂ ssZh-Nn-

¥, Z¿i-\-ßƒ F∂nh t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-

°-Ww. {InkvXy≥ ]≈nbpw C…mw ]≈nbpw _p≤-

ssP-\m-cm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw knJv lnμp-t£-{X-ß-fp-

sa√mw AØcw Hmtcm ho£-W-Øns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-

I-fm-Wv. a≤y-`m-c-Ønse t£{X-ß-fn¬ inev]-

ßƒsIm-≠-e-¶-cn-®-h-bmWv ̀ nØn-Iƒ. tIc-f-Øn¬

Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.

F.-Un. 8˛mw \q‰m-t≠msS Bcw-`n®p F∂p

Icp-Xmhp∂ tIc-fob ]mc-ºcy Npa¿Nn{Xw ]e

]cn-jvIm-c-ßfpw kzoI-cn®v 16-˛17 \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmsS

Hcp kpÿn-c-ssien B¿Pn-®p. tIc-f-Øns‚

t£{X hmkvXp-`n-Øn-Iƒ {i≤n-®m¬ Ah Nn{X-c-

N-\°v Dt±-in-®n-´p≈ ÿe-ß-fm-sW∂p ]d-bm≥

25............................................................................................... ..........

{]bm-k-am-Wv. bmsXm-c-e-¶m-c-hp-an-√mØ `nØn-I-

fp≈ t£{X-ß-fp-≠p-Xm-\pw. t£{X-`n-Øn-bn¬

Nn{X-c-N\ sNøp-tºmƒ HmtcmbnSØpw \¬tI≠

cq]-ßƒ AXn-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. \nc-h[n [ym\-t«m-I-

ßƒ Hmtcm aq¿Øn-°p-ap-≠v. [ym\-t«m-I-ß-fn-

se√mw tZh-X-bpsS \ndw, ̀ mhw, ssIap-{Z-Iƒ, Bbp-

[-ßƒ, hml-\-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ Nn{X-]-c-amb hnh-

c-W-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. a\- n¬ I≠ cq]sØ Imhy-

`m-j-bn-em-°n-b-XmWv [ym\-t«m-I-ßƒ.

tIc-f-Øns‚ t£{X-ß-fnse Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ

C∂pw lnμp-°-f-√m-Ø-h¿°v ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√.

Ah¿°p-Xs∂ ]e hkv{X-[m-cW hne-°p-Iƒ

D≈-Xn -\m¬ lnμp -°-sf -Øs∂ t£{X-

Øn¬\n∂pw AI‰n \n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂

Ahÿ 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠mbn´pw \ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ipd®pt]¿ am{Xw I≠n-cp∂

(C∂pw ImWp-∂) Cu Nn{X-ßƒ Hcn°epw P\-

k-a-£-Øn¬ Imcy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-√.

1989-̨ ¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI{μw

Bcw-`n-®-tXmsS AhnsS ]Tn-®n-d-ßnb hnZym¿∞n-

I-fmWv Cu ssien ]pdw-tem-IsØØn®-Xv.

sIm≠p-\-S-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ Npa¿Nn{X ssien-

bn¬ Nn{X-ßƒ hc®v Kyme-dn-I-fn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-

°m≥ t]mepw Xøm-dm-btXmsS tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-

tij Nn{X-ssien ]pdw-tem-I-a-dn-™p.

Aan-X-amb ssieo-I-c-Ww, Ae-¶m-c-®m¿Øv,

]©-h¿Æ-ß-fpsS BI¿j-Wo-b-X, IqSn-bm-´w,

IrjvW-\m-´w, IY-I-fn-t]m-ep≈ cwK Ie-I-fn¬

ImWp∂ coXnsb Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂ apJ-`m-hw,

ssieo-IrX ico-c-\n-e, ssieo-IrX ssIap-{Z-Iƒ

F∂nh BI¿j-W-amb coXn-bn-emWv tIc-fob

t£{X-ß-fn¬ hc-®n-cp∂Xv. an°-hmdpw {iotIm-

hn-en\p Np‰p-amWv Nn{X-ßƒ hc-°p-∂-Xv. {]Z-

£nWw sNøp∂bmfpsS Hcp hiw apgp-h≥ tZho-

tZ-h-∑m-cpsS h¿tÆm-Pz-e-{]-`mhw `‡\v kpc-tem-

Im-¥-co£w \¬Ipw. Hcp sNdnb ÿewt]mepw

iq\y-am-°n-bn-SmsX Npa¿ apgp-h≥ Nn{X-ßƒ

sIm≠p-\n-d-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ ssien a‰p `mc-

Xob Nn{X-ssi-en -I -fn¬\n∂pw {]I-S -amb

hyXymkw ImWn-°p-∂p. {InkvXy≥ ]≈n-I-fnepw

Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fp-≠v. AhnsS {InkvXp-hn-s\bpw

ss__n-fn-s\bpw B[m-c-am-°nb IY-I-fm-Wp-≠m-

hp-I. ssien-bm-I-s´, ]m›m-Xy-hpw. t£{X-ß-fn¬

an°-hmdpw Npa-cp-I-fn¬ am{X-amWv Nn{X-ß-fp-≠m-

hp-I. ]≈n-I-fn¬ hnXm-\-Ønepw (ceiling) Nn{X-

ßƒ \¬Im-dp-≠v. t£{X Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ tZho-

tZ-h-∑m-tcmsSm∏w A]q¿Δ-ambn km[m-cW P\-

ß-sfbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂ kμ¿`-ßƒ ImWmw.

KW-]-Xn°v Imbv°p-ebpw N°bpw a‰pw sIm≠p-

h-cp∂ Bƒ°m-cmbn km[m-cW P\-ßsf Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

27............................................................................................... ..........

tIc-f-Ønse a´m-t©cn sIm´m-cw, IrjvW-

]pcw sIm´m-cw, ]fl-\m-`-]pcw sIm´mcw F∂n-hn-

S-ß-fnepw t£{X-Nn-{X-ssi-en-bn-ep≈ Nn{X-ßƒ

ImWmw. a´m-t©cn sIm´m-c-Ønse cmam-bW

Nn{Xw cmam-bW IY kºq¿Æ-ambn Zriym-Jym\w

\S-Øp-∂p. ̀ mc-X-Øn¬ {ZmhnU Ie-bpsS G‰hpw

\√ DZm-l-c-W-ambn B\-μ-Ip-am-c-kzman I≠Xv

G‰p-am-\q¿ inh-t£-{X-Ønse {]tZm-j-\rØw (\-

S-cm-P≥) BWv. t£{X-Øn¬ \n∂p ]pdØp IS∂

Cu ssien 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]e s]mXp sIń-S-

ß-fpsS `nØn-I-fnepw bph-I-em-Im-c-∑m¿ D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Bh-iy-{]-Imcw ssZhnI hnj-b-ß-

f-√m-Øh CØcw `nØn-I-fn¬ hc-°m≥ XpS-ßn-

b-tXmsS Cu ssien°v A¤pX]q¿Δ-amb hf¿®-

bp-≠m-bn. `nØn-bn¬ Xq°n-bn-Sm-hp∂ Nn{X-ambn

CXv ]ecpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ CXnse ]e tamń-

^p-Ifpw hkv{Xw, ]m{Xw F∂n-h-I-fn¬ Bte-J\w

sNbvXpw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. 25 h¿jw aps∂ hsc

t£{X-Øns‚ XS-hn-em-bn-cp∂ Cu ssien ]pd-

Øp-h-∂-tXmsS hf-sc-b-[nIw ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw hf-

cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Npa¿ Nn{X-Øns‚ kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw

`nØn-bn¬ Xq°p∂ Nn{Xhpw `nØn-bn¬

hc® Nn{Xhpw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠v. BZy-tØXv

sIm≠v \S-°m-hp∂ (Portable)-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ AXn\v ]e-bn-SØpw sNs∂-Øm-\p≈

km≤y-X-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ Npa-cn¬ hc® Nn{Xw AΔn-

[-Øn-ep-≈-X-√. AXv HcnSØv ÿnc-ambn \ne-sIm-

≈p-∂p. ÿncw-̨ -A-ÿncw F∂ Ahÿ Ie-I-fn¬

hnhn[ emh-Wy-X-e-ß-sf (aesthetic levels) t{ImUo-

I-cn-°p-∂p. G‰hpw Aÿn-c-amb Nn{X-ßƒ [qfo-

Nn-{X-ßfpw apJ-sØ-gp-Øv, sasø-gp-Øv, ]mf-sb-

gpØv (]-S-b-Wn-t°m-e-ßƒ) XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv.

AsX√mw Hcp {]tXyI ÿeØv Ipd-®p-Imew \ne-

\n-∂v, Bhiyw Ign-™m¬ If-tb-≠-h-bm-Wv.

AXns‚ Cu Aÿn-c-X-bm-W-Xns‚ kzXzhpw emh-

Wy-hpw. F∂m¬ ÿnc-X-bmWv Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚

emh-Wyw.

t£{X Npa-cn¬ {]tXy-In®pw ({iotIm-hn-en-

s‚) At\Iw Nn{X-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw. AXv HcnS-Øp-

\n∂p am{Xw ImWm-\m-hn-√. \n›-e-ambn Npa-cn¬

\ne-sIm-≈p-∂ AØcw Nn{X-irw-Je ImW-W-sa-

¶n¬ ImgvN-°m-cs‚ ( -̀‡s‚/`‡-bp-sS) icocw

Hmtcm Nn{Xhpw I≠p-I≠p \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-Ww.

t£{X-Øn¬ {iotIm-hn-en\p Np‰p-ap≈ Nn{X-ßƒ

ImWp∂ ImgvN-°m-c≥ ( -̀‡≥/`‡) {]Z-£nWw

sNøp∂ hy‡nbmWv. {]Z-£nWw F∂ imco-cnI

{Inb-bn¬ Zriy-sa∂ LS-Ihpw tN¿∂-Xm-Wv

Npa¿Nn-{X-Øn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ kuμ-cyw.

Hcn°¬ I≠ Nn{X-ßƒ ]Xn-hmbn ImWp-

tºmƒ {]Z-£n-W-ho-Yn-bn-eqsS \S-°p∂ icocw

B Nn{X-ß-fpsS Hcp kpÿn-c-ap{Z kz`m-hn-I-ambpw

Z¿in-°p-∂p. AXv At_m[ a\- n¬ F∂pw \ne-

sIm-≈pw. `‡nbpw at‰-sXmcp `mhhpw GI-am-\-a-

√. F√m-Øn\pw ]e am\-ß-fp-≠v. Nn{X-ßfnep≈

Hmtcm `mhhpw Hmtcm tZho-tZ-hs‚ I¿Ω aWvU-

e-sØ-bmWv t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ImgvN

tIhew Ae-¶mcw F∂ H∂√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂X-

t∏m-gm-Wv. {iotIm-hn-ens‚ ]pdw-`m-KØpw {ioXzw

\¬Ip-∂Xv H∂pw ]Xn-°mØ Npa-cp-I-f-√. Nn{X-

ßfpw inev]-ßfpw ]Xn-∏n® Npa-cp-I-fm-Wv. {iotIm-

hn-ens‚ A¥¿a-WvU-e-Øn¬ (K¿ -̀Kr-lw) {][m\

{]Xn-jvT-bp-≈-t∏mƒ AXns‚ Np‰p-̀ n-Øn-bnse cq]-

ßƒ {iotIm-hn-ens\ ̀ mhw-sIm≠pw cq]w-sIm≠pw

DZm-Ø-am-°p-∂p.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

s{]m^. hnP-b-Ip-amc tat\m≥ : Nn{X-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥, \ncq-]-I≥, teJ-I≥, Nn¥-I≥,

Iem-kw-c-£-I≥ F∂o hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬ {]i-kvX≥. ae-bmfw k¿Δ-Iemime-bnse

kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrI ]T\ hn`mKw t_m¿Uv AwKw.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

29............................................................................................... ..........

Nn{X-I-ebv°v Hcp BapJwSn.- hn. am[-h-hm-cn-b¿

Nn{X-I-e-sb-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ \nc-h[n

{KŸ-ßƒ kwkvIr-X- ̀ m-j-bn¬ D≠v. G‰hpw {][m-

\-s∏-´h {ioIp-am-c≥ cNn® inev]-c-Xv\w, ]pcm-W-

ß-fn¬ A\y-X-hp-amb hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Ø-c-]p-cm-

Ww, Imiy-]o-bw, Nmeq-Iy-hw-i-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂

tkma-tZ-h≥ cNn® A`n-e-jn-Xm¿∞ Nn¥m-a-Wn,

_rl-’w-lnX F∂n-h-bm-Wv. `qtZ-h-a-√≥ cNn®

am\-tkm-√mkw F∂ Hcp {KŸw [qfo-Nn-{X-sØ-

°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-bn´v Ds≠∂v A`n-e-jn-

Xm¿∞ Nn¥m-a-Wn-bn¬ kqN-\-bp-≠v. hn≤-km-e-

`-RvPn-I, DØ-a\hXm-em-e-¶m-cm-P-Xm-c-kq-{Xw,

kºq¿Æ-Nn-{X-e-£Ww F∂o {KŸ-ß-fpsS t]cpw

]d-™p-tIƒ°p-∂p. Nn{X-tØmSv G‰hpw ASpØ

Ie-bmb \rØ-im-kv{X-{]-Xn-]m-Z-I-amb `c-X-ap-\n-

bpsS \mSy-im-kv{Xhpw Nn{X-I-em-k-º-Øn-te°v

shfn®w hoip-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX X{¥-k-ap-®-b-Øn

se inev]-̀ m-Khpw Nn{X-im-kv{X-X-Xz-ßƒ Dƒs°m-

≈p-∂p. \mSy-im-kv{X-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-Ønepw ae-

bm-f-Ønepw hymJym-\-ßƒ D≠v. X{¥-k-ap-®-b-

Øn\v ae-bm-f-Øn-epw. a‰p {KŸ-ßƒ°v hymJym-

\-ßƒ H∂pw {]Nm-c-Øn-en-√. kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßfpw

{]ta-b-ßfpw \nc-h-[n-bp≈ {]kvXpX {KŸ-ß-

fpsS A¿∞w a\- n-em-°pI {ia-I-c-am-Wv. ]c-º-

cm-K-X-amb kn≤m-¥-ßfpw {]tbm-K-ß-fpsS ssien-

Ifpw BWv tIc-fob Nn{X-I-em-Im-c-∑m¿ ]n≥Xp-

S¿∂p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.

Nn{X-I-em-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ kwkvIr-X-`m-jm-]-

WvUn-X-∑m¿ Ipd-hm-Wv, kwkvIr-X-`mjm ]WvUn-

X-∑m-cn¬ Nn{X-I-e-bn¬ B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-hcpw hnc-

f-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Nn{X-I-e-bpsS kuμ-cy-

imkv{Xw AkvX-{]-Nm-c-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Kpcp-

hm-bq¿ Npa¿Nn-{X-]-T-\-tI-{μ-Øn¬ {io. aΩnbq¿

{io\n-hm-k≥ amÃ-dpsS \n¿_-‘-{]-Imcw inev]-

c-Xv\w, Nn{X-kq{Xw F∂o {KŸ-ßƒ Cu teJ-

I\v ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠n-h-∂p. Nn{X-I-em-Nm-cy-\mb At±-

l-hp-ambn \nc-¥cw N¿® sNbvXv {]kvXpX {KŸ-

ß-fnse \nKq-Vm¿∞w A]-{K-Yn-s®-Sp-°p-hm\pw

Gsd-°psd ka-RvP-k-amb Bibw a\- n-em-

°m\pw Ign-™p. apI-fn¬ ]d™ Nn{X-K-Ÿ-ß-

sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhpw At±-l-Øn¬\n-∂p-X-s∂-

bmWv Inń-b-Xv. kne-_-kn¬ s]Sm-Ø-h-bm-sW-

¶nepw Ahsb At\z-jn®v Is≠-Øm\pw {io.

]Wn-°¿ amÃ-dpsS D]-tZ-i-ß-fmepw hnh-c-W-ß-

fmepw Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm\pw Ign-

™p. At±-l-Øns‚ ImcpWy e£vao \ntbm-K-

Øm¬ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿°pw Bkzm-Z-I¿°pw lnX-I-

c-ambn GXm\pw hcn-Iƒ Ipdn-°p-∂p.

Ie, Nn{Xw, inev]w F∂o ]Z-ß-fpsS

\ncp‡w apX¬ XpS-ßmw. IwemXn = kpJw

Xcp-∂Xv, F∂mWv Ie F∂ ]Z-Øn-\¿∞w.

ChnsS kpJw F∂-Xn\v B\μw F∂¿∞w.

B¿°v F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v, t`m‡m-hn\v, F∂p-sh-

®m¬ C{μo-b-a-t\m-bp-‡-amb Bflm-hn\v F∂pw.

A¿∞-kn≤w AXm-bXv C{μo-b-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw a\-

n-eq-sSbpw A\p-`qXn hnj-b-ambn B\-μ-kz-cq-]-

\mb Bflm-hn\v B\μw sImSp-°p-∂-XmWv Ie

F∂¿∞w.

Ie-I-fn¬ A\y-\-a-amWv Nn{Xw. NntX-cmXn

= NnØn\v sImSp-°p-∂Xv F∂v buKn-Im¿∞w

A\p-k-cn®v NnØn\v B\μw sImSp-°p-∂-Xv. B\-

μ-kz-cq-]-amb NnØn\v as‰m∂pw sImSp-Øn v́ Imcy-

an-√-t√m. ê-Øn¬ NnZm-\-μ-k-μm-bIw Nn{Xw.

ine-DtQ (D-t]-£n-°pI F∂ A¿∞-

Øn¬ inev F∂ [mXp) F∂ [mXp-hn¬ \n∂v

Dt]-£n-°-s∏-´Xv F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ inev F∂

]Zw \njv]-∂am-hp-∂p. AXns\ c£n-°p-∂Xv

F∂p sh®m¬ {]tbm-P-\-an-√m-bvI-bm¬ a\p-jy¿

km[m-c-W-bmbn {i≤n-°mØ ]md, acw, aÆv apX-

em-b-hsb a\p-jy¿°v D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-°n-Øo¿°p-

∂Xv inev]w. AXpw B\-μ-Zm-b-Iw-X-s∂. ae-bm-

f-Øn¬ \Ωƒ km[m-cW a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xnepw

hfsc hnim-e-amb A¿∞-amWv Cu ]Z-ßƒ°v

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ D≈-Xv.

Nn{Xw F∂-Xns\ inev]-c-Xv\-Im-c≥ Xmsg

]dbpw {]Imcw \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂p. Z¿i-\-am-{X-bn¬

Xs∂ irwKm-cmZn `mh-ßƒ t{]£-I-\n¬ Df-hm-

°p-∂Xpw IÆm-Sn-bn¬ {]Xn-_nw_w F∂-t]mse

kmZriyw D≈-Xp-amb \n¿Ωn-Xnsb Nn{Xw F∂p

]d-bp-∂p. shdpw cq]-km-Zriyw t]mc- ̀ m-hhpw A`n-

hy-‡-am-hWw F∂v FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

aq∂p temI-ß-fnepw ÿmh-c-ßfpw PwK-a-ß-fp-amb

F√m-‰n-s‚bpw X\n-a-bm¿∂ cq]-Ønepw `mh-

31............................................................................................... ..........

33............................................................................................... ..........

Ønepw D≈ Ic-W-amWv

Nn{Xw F∂mWv Nn{X -

Øn\v At±lw ]d-bp∂

e£-Ww.

N n {X -ßsf

{][m-\-ambn aq∂p

hn[-ambn Xncn-°p-

∂p.1. kw]q¿Æ

Zriy-I-c-W-ap-≈-h.

F∂p sh®m¬

{Xnam -\ -X -e -Øn -

ep≈ {]Xn-a, hn{K-

lw, A¿®m-_nw_w

apX-em-b-h. 2. A¿[-

Nn - {Xw. AXm-bXv

`nØn, kvXw`w apX-em-

b-h-bn¬ ]Xn-™n-cn-

°p∂ hn[-ap-≈-Xv. 3.

Nn{Xm-`m-kw. AXm-

bXv F√m {]Im-c-Ønepw

Nn{Xw-t]m-se-Øs∂ Xnf-ßp-

∂-Xv. ZznX-eta D≈q F¶nepw {XnXe \n¿Ωn-Xn-

t]mse t{]£-I\v A\p-`-h-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\v

BteJyw F∂pw ]d-bmw. If-sa-gp-Øv, Xp∂¬]-

Wn, tXm¬∏mh \n¿ΩmWw apX-em-b-hbpw Nn{Xm-

`mkw F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p.

Nnt{X kmZr-iy-I-cWw {][m\w ]cn-Io¿ØnXw

F∂p Nn{X-kq-{X-Im-c≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ie-I-

fn¬ G‰hpw anI-®-Xpw, [¿Ω-Im-am¿∞ tam£

{]Zhpw G‰hpw awK-f-hp-amWv Nn{Xw F∂n-ßs\

Hcp Nn{XsØ ]pI-gvØp-∂p At±lw. Nn{XsØ

kXyw, sshWn-Iw, \mK-cw, an{Xw F∂p \mep-hn-

[-ambn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hnjvWp ]pcm-W-Øn¬

Nn{X-kq{Xw F∂p-t]-cn-ń-´p≈ 35 apX¬ 43 IqSn-

bp≈ 9 A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ Bte-JysØ ]‰n-bmWv

hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Cu {]t`Zw {]Xn-

am -Zn -Isf Dt±-in -®p -≈-X-√. Ah-sb-°p-dn®v

XpS¿∂p≈ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ hni-Z-ambn hnh-cn-°p-

∂p-≠p-Xm-\pw. F∂m¬ 35-˛mw A[ym-b-Øns‚

XpS°w Nn{Xm-K-a-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.

Xs∂ {]tem-`n-∏n-°p-hm≥ h∂v A]vk-c- p-

I-fpsS kuμ-cy-aZw \in-∏n-°m≥ \mcm-bW ap\n..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X≥ bi»-co-c-\mb tXm∂-√q¿ Sn. hn. am[-h-hm-cn-b¿ 2000 am¿®v amk-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb teJ\w

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

aÆp-sIm≠v kv{Xo {]Xn-a-bp-≠m-°n. k¿Δ-e-£W

kºq¿Æ-amb {]kvXpX {]Xn-a°v Poh≥ h®p Ah-

fpsS Ag-Ip-I≠v A]vkc kv{XoIƒ e÷n-®p-t]m-

bn. ]n∂oSv B {]Xn-abpw D¿Δin F∂p t]cmb

A]vk-c- m-bn. Xm≥ Bhn-jv°-cn® {]Xn-am-

\n¿ΩmWw ka-{K-ambn hniz-I¿Ωm-hn\v D]-tZ-in®p

F∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ ]c-º-c-bn-eqsS Nn{X

\n¿ΩmWw cq]-s∏-´p-sh-∂p-amWv hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-

Øc ]pcm-W-Ønse D]m-Jym-\w. (b-⁄-tΔZ

{]mXniwkyØn¬ knam-\-im-kv{X-Im-c-\mbn A\p-

kva-cn-°p∂ \mcm-bW ap\nbpw Ct±-lhpw Hcmƒ

Xs∂ F∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.)

inev]-c-Xv\-Ønepw Nn{X-kq-{X-Ønepw Bte-

Jy-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv {][m-\-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-

Xv. `nØn-kw-kvI-c-Ww, Nmb-°q-´p-Iƒ D≠m-°¬,

Xme-am\w AwKp-e-am-\w, kq{X-hn-\ym-k-kn-[n,

kwap-Jm-[n-ÿm-\-t`-Z-ßƒ, Xqen-I, ]i, kz¿Æm-

Zn-te-]-\-kn-≤n-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßƒ hc-bp-tºmƒ

{]tXyIw {i≤n-t°≠ hnj-b-ßƒ, aqe-h¿Æ-

ßƒ, h¿W-kw-tbm-P-\-Øm¬ D≠m-Ip∂ an{i-

h¿Æ-ßƒ, Nn{X-c-N-\-bn¬ {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°≠

Imcy-ßƒ, `mh-c-km-Zn-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw F∂nh

khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.

F√m Ie-Ifpw B\-μm-\p-`q-Xn-bp-≠m-°p-∂-

h-bm-Wv. Nn{X-I-e -hn-ti-jn®pw. B A\p-`q-Xn-tbm-

sSm∏w Ie-Iƒ kmwkv°m-cn-I-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-

\hpw D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. B ]cn-h¿Ø\w kaq-l-

Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnbv°pw [m¿Ωn-I-amb DtØ-P-\-

Øn\pw klm-b-I-am-h-Ww. kzmK-am-\p-tcm-[n-I-fmb

Nn{X-ßƒ am{Xta hc-bmhq F∂v inev]-cvX-\-Im-

c-\pw, [¿Ω-Im-am¿∞ kn≤n-Z-am-hWw Nn{X-c-N\

F∂v Nn{X-kq-{X-Im-c\pw Du∂n ]d-bp-∂Xv

{]tXyI {i≤-b¿ln-°p-∂p. Nn{X-Im-c\p am{X-a√

Nn{Xm-kzm-Z-I\pw Bhiyw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠

A\¿L-ß-fmb Bi-b-ßƒ, k\m-X-\-aq-ey-ßƒ

Ah-K-Wn®v ùXn-I-kp-J-Øn-\p-th≠n ]c°w

]mbp∂ Znim-t_m[w \jvS-s∏´ C∂sØ P\-

Xbv°v k≥am¿§ Z¿i-I-ß-fm-Wv. \jvS-{]m-b-am-bn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ss]Xr-IsØ kwc-£n-°m\pw

kmwkvIm-cnI cwKsØ kwip-≤-am-°m\pw Nn{X-

I-e-bpsS D≤m-cWw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv.

35............................................................................................... ..........

`mc-Xob Nn{X-I-em-]m-c-º-cyhpwtIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-ebpw

sI. bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿

temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-KØpw C∂v ImW-s∏-

Sp∂ Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv

AXn-{]m-No-\-ß-fmb Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-am-

Wv. Ae-™p-\-S∂v th -́bm-Snbpw Iq´w-Iq-Snbpw Pohn-

®n-cp∂ ]pcm-X-\- a-\p-jy-cnse Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS

kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv Cu Kplm-Nn-{X-ßƒ. \rØ-k-am-

\-amb a\p-jy-cq-]-ßƒ, \mbm-´p-cw-K-ßƒ, Aºpw

hn√pw G¥nb a\p-jy¿, arK-cq-]-ßƒ, {]tXy-In®pw

B\, am≥, Im´p-t]mØv XpS-ßn-b-h, kqN-I-Nn-”-

ßƒ F∂n-h-bmWv Kplm-Np-a-cp-I-fn¬ hc® Nn{X-

ßƒ. AXn-i-‡hpw ZrV-hp-amb tcJ-Ifpw emfn-

Xy-am¿∂ cN\m coXnbpw ssieo-h¬°-c-Whpw

Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fpsS {][m\ {]tXy-I-X-bmbn Icp-

Xp-∂p. \mbm-´p-k-a-bØv ̀ b-t∂m-Sp∂ arK-ß-fpsS

thKhpw ssZ\y-Xbpw, Atº‰v hogp-Ibpw NØp-

In-S-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ arK-ß-fpsS thZ-\bpw

AXoh efn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ Ch¿ Bhn-jv°-cn-

®n-cn-°p-∂p. arK-s°m-gp-∏p-Ifpw c‡-hpw, ac-∏-ibpw,

Icnbpw, Ce-®mdpw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ch¿ Nn{X-c-

N\ \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[

`mK-ß-fnepw ̀ mc-X-Ønepw Is≠-Ønb Cu Kplm-

Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv \ΩpsS Iem-N-cn{Xw Bcw-

`n-°p-∂-Xv. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ in¬]-k-am-\-amb

coXn-bn¬ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Bbp-[-ßfpw

37............................................................................................... ..........

I√p-fn-Ifpw ]md-s°-́ p-I-fpsS cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw

Ah-cpsS in¬]-I-em-]m-Shw \sΩ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p.

a[y-{]-tZ-inse t`m]m-en\v kao-]-ap≈

òw`SvI Kpl-Iƒ, DØ¿{]-tZ-inse an¿km-]q¿,

_m{μ, knwK≥]q¿, DØ-cm-©-ense A¬tam-

dbv°p kao-]-ap≈ Kpl-Iƒ XpS-ßn DØ-tc-¥y≥

{]tZ-i-ß-fnse At\Iw Kplm-k-t¶-X-ß-fnepw

Xan-gv\m-ńse tImb-º-Øq-cn-\pw, ahm-sUbv°pw

kao-]-Øp-\n∂pw tIc-f-Ønse ad-bq¿ (C-Sp-°n)

{]tZ-isØ Fgp-Ømsse Kpl-Iƒ, hb-\m-ńse

FS-°¬ Kpl-Iƒ, s\øm-‰n≥Icbv°SpØ ]mWvU-

h≥]md, Im-k¿tIms´ G‰p-I-Sp° F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fn¬ ]pcm-X\ a\pjy¿ hc® Kplm-Nn-{X-ßƒ

Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. XpS¿∂p-cq-]w-sIm≠ kn‘p

\Zo-XS kwkv°mc Ime-L-́ -Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-bmb

[mcmfw ap{Z-I-fn¬ \n∂pw sSdm-t°m´ in¬]-ß-

fn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ IrXy-X-bm¿∂Xpw kmt¶-

Xn-I-Øn-I-thm-sSbpw Iem-{]m-[m\yw Gdp∂ Xc-

Ønepw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ambn ssieo-h¬°-cn-®-Xp-

amb [mcmfw Nn{X-in¬] cq]-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-hm≥

Ign-™n-́ p-≠v.

Kp]vX-hm-Im-S-IcpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬, GI-

tZiw _n.-kn. 200\pw F.-Un. 600-˛700\pw CSbv°v

\n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ AP¥m Ft√md Kplm-Np-a-cp-Ifn¬

hc® Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬\n∂pamWv \ΩpsS Npa¿Nn-

{X-]m-cºcyw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. ae-bpsS ]md-®p-a-cp-

Iƒ sImØn-Øp-c∂v AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ambn in¬]-

`w-Kn-tbmsS \n¿Ωn® ap∏-Xn¬ A[nIw hcp∂

ssNXy-ß-fnepw hnlm-c-ß-fn-ep-am-bmWv Nn{X-ßƒ

hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {]mNo\ Kplm-t£-{X-ßsf At]-

£n®v {]tXyIw Xøm-dm -°nb {]X-e-Øn¬

imkv{Xo-b-amb coXn-bn¬ `nØnXøm-dm°n, I\w-

Ip-d™ Hcp ]cp-°≥ {]X-ehpw AXn\p apI-fn-¬

an\p-Ø-{]-X-ehpw Xøm-dm°n {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-

°n-sb-Sp-°p∂ {]IrXn h¿Æ-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv

Nn{X-c-N\ \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. alm-bm-\-˛-lo-\-

bm\ Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Aaqey kw`m-h-\-bmb Cu

Nn{X-ßƒ°v hnj-b-am-bXv _p≤s‚ P\\w apX¬

]cn-\n¿ΔmWw hsc-bp≈ hnhn[ IYm-k-μ¿`-ß-

fmWv. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ PmX-I-I-Y-Ifpw Nn{Xo-

I-cW hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv. ]pjv]-e-Xm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw

]£n-arKmZn-I-fp-sSbpw Nn{X-ßƒ Kplm-Np-a-cp-I-

fn¬ AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ambn hc-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Kplm-Np-

a-cp-I-fnepw apIƒ ̀ mKØpw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ß-fmb

Unssk-\p-Iƒ hc-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hnj-bm-hn-jv°-cW

coXn-IƒsIm≠pw, kuμ-cy-h¬°-cWw sIm≠pw

Chn-SpsØ Nn{X-ßƒ temI-{]-i-kvX-ß-fm-Wv.

ssIap - {Z -Iƒ sIm≠pw t\{X Ne-\ -

ßƒsIm≠pw ̀ mh-hn-Nm-c-ßƒ krjvSn-°pI F∂

`mc-Xob Nn{X-I-em-Z¿i\w ]q¿Æambpw Dƒs°m-

≠-h-bmWv AP-¥-bnse Nn{X-ßƒ. tcJ-I-fpsS

{]m[m-\yw, Bflo-b-kz-`m-hw, hnim-e-X, ssieo-

h¬°-c-Ww, kmt¶-Xn-I-ta-∑, emfn-Xyw, cN-\m-]m-

S-hw, Ae-¶-cW kz`mhw F∂n-h-sb-√mw-Xs∂

AP¥m-Nn-{X-ß-fp-sSbpw s]mXpsh ̀ mc-Xob Nn{X-

I-e-bp-sSbpw s]mXp-kz-̀ m-hhpw {]tXy-I-X-bp-ambn

Icp-Xn-h-cp-∂p. Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-ÿ-

ambn Nn{X-c-N-\-bv°m-h-iy-amb {]tXyI {]X-e-

ßƒ Xøm-dm-°phm\pw AXn-\p-th-≠p∂ kmt¶-

XnI coXn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw Nn{Xo-I-c-W hnj-

b-ßƒ Nn´-tbmsS {Iao-I-cn-°p-hm\pw hc® Nn{X-

FS-bv°¬ Kplm Nn{Xw òw`SvI Kplm Nn{Xw

Xm-a-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn\v

A\-¥-tImSn {]Wmaw

39............................................................................................... ..........

ßƒ \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw \ne-\n¬°-Ø° coXn-bn¬

Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-hm\pw, AP-¥-bn-tebpw Ft√m-d-

bn-tebpw Nn{X-Im-c∑m¿°v km[n-®p. AP¥m Kpl-

I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Ft√md Kpl-bn¬

_p≤-hn-j-b-ßƒ°p-]p-dsa ssP\-̨ -ssl-μh hnj-

b-ßfpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \q‰m-≠p-Isf AXn-

Po-hn®v Ch-sb√mw C∂pw \ne-\n-∂p-h-cp-∂p. al-

Ømb Cu Nn{X-]m-c-ºcy kwkvImcw XpS¿∂v

{ioe-¶, ssN\, Xmbvem‚ v, P∏m≥, _¿Ω, Ct¥m-

t\-jy, t\∏mƒ XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-

°p-Ibpw hyXy-ÿ-am¿∂ ssien-I-fmepw hnj-bm-

hn-jv°-c-W-Ømepw AXo-h-k-º-∂-amb Npa¿Nn{X

k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ AhnsS {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

AP¥m Nn{X-ssi-en-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn-

\p-tijw Npa¿Nn-{X-c-N\m k{º-Zmbw ̀ mc-X-Øns‚

hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v AXn-Kw-ò-c-amb coXn-

bn¬ {]N-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. cmP-ÿm≥, Hdo , tIc-

fw, Imivao¿, B{‘, Xan-gv\m-Sv, I¿Æm-S-I, kn°nw,

lnam-N¬, alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dm-Øv XpS-ßnb

kwÿm-\-ß-fn-se√mw Npa¿Nn-{X-c-N-\m-co-Xnbpw

k{º-Zm-bhpw hyXy-ÿ-X-bm¿∂ ssien-bnepw

cN\m coXn-I-fnepw hnj-b-ß-fnepw cq]w {]m]n-

°p-Ibpw Gsd {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw P\-Io-b-am-hp-I-bp-

ap-≠m-bn.

7, 8 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-embn ]√h cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS

ImeØv \n¿Ωn® Im©o-]p-csØ ssIem-k-\mY

t£{X-Øn¬ AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb in¬∏-ßfn¬

{]Ir-Xn-h¿Æ-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ae-¶-cn-®-Xns‚

Ah-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ C∂pw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AtXm-

sSm∏w Xs∂ Npa-cp-I-fnse Hgn™ `mK-ß-fn¬

Nn{X-ßƒ hc®v Ae-¶-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

Nn{X-∏-Wn-I-fmepw hmkvXp-in¬]-`w-Kn-bmepw

ssIem-k-\mY t£{Xw Gsd {]i-kvX-am-Wv. cmP-

cm-P-tNm-fs‚ ̀ c-W-Im-eØv 10, 11 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-embn

\n¿Ωn® X©m-hqcnse _rltZ-izc t£{X-

Ønse Npa¿Nn-{X-ßfpw hnj-bm-hn-jv°mcwsIm≠v

Gsd {]i-kvX-am-Wv. tNmf-`-c-W-Øn\v Ah-km\w

Ipdn-®p-sIm≠v ]n∂oSp \mSp-`-cn® \mbIv cmP-hw-

i-Ønse cmPm-°-∑mcpw Nn{X in¬]-I-e-Iƒ°v

Gsd t{]m’m-l\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. B{‘,

I¿Æm-SI {]tZ-i-ßƒ `cn-®n-cp∂ hnP-b-\-Kc

cmPm-°-∑mcpw Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse Nn{X-in¬]-I-e-

bpsS hf¿®bv°v Gsd kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-b-h-

cm-bn-cp-∂p. B{‘-{]-tZ-inse te]m-£n, I¿Æm-S-

I-bnse _m`m-an, lw]n XpS-ßnb tI{μ-ßƒ Ie-

bpsS hf¿®-bn¬ Gsd kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb

{]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv. am{X-a√ t£{Xw F∂-Xn-\p-]p-dta

Ch-sb√mw kmwkv°m-cnI tI{μ-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw [mcmfw

k©m-cn-Iƒ Chn-sS-sb√mw kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

cmP-ÿm≥, tIc-fw, kn°nw, Hdo , ]©m_v

XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn-se√mw Npa¿Nn{X cN-\m-

AP¥bnse Kplm Nn{Xw

41............................................................................................... ..........

coXn Gsd kº-∂-amb coXn-bn¬ {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw

hnImkw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]tXy-In®pw

cmP-ÿm-\nepw tIc-f-Ønepw. Iem-t{]m¬km-l-

\-Øn\v Gsd {]m[m\yw \¬Inb cmPv]pXv cmPm-

°-∑m¿ sIm´m-c-ß-fnepw t£{X-ß-fnepw s]mXp-

a-μn-c-ß-fnepw Nn{X-ßƒ hc-∏n-°p-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmP-ÿm-\nse Pbv]q¿, DZ-bv]q¿,

siJm-h-Xn, _n°m-\o¿ _p≠n, APvao¿, tPmYv]q¿,

tIm´ XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-sf√mw Npa¿Nn{X tI{μ-

ßƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Gsd {]i-kvX-am-Wv. ]pcm-

W-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Nn{X-c-N\ \n¿Δ-ln-

°p∂Xnt\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ [mcmfw bp≤-cw-K-ßfpw

BtLmj Nn{X-ßfpw cm[m-IrjvW {]Wb Nn{X-

ßfpw Ch¿ [mcm-f-ambn hc-®p.

tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie

tIc-f-Øn¬ Npa¿Nn{XcN\m ]mc-º-cy-Øn\v

XpS-°w-Ip-dn-°p-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-bn¬

ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Xncp-\-μn-°c Kplm-t£-{X-Øn¬

\n∂p-am-Wv. Kplm-t£-{X-Øns‚ Npa-cn¬ hc®

Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ C∂v ]q¿Æ-ambpw \in-®p-t]mb

Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv. Npa¿Nn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS XpS°w 8,

9 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Gsd kº-∂-

am-bXpw {]N-cn-∏n-®Xpw tIc-fob hmkvXp-in¬]-

I-em-coXn hf¿∂p-hn-I-kn® 14 apX¬ 18 hsc-bp≈

\q‰m-≠p-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. tNc-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS

`cWImeØv hnImkw {]m]n® hmkvXp-in¬]

coXn-Ifpw, t£{X-\n¿Ωm-W-ßfpw Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-

bpsS hf¿®bv°pw Imc-W-am-bn. cN-\m-co-Xn-I-fpsS

{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°p-]p-dsa `mhm-hn-jv°m-c-Ønepw

ssIap-{Z-I-fpsS kz`m-h-ß-fmepw ico-c-h-Sn-hp-I-fpsS

{]tXy-I-X-bmepw Ne-\-ß-fmepw tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-

{X-ßƒ Gsd hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. IqSp-X¬ Ne-\m-fl-

I-kz-`m-hhpw Bflob Z¿i-\-ßfpw tIc-fob

Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Npa¿ Nn{X-tI-{μ-ßƒ

tIc-f-Øn¬ GI-tZiw 150-˛¬ A[nIw

t£{X-ß-fnepw aq∂v sIm´m-c-ß-fnepw 15-˛-Hmfw

{InkvXy≥ ]≈n-I-fnepw ]pcm-X\ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ

I≠p-h-cp-∂p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw {io ]fl-\m-`-kzman

t£{Xw, G‰p-am-\q¿ t£{Xw, ]pWvU-co-I-]pcw

t£{Xw, Ipam-c-s\-√q¿ t£{Xw, ]mWvUhw

t£{Xw, B¿∏q-°c t£{Xw, (tIm-´bw Pn√)

43............................................................................................... ..........

Xriq¿ hS-°pw-\mY t£{Xw, Xr{]-bm¿ {iocma

t£{Xw, sNΩ≥Xn´ t£{Xw, Kpcp -hm -bq¿

t£{Xw, ]≈n-aÆ t£{Xw, ]m™mƒ Aø∏

t£{Xw (Xr-iq¿ Pn√), aq°p-Xe t£{Xw, tIm´-

°¬ inh-t£-{Xw, Xr{]-tßmSv t£{Xw, Be-Øn-

bq¿ t£{Xw (ae-∏pdw Pn√), Xfn-t£-{Xw, temI-

\m¿°m-hv, Iogq¿ t£{Xw, Ifn-bmw-]≈n t£{Xw

(tIm-gn-t°mSv Pn√), sXmSo-°fw t£{Xw, tNtdmSv

t£{Xw, apg-∏n-e-ßmSv Nodp-º-°mhv (I-Æq¿ Pn√),

Xr°-Socn t£{Xw, Np´-hm-e-Øq¿ t£{Xw, (]m-e-

°mSv Pn√) Ipºf t£{Xw (Im-k¿tImUv Pn√),

Xncp-an-‰-t°mSv t£{Xw, tNμ-aw-Kew t£{Xw,

Ff¶p-∂-∏pg t£{Xw (F-d-Wm-Ipfw Pn√) XpS-

ßnb t£{X-ß-fn¬ ]pcm-X\ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ

ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

a´m-t©cn sIm´mcw (sIm-®n) {io]vX-a-\m-`-

]pcw sIm´mcw (X-°-e) Imbw-Ipfw IrjvW-]pcw

sIm´mcw F∂o sIm´m-c-ß-fn-emWv AXn-a-t\m-l-

c-ß-fmb {]mNo\ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ ImWp-∂-Xv.

Nn{Xo-I-cW hnj-b-ßƒ

aXm-fl-I-amb hnj-b-ß-fmWv tIc-fob Nn{X-

ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-embpw hc-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. ]pcm-W-I-

Y-Ifpw tZho-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS cq]-ß-fp-amWv Nn{Xo-I-c-

W-Øn-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmam-b-Ww,

alm-̀ m-c-Xw, ̀ mK-h-Xw, tZho-]p-cm-Ww, inh-]p-cmWw

XpS-ßnb ]pcm-W-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv hnj-b-

ßfpw kμ¿ -̀ßfpw Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Is≠-Øn-b-Xv.

ssih-̨ -ssh-jvWh kw_-‘-amb Nn{X-ßƒ

tIc-f-Ønse t£{X {iotIm-hn-ep-I-fn¬ ImWm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AtX-t]m-se-Xs∂ a‰p kwÿm-\-

°m¿°v ]cn -Nn -X -a -√mØ imkvXmhv F∂

k¶¬∏hpw tht´-°-c≥ k¶¬∏hpw \ΩpsS

{iotIm-hn-ep-I-fn¬ ImWmw. IpXn-c-∏p-d-Øn-cp∂v ]cn-

hm-c-k-taXw \mbm-´p-\-S-Øp∂ imkvXm-hns‚

Nn{Xw At\Iw t£{X-ß-fn¬ hc-®n-´p-≠v.

ssih-kw-_-‘n-bmb Nn{X-ß-fn¬ {io]-c-

ta-iz-cs‚ {]tZm-j-\rØw (B-\-μ-Xm-WvU-hw)

Nn{X-Øn-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. 16 ssII-tfm-Sp-IqSn

\rØw sNøp∂ Cu inh-cq]w Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬

{]Nmcw kn≤n® \S-cmP k¶¬∏-Øn¬\n∂pw

hyXy-kvX-amWv tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Xß-fp-tS-

Xmb kuμ-cy-t_m-[hpw ssien-bpw-sIm≠v krjvSn-

s®-SpØ \S-cm-P-Nn{Xw temI-{i-≤-bm-I¿jn®

H∂pIq-Sn-bmWv G‰p-am-\q¿ t£{Xw, hS-°pw-\mY

t£{Xw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse \S-cm-P-Nn{Xw CXn-\p-

Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

]m¿ΔXn KW-]Xn kp{_-“-Wy≥ F∂n-h-

tcm-Sp-IqSn ssIem-k-Øn¬ hmgp∂ inhs‚ "i‡n-

]-©m-£cn', inhs‚ ⁄m\-kz-cq-]-amb "Z£n-Wm-

aq¿Øn', AtLm-c-i-nh≥, kv{Xo]p-cpj _‘-

Øns‚ DØ-a-am-Xr-I-bmb A¿≤-\m-co-izc Nn{Xw,

Incm-X-in-h≥, A¿Pp-\-˛-In-cm-X-bp-≤w, kZm-in-h≥,

Imekwlm-c-aq¿Øn, inh-]m¿Δ-Xo-kz-bw-h-cw,

arXyp-RvP-b≥ F∂n-h-sb√mw ssih-hn-j-b-ß-fp-

ambn _‘-s∏ v́ tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bn¬ ImW-

s∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv.

sshjvWh Nn{X-ßƒ

Zim-h-Xm-cw, Ah-Xm-c-I-Y-Iƒ, thWp-tKm-]m-

ew, `qao-tZhn e£vao-tZhn kta-X-\mbn At\Iw

tZh-∑mcmepw Ejn-am-cmepw Bcm-[y-\mbn ]mem-

gn-bn¬ A\-¥-imbnbmbn InS-°p∂ {io]-fl-\m-

`s‚ Nn{X-amb A\-¥-i-b-\w, k¥m-\-tKm-]m-e-

aq¿Øn, alm-hn-jvWp, Kpcp-hm-bq-c-∏≥, KtP-{μ-

tam£w XpS-ßnb sshjvWh Nn{X-ßƒ Nn{X-

Im-c-∑m¿°v {]nb-s∏´ hnj-b-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

`mK-hXw IY-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hc®

{ioIr-jvWs‚ _me-eo-e-Iƒ {]tXyIw {i≤-bm-

I¿jn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. tXmgn-am-tcm-sSm-Øv, hrμm-h-

\-Øn¬ HmS-°p-g¬ DuXn ckn-°p∂ {ioIr-jvW≥,

hkv{Xm-]-l-c-Ww, ]qX-\m-tam-£w, aZ-\-tKm-]m-ew,

NXp-c-£co tKm]mew, IrjvW-˛-_-e-cm-a≥am¿,

Imfn-b-a¿±-\w, tKmh¿≤-t\m-±m-c-Ww, \f-Iq-]p-c-tam-

£w, _Im-kp-c-h-[w, cm[m-am-[hw, Iwk-h-[w,

cp‹nWo kzbw-h-cw, ]m¿∞-km-cYn XpS-ßnb

45............................................................................................... ..........

Nn{X-ßƒ [mcmfw t£{X-®p-h-cp-I-fn¬ ImWm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. sXmSo-°fw (I-Æq¿) ]\-b-∂m¿°m-hv,

]pWvU-co-I-]p-cw, Xr{]-bm¿, ]fl-\m-̀ -]pcw sIm´m-

cw, ]pØ≥Nn-d, a´m-t©cn sIm´m-cw XpS-ßnb

ÿe-ß-fn¬ hc® {ioIrjvW kw_-‘n-bmb

Nn{X-ßƒ AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ß-fm-Wv.

{iocm-as‚ P\\w apX¬ ]´m-`n-tjIw hsc-

bp≈ hnhn[ cwK-ßƒ tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿

cN-\-bv°mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. hoc-cm-a≥,

{iocm-a-]-´m-`n-tj-Iw, cma-cm-h-W-bp-≤w, {iocm-a-kp-

{Ko-h-k-Jyw, koXm-kz-bw-h-cw, h\-bm{X XpS-ßnb

Nn{X-ßƒ tIc-fo-b¿°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. a´m-

t©cn sIm´m-c-®p-a-cn¬ AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ambn Nn{Xo-

I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ {iocm-as‚ P\\w apX¬ ]´m-`n-

tjIw hsc-bp≈ cwK-ßƒ temI-{]-i-kvX-am-Wv.

sXmSo-°fw t£{X-Øn-tebpw ]\-b-∂m¿°mhn-

tebpw cmam-bW Nn{X-ßfpw Gsd at\m-l-c-ß-

fm-Wv. P\-\w, h\-hm-kw, Zi-c-Ys‚ ]p{X-Im-ta-

jvSn-bm-Kw, cm⁄n-am¿, kp{Ko-h-k-Jyw, _men-h-

[w, kpc-k-e-¶m-e-£van, l\p-am≥, koXm-k-ta-X-

\mb {iocm-a≥, l\p-am≥ C{μ-PnØv h[w,

IpwÌ¿Æ≥, i_-co-tam-£w, Kpl≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-

sb√mw a´m-t©cn Nn{X-Øn¬ kap-∂-X-amb

ÿm\w ssIh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

[ym\-t«m-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hc®

At\Iw hnj-b-ßƒ Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ k¿Δ-km-

[m-c-W-am-Wv. KW-]-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ k¶¬∏-ßƒ,

tZho-cq-]-ßƒ Zp¿§, cmP-cm-tP-iz-cn, alm-e-£van,

{Xn]p-c-kp-μ-cn, `{Z-Im-fn, k]vX-am-Xr-°ƒ, A∂-

]q¿tW-iz-cn, kc-kz-Xn, Zp¿§ XpS-ßnb Nn{X-ß-

fpw, aln-jm-kp-c-\p-ambn t]mcp-\-SØn hnP-bn-bmbn

thXm-f-Øn\v ]pd-Øn-cn-°p∂ Zp¿§bpw Npa¿Nn-

{X-ß-fn¬ k¿Δ-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv.- ]-\-b-∂m¿°mhv

]pWvU-co-I-]p-cw, sNΩ≥Xn´ F∂o t£{X-ß-

fnse aln-jm-kp-c-a¿±n-\n-bmb Zp¿§-bpsS Nn{X-

ßƒ {]i-kvX-ß-fm-Wv. {_“m-hv, kc-kz-Xn,

hnjvWp-am-b, \mc-Z≥, l\p-am≥, k]vX¿jn-Iƒ,

\h-{K-l-ßƒ, ̀ ojva-cpsS ici-ø, {Xnhn-{I-a≥ XpS-

ßn-b-h-sb√mw Npa¿Nn{X cN-\-b°v {]ta-b-am-bn-

´p-≠v. kv{Xoku-μ-cy-Øns‚ DØ-a-am-Xr-I-bmbn ]\-

47............................................................................................... ..........

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

sI. bp. Ir-jvW-Ip-am¿ : Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZh-kz-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Npa¿Nn-

{X-Iem ]T-\-tI-{μ-Ønse BZy _m®v hnZym¿∞n. Ct∏mƒ {]kvXpX tI{μ-Ønse

{]n≥kn-∏mƒ. \nc-h[n t£{X-ß-fn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-®n-´p-≠v. \nc-h[n teJ-\-

ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

bpsS Nph-ń¬ \n¬°p∂ kpμ-c-b£n F∂

k¶¬∏w tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS kuμ-

cy-t_m-[sØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ H∂mWv. ]pWvU-

co-I-]p-c-tØbpw ]\-b-∂m¿°m-hn-tebpw b£n

Nn{X-ßƒ Gsd {]kn-≤-am-bXpw CXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.

tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ {]Xn-]m-Zy-am-°nb

as‰mcp {][m-\-I-Ybpw hnj-b-hp-amWv Incm-Xm¿Pp-

\o-bw. tIc-f-Øn-e-tßm-f-an-tßmfw Cu hnjbw

ÿm\w-]n-Sn-®n-́ p-≠v. A¿Pp-\s‚ X] p apX¬ ]cm-

Pn-X-\mb A¿÷p-\s\ Biz-kn-∏n®v ]m¿Δ-Xo-k-

ta-X-\mbn ]mip-]-Xmkv{Xw \¬In A\p-{K-ln-

°p∂ inhs‚ Nn{Xw- hsc hfsc at\m-l-c-am-bmWv

tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hn\-

b-Øn-s‚bpw emfn-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw cu{Z-X-bp-sSbpw

Kmwò-cy-Øn-s‚bpw I¿Øn-aXv cq]-ß-fmb Cu

A¿Pp\ inh-bp≤w tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hyXy-

ÿ-ß-fmb ssien-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-®v AXn-Kw-ò-c-

am°nbncn-°p-∂p.

ctPm-Kp-Ww, Xtam-Kp-Ww, kmXzn-I-KpWw

F∂o {XnKp-W-ßsf B[m-c-am°n ]©-h¿Æ

{]tbm-K-Øm¬ cN\ \n¿Δ-ln® tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-

{X-ßƒ AXns‚ tcJm-hn-\ym-kw-sIm≠pw `mh-

Xo-{h-X-sIm≠pw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb h¿Æ-{]-

tbmKw AXn-Kw-ò-chpw at\m-l-c-hp-am-Wv. AP-¥-

bn¬ \n∂pw Bcw-`n® kuμ-cy-k-¶¬∏w H´pw

\jvS-s∏-Sp-ØmsX AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn {]N-cn®

tIc-f-Øn¬ tcJ-I-fpsS {]m[m-\yhpw `mhm-hn-

jv°m-chpw Bflo-b-kz-̀ m-hhpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bm-

sW-¶n¬ `mc-X-Øn¬Xs∂ {]Ya ÿm\Øv ]cn-

K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ.

tIc-f-Øn¬ Gsd P\o-I-b-am-bn-cp∂ hnhn[

If-sa-gpØp k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw {]i-kvXn-bm¿÷n-®n-

cp∂ Zmcp-in¬] Iem-co-Xn-Ifpw Npa¿Nn{X cN-\-

bpsS hf¿®-bn¬ Gsd ]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-≠v. {]tXy-

In®pw Ah-bpsS `wK{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ. tIc-fo-b,

Btbm-[-\-I-e-bmb If-cn-∏-b-‰ns‚ Nph-Sp-I-fpw Ne-

\-ßfpw, tIc-fob \rØ-cq-]-ß-fpsS ssIap-{Z-Ifpw

t\{X-N-e-\-ßfpw Nn{X-Im-c-∑msc Gsd kzm[o-\n-

®n-´p-≠v F∂v a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

49............................................................................................... ..........

tIc-f-Ønse Nph¿ Nn{X-˛-{]-Xn-a,Ah-X-cW inev]-ß-fpw, -hm-kvXphpw

ÿe-˛-X-em-hn-jvI-c-W-ß-fpsS Hcp Xmc-Xay ]T\wkn. -]n. ioXƒ

Ncn-{Xm-XoX Imew- sXm´v a\p-jy≥ kpK-a-

amb PohnX kml-N-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n Nn¥n-°p-

Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns‚ ê-ß-

fmWv a\pjy \n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fmb hmkvXp inev]-ßƒ.

am\p-jnI Ignhpw _p≤n-bpw- sIm≠v hnI-kn-∏n-

s®-SpØ krjvSn-I-fmbn CXv Iem-N-cn-{X-Øns‚

`mK-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂

Ime-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°m≥, ÿew Bh-iy-am-bn.

{]Ir-Xn-ZØ Kpl-Iƒ hn{i-a-Øn\p kwc-£nX

ÿe-ß-fmbn I≠ BZna a\p-jy≥ Nn¥Ifpw ]T-

\-ßfpw krjvSn-Ifpw Kplm ̀ nØn-I-fn¬ tImdn-bn-

´p. Ah Nph-cnse Nn{X-ß-fm-bn. sImØp-]-Wn-Ifpw

Ifn-a-Æp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb cq]-ßfpw {]Xn-am-in-ev]-

ß-fm-bn. a\pjy ico-chpw i_vZ-hpw-sIm-≠p≈

A`ym-k-ßfpw `mj-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn. CØ-c-Øn¬

Iem-h-I-t`-Z-ßƒ At\-I-am-hp-Ibpw Bhn-jvImc

Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ°v ÿew Hcp AXy-¥m-t]-£nX

LS-I-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Nn{X-inev] hmkvXp Ie-I-fnse ÿe-Im-

esØ°pdn®v Iem-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ hnPbIpam-c-ta-

t\m≥ \S-Ønb ]T-\-ß-fn¬ Zriy Iebv°v ÿe

Ie F∂mWv DNn-X-sa∂v hnh-£n-°p-∂p-≠v. ÿe-

Øns‚ i‡n-bpw kzm[o-\hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ie.

hmkvXp ÿew, Nn{X ÿew, inev] ÿew F∂n-

51............................................................................................... ..........

ßs\ th¿Xn-cnhpw {Iao-I-c-Whpw BZy-Imew

apX¬t° ImWmw. AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ ̀ q{]-

IrXn IqSn hne-bn-cp-Øn-bmte ÿe-˛-X-em-hn-jvI-

cW ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-Iq.

tIc-f-Øns‚ Ncn{X kvac-W-I-fmbn C∂pw

\ne-\n¬°p∂ Xcw _rlØmb hmkvXp-inev]

\n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fpsS XpS°w A D 8˛mw \q‰m-≠n-em-sW-

∂mWv F®v k¿°m¿ XpSßnb hmkvXp-Iem

Ncn{X hnZzm≥am-cpsS \nK-a-\w. GI-tZiw AD 15˛mw\q‰m≠v apX¬ A D 17˛mw hsc-bmWv CØcw \n¿Ωn-

Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Nn{X-ß-fp-sSbpw kph¿Æ Ime-L-

´w. Ah-bn¬ t£{X-ßfpw sIm´m-c-ßfpw ]≈n-I-

fp-amWv A[n-I-hpw. Cu hmkvXp \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ Hcp

D∂-X-hn-`mKw kmwkv°m-cnI ka-\z-b-ambmWv

h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CØcw ÿqe \n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS

`mK-am-bn-´mWv Nn{X-˛-{]-Xn-a-I-fpw, Ah-X-cW Ie-

Iƒ°mbn IqØº-e-hpw, hmkvXp-hn-t\m-S-\p-_-

‘n®v `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw a‰pw {Iao-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. a[y-

Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ inev]-imkv{X {]Im-c-

amWv Cu \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-°nbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ IrXy-amb IW-°-Sn-ÿm-\-

Ønepw coXn-I-fn-ep-am-W-h. Cu teJ-\-Øn¬ {][m-

\-ambn Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ ÿew-˛-\n¿W-bn-°p-∂-

Xn\pw {Iao-I-c-W-Øn\pw {]tXyIw am\-ß-fp-s≠-

∂Xv FSp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø° H∂mWv. F∂m¬ ka-

Im-enI Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ CØcw Adn-hns‚ ]cn-anXn

in¬]-ßsf £Wn-I-ß-fm-°p-∂p-≠v.

hmkvXp inev]w Hcp imizX B¿ v́ Kme-dn-̨ -ÿew

Iem-in¬]-ß-fpsS ÿnc-X, kwc-£Ww XpS-

ßnb kmam\y k¶¬]-ßƒ Ime-l-c-W-s∏-́ p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Cu Bi-b-Øns‚

{]k‡n Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]ikvX

]m›mXy B[p-\nI Nn{X-Im-c≥ t]m¢n-bpsS A`n-

{]m-b-Øn¬ 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ÿe Ime Bi-b-

Øn\v ÿe-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ie, Ime-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ Ie, F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hn -̀P\w D]-tbm-

K-Øn-en√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]Icw Hcpan®v \n¬°p-

∂p. F∂m¬ Cu teJ-\-Øn-eqsS ]pXp-a-bn¬ am{X-

a√ ]g-a-bnepw Cu ]mc-kv]cyw \ne-\n¬°p-s∂∂v

]d-bm-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, AXp-sIm-≠m-

Wt√m ÿeØv Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-´p≈ Ie hne-bn-

cpØn Ime-\n¿Æbw \S-Øp-∂-Xv. ÿew-̨ -ÿn-cX,

Imew-˛-\-izcw F∂ Nn¥ amdn GX-h-ÿbpw

{]m]yhpw {]kvI-X-hp-amWv Bi-b-{]-[m-\y-ap≈

Ie-bn¬ F∂-Xm-Imw.

D]-hn-`mK io¿j-I-Øn-te°v Xncn®phcp-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse {][m\ hmkvXp-in¬]-ß-fpsS

{]tXyIw ÿe Xe-ß-fn-emWv Hmtcm Iem in¬]-

ß-fp-sSbpw ÿm\w. Hcp ÿncw Kmedn ÿew

Xs∂. Chsb ImgvN-°m¿ D≠m-°p∂ taJ-e-Iƒ-

˛-AXpw GXv coXn-bn-ep≈ ImgvN-°m¿ F∂-X-\p-

k-cn-®v, Ah-X-cW in¬]-ß-ƒ°m-bp≈ ÿew,

\ne-sØ-gp-Øn-\p≈ ÿew, hmkvXp-hns‚ Dd-

∏n\pw bYm-k-abw tamUn-°p-am-bp≈ ÿew F∂n-

ßs\ th¿Xn-cn-°mw. Cu th¿Xn-cn-hn¬ hmkvXp-

hns‚ am[y-a-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®mWv Iem am[y-a-ß-

fp-sSbpw ÿe-{I-ao-I-c-Ww.

h¿W-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v Nn{X-sa-gp-Xp-I-bmWv

hmkvXp-hnse Npa¿ ̀ nØn-bn-ep-Nn-Xw. F∂m¬ Zmcp-

sIm-≠p≈ ta¬∏pc `mK-ß-fn¬ sImØp-]-Wn-

IfmWv \√-Xv. IqØº-e-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-cW in¬]-

ßƒ°mbn Xd `mKw BWp-≈-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬

ÿnc kwc-£nX B¿´v Kmedn ÿe-ß-fmbn Ch

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. C∂v ̀ mc-X-Ønepw tIc-f-Øn-ep-ambn

ImWp∂ ]e ayqkn-b-ßfpw, ]g-a-bpsS A[n-Imc

Nn”-ß-fmb sIm´m-c-ßfpw t£{X-ß-fp-am-Wv. Xncp-

h-\-¥-]pcw, Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d, Xr»q¿ XpSßnb ayqkn-

b-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. aXw, `‡n, A[n-Im-

cw, kºØv, D∂-X-Ipew XpS -ßn -b-h-bpsS

kmwkvIm-cnI ka-\z-b-ambpw Chsb Z¿in-°mw.

AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ ChnsS Dcp-Øn-cn™ Iem

Bte-Jy-ß-fpw C∏-d™ hnjb kw_-‘-am-Wv.

tIc-f-Øns‚ t£{X hmkvXp kwkvIm-c-Øn¬

s]mXpth ImWp∂ in¬] ÿe {Iao-I-cWw

t£{X cq]-tcJ

hmkvXp in¬]-Ønse Hmtcm ÿehpw Iem-

Im-c\v D]-bp-‡-am°n hmkvXp-hn\v Ae¶m-c-am-°n-

53............................................................................................... ..........

s°m≠v Bkzm-Z-Is‚ a\- n\v Cºhpw \ndhpw

]I-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ t\cnb sshhn-≤y-

am¿∂ ssien-I-ƒ Nph¿ Nn{X-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-

∂p-s≠-¶nepw X\-Xmb ]©-h¿Wm-[n-jvTn-X-ß-

fmWv Nph¿`n-Øn-bn-te-Xv. A[n-Ihpw Np‰º-e-Øn-

sebpw \meº-e-Øn-sebpw {iotIm-hn-en-s‚bpw

Nph¿`n-Øn-I-fmWv Nn{X in¬] {]Z¿i\ ÿe-

ßƒ. {][m-\-ambpw _en-°¬]p-c-bn-tebpw \a-

kvImc aWvU-]-Øn-tebpw IqØº-e-Øn-tebpw

a‰v ÿe-ß-fn-tebpw ta¬`m-K-ØmWv (a-®v) Zmcp-

in¬]-ßƒ sImØn-h-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IqSmsX Zmcp

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hmkvXp-`m-K-ß-fm-bn-´p≈ apJ-∏v,

Igp-t°m¬, Xmßp-̀ m-K-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw Zmcp-

in¬]-ßƒ ImWp-∂p. Icn¶¬ ]Wn-bm-sW-¶n¬

Icn-¶¬ in¬]-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. ]ns∂ Ah-X-c-W-

ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw CXns‚ `mK-am-Ip-∂p.

ImgvNm-X-e-ßƒ

t\sc t\m°p-tºmƒ ZrjvSn°v \nc-∏mb

ÿe-X-e-amWv h¿Æs∏m-en-a-bm¿∂ Nph¿Nn-{X-

Im-gvN-bv°v. AhnSw shfn-®hpw D≈-Xp-sIm≠v

bYm¿∞ ImgvN km≤y-am-Ip-∂p. Zmcp-in¬]-ß-

fpsS Imcy-am-sW-¶n¬ apI-fn-te°v ItÆm-Sn-°-Ww.

hmkvXp-in¬] Nmcp-Xbpw Zmcp-in¬] Nmcp-Xbpw

HØnWßn \n¬°p-∂p. Ifw-]m v́ t]mep≈ BNm-

c-ß-fpsS ̀ mK-amb \ne-sØ-gpØv Xmtg°v t\m°n

Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p. Ah-X-c-W-in¬]-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬

t\sc-bp≈ Ne-\m-fl-Ihpw i_vZ Xmfm-fl-I-hp-

amb N£p-{i-hW ImgvN-bm-sW-∂Xv hntij

ImgvN-bm-Wv..........................................................................................................................................................................................

kn. ]n. ioXƒ: Ncn{X Kth-j-I, Iem\ncq-]I, {io i¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿Δ-I-

em-ime A≤ym-]n-I. tIcf Iem-a-WvU-ew Iev]nX k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse Kth-jI

hnZym¿∞n.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

kwc-£Ww

agbpw shbnepw G¬°m-Øn-S-ß-fn-emWv

Nn{X˛Zm-cp-in¬]-ß-fpsS ÿew. kwc-£-Whpw

ÿnc-Xbpw ap≥\n¿Øn-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv am≤y-a-ßfpw

\nd-°q-´p-Ifpw kt¶-X-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-

Xv. t£{X ]cn-k-chpw `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw IqSn A\p-

tbm-Py-am-°n-bp≈ \n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fmWv A[n-I-hpw.

t£{X-Np-‰p-]m-Sn-ep≈ h≥ hr£-X-W-ep-Iƒ Cu

Nn{X-ßƒ°v kwc-£-W-ta-Ip-∂p. C∂v ipNo-I-c-

W-Øn-s‚bpw tIm{Io-‰nw-Kn-s‚bpw t]cn-¬ hr£-

ßƒ \in-∏n-°pI hgn XW¬ \jvS-s∏´v Nn{X-

in¬]-ßƒ CuSp-\n¬°msX hcp-∂p-≠v. kmt¶-

XnI hi-ß-fnse Adn-hp- tISpw CuSp-Ip-d-bv°m≥

Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.

]mc-kv]cyw

Iem-in¬] Bte-Jy-ß-fnse hnjb ]c-

Xbpw ssienbpw BJym-\hpw \mS-Io-b-Xbpw ]mc-

kv]cy kz`m-h-ß-fm-Wv. tZho tZh-∑m¿, cmam-b-

Ww, alm-`m-c-Xw, ]pcm-W-ßƒ, a‰v lnμp antØm-

f-Pn-bnse `mK-ßƒ XpS-ßnb IYmw-i-ßƒ `mhm-

`n-\b anI-thmsS Xs∂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-́ p-≠v. IqSmsX

IqSn-bm-́ hpw IqØp-sa√mw CtX hnjb kw_-‘n-

bn¬ Ah-X-c-W-hp-ap-≠m-Ipw. IYm kμ¿ -̀ BJym-

\-ßƒ kw£n]vX cq]-am-bn-´mWv Nn{X, {]Xn-a,

Ah-X-cW in¬]-ß-fn-se√mw ImWp-∂-Xv.

55............................................................................................... ..........

aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ip-ń-\m-b¿Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS D]m-k-I≥

Fw. \fn≥ _m_p

ks‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw tZhkzw ]T-\-tI{μw Bcw-

`n -® -t∏mƒ AXns‚ Aa-c -°m -c -\m -bXpw

IrjvW≥Ipń \mb-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

imco-cn -Im-kzm-ÿy-ßfpw {]mb-Øns‚

sshj-ay-ßfpw ad-∂p-sIm≠v IrjvW≥Ip-́ n-\m-b¿

Hcp \ntbm-Kw-t]mse BZysØ _m®n\pw c≠m-

asØ _m®n\pw Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS kmt¶-XnI

\n¿ΩmW coXn-Ifpw h¿Æ {]tbm-Khpw cq]-tc-J-

Ifpw F√mw Xs∂ ]I¿∂p \¬In. tIc-fob

t£{X {iotIm-hn-ep-I-fnepw -sIm´m-c-`n-Øn-I-fnepw

am{Xw HXpßn \n∂n-cp∂ Npa¿Nn-{X-I-esb P\-

Io-b-am-°m≥ IrjvW≥Ip-́ n-\m-b-cpsS I¿tΩm-’p-

I-amb t\Xr-]m-S-h-Øn\v km[n®p F∂v Ime-ßƒ

Ign-™-t∏mƒ t_m[y-am-bn. C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬

tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS Bflm-hns\

sXm´-dn™ IemNm-cy≥ aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ipń

\mb¿ Iem temIw hn´p-]n-cn-™n´v 2014 Pqembv 19-

˛\v 20 h¿jw XnI™p. ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ De-bn¬

am{Xw DuXn sXfn™ Cu tZh-I-esb Hcp Iq´w

Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS ssII-fn-te°v ]I¿∂p \¬Im-

\p≈ a\ v IrjvW≥Ipń \mb¿°v D≠m-b-XmWv

At±-l-Øns‚ aln-a. A\yw \n∂p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂

tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-ebv°v \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚

\h-ssN-X\yw 1989-˛¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw

Npa¿Nn{X ]T\ tI{μ-Øns‚ Bcw-`-tØm-Sp-IqSn

km£m-XvIr-X-am-Ip -I-bm-bn -cp -∂p. A∂sØ

tZhkzw ̀ c-W-k-anXn AwKhpw Iem-kmw-kvIm-cnI

{]h¿Ø-I\pw Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\p-amb sI.-F. N{μ-lm-

57............................................................................................... ..........

Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bv°p-≠mb hf¿®bv°v apJy-]¶pw

IrjvW≥Ip-ń-\m-b¿°pw tZhkzw Npa¿Nn-{X-]-T-

\-tI-{μ-Øn\pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xt∂m-

sSm∏w {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ a‰p Iem-Im-c-∑m-sc√mw

Nn{X-I-e-bpsS hnhn[ taJ-e-Ifpw kmº-ØnI `{Z-

Xbpw tXSnt∏mb-t∏mgpw Xs‚ PohnXw tIc-fob

Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bv°p-th≠n am{X-am-sW∂ \n›-b-Øn-

em-bn-cp∂p B Iem-Im-c≥.

aΩn-bq¿ hmI-bn¬ h≈p-I-∏p≈n Pm\-In-b-

Ω-bp-sSbpw cma-Ir-jvW≥ F{ºm-¥n-cn-bp-

sSbpw aI-\mbn 1927˛¬ P\n®

IrjvW≥Ipń \mb¿ Icp-amw-]-d-ºØv

A®p-X≥ \mb-cn¬ \n∂mWv Kpcp-Ipe

k{º-Zm -b-Øn¬ hfsc sNdp -∏ -

Ønse Nn{X-Ie A`y-kn-®-Xv. Kpcp-

hm-bq¿ ssien Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS

D]-⁄m-Xm-hmb ]pem-°m´v cma≥\m-

b-cmWv Icp-am-]-d-ºØv A®p-X≥\m-

b-cpsS Kpcp. tZho-tZ-h-∑msc am\p-

jn-I-amb Ae-¶m-c-ß-fn¬ AXy-

[nIw Na-b-ß-fn-√msX hc-°p∂

k{º-Zm-b-amWv ]n¬°m-eØv Kpcp-

hm-bq¿ ssien-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®-

Xv. a‰p Npa¿Nn{X Iem kmt¶-X-

ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ ]›mØe

hn\ym-k-Øn\v Kpcp-hm-bq¿ ssien-bn¬ {]m[m\yw

Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. chn-h¿Ω Ime-L-´-Øn¬ cq]m-

¥cw {]m]n® Cu ssien°v chn-h¿Ω Nn{X-ß-fp-

ambn sNdnb kam-\-X-Iƒ I¬∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

1942-˛¬ Kpcp-\m-Y-t\m-sSm∏w ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse

AßmSn∏pdw Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip∂v `K-h-Xn-t£-{X-

Øn¬ Nn{Xw hc-®p-sIm-≠mWv IrjvW≥Ipń

\mb¿ Iem-k-]-cy°v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. 1995-˛\v

tijw B Nn{X-ßƒ ]n∂oSv as‰mcp Npa¿Nn{X

Iem-Im-c≥ ]pXp°n hc-®p. C∂v B Nn{X-ßƒ

At±-l-Øns‚ Nn{X -ß-fm -bm -bmWv Iem -

temIØn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXv Ie-bnse hntcm-

[m-`m-kw!

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{X-{io-tIm-hn-ense ]Sn-

™msd Npa-cn-ep≈ Nn{X-ß-fpsS cN-bn-Xmhpw

IrjvW≥Ip-ń-\m-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ̀ ojva-cpsS ic-i-ø,

l\p-am≥, A∂]q¿tW-iz-cn, Kcp-U≥, IrjvWs‚

_meyw XpS-ßnb Nn{X-ßƒ AXn¬ Gsd

{]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. ]me-°mSv Pn√-

bnse Xncp-an-‰-t°mSv A©p-aq¿Øn t£{X-Ønepw

IrjvW≥Ip-́ n-\m-b¿ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v ̀ mhp-IXzw

\¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Xncp-an-‰-t°mSv t£{X-Øn¬ Kpcp-

\m-Y-\mb A®p-X≥\m-bcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hm-

bq¿ t£{X-Ønepw IrjvW≥Ip-ń-\m-b-tcm-sSm∏w

Nn{Xw hc-°m≥ At±-l-Øn-s‚ ka-io¿j-\m-bn-

cp∂ ]´mºn IrjvW-hm-cycpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \nc-

h[n t£{X-ß-fn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-®n-́ p≈ ]´m-

ºn IrjvW-hm-cy¿ \s√mcp t^mt´m {Km -̂dpw-IqSn

Bbn-cp-∂p. GXm\pw amk-ßƒ°p apºv tIc-fob

59............................................................................................... ..........

Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-t\bpw hc-°m-sa-∂-Xns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-

am-Wv. C∂sØ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ ]pc-kvIm-c-ßƒ°v

]pdsI t]mIp-tºmgpw kzbw IemNm-cy-∑m-cmbn

Ah-tcm-[n-°p-tºmgpw IrjvW≥Ip-ń-\m-b¿ Hcp

_lp-a-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]pdsI t]mIm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-

∂n-√. 1991-˛¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw {io Kpcp-hm-bq-

c-∏≥ ]pc-kvImcw \¬In At±-lsØ BZ-cn-®p.

1981-̨ ¬ tI{μ-kmw-kvIm-cnI hIp-∏ns‚ s^t√m-jn∏v

t\Snb IrjvW≥Ipń \mb¿ Bd-∑p-f-bnse

hn⁄m\ Iem-th-Zn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn AwK-

am-bn-cp-∂p. hmZy-ta-f-ßƒ Gsd CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Cu

Iem-Im-c≥ \s√mcp ]pkvXI kvt\ln-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

A¥-cn® kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ {io. kn.-hn. {iocm-a≥

kplrØpw Ab¬hm-knbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. kmlnXy

\ncq-]I tUm. Fw.-eo-em-hXn IrjvW≥Ip-ń-\m-b-

cpsS kl-]mTn Bbn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{X-

Øn¬ Nn{Xw hc-°p-tºmƒ hSt° Npa-cnse Nn{X-

ßƒ hc-®n-cp-∂-Xv {io. Fw.-sI. {io\n-hm-k≥ amÃ-

dm-bn-cp∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZh-kz-Øn\v {io Kpcp-hm-

bq-c-∏s‚ Nn{Xw hc-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xn-eqsS Aa-cXzw

t\Snb {io\n-hm-k≥ amÃ¿ aΩn-bq-cn\ptijw Kpcp-

hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn-{X-]-T\ tI{μ-Øns‚ apJy-

Np-a-X-e-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ie-tbbpw kulr-Z-ß-

tfbpw Hcpt]mse kvt\ln-°p∂ {io\n-hm-k≥

amÃ¿ 1999 P\p-hcn 20-˛\v Ime-b-h-\n-Ibv°p≈n¬

ad-™p.

1992-˛¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ k{Xw HmUn-t‰m-dn-b-

Øn¬ sh®v BZymbn \S∂ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Npa¿Nn-

{X-I-em-Iym-ºn¬ IrjvW≥Ipń \mb¿ hc® tIc-

fmw_ F∂ Nn{Xw Iymºne anI® Nn{X-ß-fn-sem-

∂m-bn-cp-∂p. tamln-\n-bm-´-Øns‚ emky-X-bn¬

\n¬°p∂ tIc-fmw-_-bpsS Nn{X-Øn¬ tIc-fob

Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ß-fmb Cf-\o¿, s\¬I-Xn¿, a‰p

tIc-fob Ie-I-fnse Na-b-ßƒ F√mw Dƒs∏-SpØn

Nn{XsØ [\y-am-°m≥ IrjvW≥Ipń \mb-cnse

Iem-Im-c\v km[n-®p. {]ikvX Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Nn{X-

Im-c-∑m-cmb {io\n-hm-k-ep, N{μ-ti-J-c≥, sImSp-

ß-√q¿ am[-h-ta-t\m≥, (kn.-sI.-cm), Fw.-hn. tZh≥

{]ivkX kmlnXy \ncq -]-I≥ tUm. Fkv.

Kp]vX≥\m-b¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-tcm-sS√mw IrjvW≥Ip-

ń-\m-b¿ A°m-e-ß-fn¬ kulrZw ]pe¿Øn-bn-

cp-∂p. {]ikvX Iem-K-th-j-I\pw Kpcp-hm-bq¿

tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI-{μ-Øns‚ BZy-Ime

D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn AwK-hp-amb tUm. Fw.-Pn. iin-

Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS Pohn-®n-cn°p∂ BNm-cy-t{i-

jvT-\mb ]´mºn IrjvW-hm-cycpw Iem-temIw hn´p-

]n-cn-™p. Npa-cn¬ tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-em-ssi-

en°v as‰mcp am[yaw Is≠-Øn-bXpw IrjvW≥Ip-

ń-\m-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p. {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb \nd-ß-fn¬

Bkv_kv-t‰mkv jo‰p-I-fn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-ssi-en-

bp≈ Nn{X-sa-gp -Xm-sa∂v sXfn-bn-®Xpw Cu

alm\mb Iem-Im-cs‚ Ignhv H∂pam-{X-am-Wv.

{io ]fl-\m-`-kzman t£{Xw, sNss∂-bnse

alm-enw-K-]pcw Aø-∏≥tIm-hn¬, temI-\m¿°mhv

XpS-ßnb t£{X-ß-fn-se√mw IrjvW≥Ip-́ n-\m-b¿

Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-®n-´p-≠v. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬

Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hcm-°m-sa∂pw Cu ssien-bn¬

GXv ]pcm-W-hn-j-b-ßfpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m-sa-∂p-ap≈

Bi-b-amWv CS-∏≈n Fw.-F≥.-F-^v. B¿´v Kme-

dn-bnse A`n-⁄m\ imIp-¥-f-Ønse h¿Æ-\-Isf

B[m-c-am°n hc® Nn{Xw sIm√w \mtbgvkv

tlmkv]n-‰-ense Npa-cn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zy-am-°n-bXv

Aiz-\n-tZ-h-Iƒ°v sshtZym-]-tZiw \¬Ip∂ [\z-

¥-cn-bpsS cq]-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ

ayqkn-b-Øn¬ {ioNn{Xm F≥t¢-hvkn¬ NnØn-c-

Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ \h-cm-{Xn-a-WvU-]-Øn-te-°p≈ Fgp-

∂-≈-Øv hc-®p-Xo¿ØXv Cu ssien-bn¬ GXp

61............................................................................................... ..........

`q-j-Wns‚ Iem-K-th-j-W-ßƒ°v IrjvW≥Ipń

\mb-cp-am-bp≈ Bfl-_‘w Gsd klm-b-I-am-bn-

´p-≠v.

aΩn-bq¿ -t£-{X-Øn¬ alm-tZ-hs‚ {iotIm-

hn-en\p ]pd-Ip-h-iØv \nc-h[n h¿j°mew ̀ ‡¿

sXmgpXv Bfl-km-bqPyw t\Snb Hcp Nn{X-am-bn-cp-

∂p -h-c-W-am-ey-hp-ambn \n¬°p∂ ]m¿Δ-Xn-tZ-hn-

bpsS Nn{Xw. \o≠ aq°pw \o≠ IÆp-Ifpw

hnS¿∂ ]p©n-cn-bp-ambn \n¬°p∂ ]m¿Δ-Xn-bpsS

Nn{Xw IrjvW≥Ipń \mb-cpsS Iem-k-ºØv Gsd

{]I-S-am-°n-bn-cp-∂ Hcp Nn{X-am-bn-cp∂p. hfsc

h¿j-ßƒ ]g-°-ap≈ Cu Nn{Xw GXm\pw h¿j-

ßƒ°p apºv AhnsS \n∂pwamdn tIc-fob X\na

A¬∏wt]mepw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hmØ as‰mcp

Nn{X-Im-cs‚ Nn{Xw ÿm]n-®Xv Iem-cw-KØv Gsd

hnhm-Zhpw H®∏m-Sp-ap-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 1990-˛Ifn¬

aΩn-bq¿ t£{X-Øns‚ Imcy-ÿ-®p-a-Xe hln-®n-

cp∂ ka-b-ØmWv aΩn-bq¿ alm-t£-{X-Ønse

inhs‚ {iotIm -hn -enepw hnjvWp -hns‚

{iotImhnenepw IrjvW≥Ip-ń-\m-bcpw At±-l-

Øns‚ injy-∑mcpw Nn{X-ßƒ hc-°p∂Xv.

hnjvWp {iotImhn-ense Zim-h-Xm-c-Nn-{X-ßƒ°v

cq]-tcJ Xøm-dm-°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv 1994 Pqembv

19-˛\v IrjvW≥Ip-ń-\m-b-cpsS hntbm-Kw. a’yw

XpSßn I¬°n hsc-bp≈ Zim-h-Xmc Nn{X-ß-

fn¬ hymk-ap-\n-tbbpw ipI-`-{Z-a-t\bpw kμ¿t`m-

Nn-X-ambn IrjvW≥Ipń-\m-b¿ hc-®p-tN¿ØXv

Gsd {i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰n-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ime-Øp-Xs∂

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw {io ]fl-\m-`-kzman t£{Xw, a{Zm-

knse alm-enw-K-]pcw t£{Xw, F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬

injy-tcm-sSm∏w Nn{X-c-N-\-bn¬ G¿s∏-́ n-cp∂p {io

aΩn-bq¿. tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-ebv°v CØ-c-samcp

hf¿® D≠m-Ip -sa∂v kz]v\ -Øn¬t∏mepw

IrjvW≥Ip-ń-\m-b-cm-im≥ hnNm-cn®p ImWn-√.

C∂sØ Iem-temIw Npa¿Nn-{X-I-esb temIw

apgp-h≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ GtXm AZr-iy-amb

km∂n-≤y-ambn aΩn-bq-cm-im≥ AXp-I≠v B\-μn-

°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. tZho-tZ-h-∑msc hc-°p-∂-h¿°v

tZh≥ Xs∂ XpW-bm-Ip-sa∂ B]vX-hmIyw

A\z¿∞-am-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie

hf¿®-bpsS t\´-ßƒ sImbvsX-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv,

Hs∂m∂m-bn.....

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Fw. \fn≥ _m_p: Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI-{μ-Ønse c≠mw _m®v

hnZym¿∞n. Ct∏mƒ ]T\ tI{μ-Ønse No^v C≥kv{S-IvS¿. aΩn-bq-cm-ims‚ in£-W-

Øn¬ Npa¿ Nn{X-Ie A`y-kn-®p.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

-{]-ikvX kmln-Xy-Imcn s]]nXm tkXn-t\m-sSm∏w aΩn-bq-cm-im≥

aΩn-bq-¿ IrjvW≥Ip-ń- \m-b¿ hc® AXn{]i-kvX-amb

hc-W-am-ey-hp-ambn \n¬°p∂ ]m¿ΔXn tZhn-bpsS tcJmNn{Xw

Nadukkurissu, Muttukad-Periakanal Road Chinnakkanal P.O, Idukki,Kerala., Munnar 685 618, IndiaEmail: [email protected]: 04868 249 444

SpiceTreeNestled amidst the pristine Kannan Devan Hills and Bison Valley Hills, SpiceTree is a perfect mountain retreat.Being a boutique resort, SpiceTree offers its guests the bestofit'skind personal care and attention. The resorthas 14 luxurious suites and 2 individual poolvillas to accommodate the guests. The poolvillas are the latestadditions to the resort for the convenience of people who are looking for a little more luxury and space. Thescenic locale, the mountains, forest and valley, can be enjoyed equally from each and every suite of SpiceTree.

There are many activities that the guests can indulge themselves in during their stay at SpiceTree. The rejuvenation sessions at the spa at SpiceTree ('The Bliss') is one of the favourites. Other activities include Yoga andMeditation sessions, Tea Tasting, Ethic Cooking classes, Treks, Soft Treks, Book Bar, Plantation Walks, Swimming Pool, Bison Valley Village Tour, Nature Expeditions, Photography Expeditions, Dolmen Visit, and Tea andCardamom Field Visits. The wonderful team of chefs are ready to amaze each and every guest with their culinaryskills by preparing a variety of dishes belonging to varied cuisine styles. Responsible Tourism is the norm thatSpiceTree always follow. SpiceTree strongly believes that nature has given us a lot and we need to return thefavour too. Through all the activities, service, and luxury provided, SpiceTree becomes the perfect destinationfor relaxation, inspiration, and rejuvenation.

63............................................................................................... ..........

Ifn-tbmK kvac-W-bp-W¿ØpwIY-I-fn-®p-h¿®n-{X-ßƒ

tUm. hn\n. F.

tIc-fob Ie-bpsS kph¿Æ-bp-K-am-bn-cp∂

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZysØ c≠p Zi-I-ß-

fn¬ Ie-I-sf, {]tXy-In®pw IY-I-fnsb hf¿Øn-

s°m-≠p-h-cn-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp- t]m-

∂n-cp-∂Xv P∑n-amcpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw AS-ßp∂ kº-

∂-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fm-Wv. ]e¿°pw kz¥-ambn Ifn-tbm-

K-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. H‰s∏´ Iptd-t]-cpsS c£m-

[n-Im-c-Øn-emWv A∂v Ie-Iƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv.

\mSy-I-esb t]mjn-∏n-°p-hm\pw ]ptcm-K-an-∏n-°p-

hm\pw IY-I-fnsb hntizm-Ø-c-amb Hcp Ie-bm-

°p-hm\pw tIc-f-Øn\v am{Xta km[n-®n-´p-≈q.

tIc-f-Øn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-L-´-Øn-ep-≠mb

{]Nm-c-W-tØmsS \mń¬ ]e hn[-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-

h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D≠m-bn. ]m›mXy \mK-cn-I-Xz-

Øn¬ {àn-°-bm¬ ]g-b-Im-eØv ]ca \nZ¿i-\-

ß-fmbn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ ]eXpw ]e¿°pw

cpNn-°m-Xm-bn. Ah-cn¬ an°-h¿°pw IY-I-

fnsbt]mep≈ Ie-Isf ]p—-am-bn-cp-∂p. chn-h¿Ω

Nn{X-ß-fnepw N¥p-ta-t\ms‚ Cμp-te-J-bnepw

A∂sØ {_nójv `c-Ww, Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-kw,

cmjv{Sob am‰-ßƒ ^yqU-en-k-tØm-Sp≈ hntcm-

[-`m-hw, acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øns‚ XI¿® apX-emb

kmap-Zm-bnI kmwkv°m-cnI am‰-ßƒ {]I-S-am-Wv.

Cμp-te-J°v {`m¥p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v hcp-Øm≥

N¥p-ta-t\m≥ F{X-am{Xw \njvI¿jn-®p. Cw•ojv

`c-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw

amdp-hm≥ XpS-ßnb A°m-eØv IY-Ifn \S-∑mcpw

65............................................................................................... ..........

Ifn-tbm-K-ßfpw ]q¿Δm-[nIw D≠m-bXpw hnP-b-

]q¿Δw {]h¿Øn-®Xpw Hm¿°p-tºmƒ A∂p-≠m-

bn-cp∂ P\-{]nbw A¤p-Xm-h-l-am-Wv.

\mSy-I-em-t£-{X-Ønse kPoh {]Xn-jvTbpw

hS°≥thj-°m-cn¬ {]Y-a-K-W-\o-b-\p-am-bn-cp∂

Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚ ImeØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ c≠v

Ifn-tbm-K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse ]p√qcv

Ip‰m-\n-°m´v a\ Ifn-tbm-Khpw tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-

bnse s]mgmbn Awi-Øn-ep≈ (am-¶m-hv) aÆn-

te-SØv Ifn-tbm-K-hpw.

sNdnb \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. I√-Sn-t°m-S≥

k{º-Zmbw IqSp-X¬ Bkzm-Zy-am-°n-bXpw ]me-°mSv

Xmeq-°n¬ IpØ-∂q-cn¬ F∂-t]mse h≈p-h-\mSv

Xmeq-°n¬ sh≈n-t\gn Hcp IY-Ifn tI{μ-am-°n-

bXpw Ah-cpsS ]cn-{i-a-̂ -e-ß-fmWv. I√-Sn-t°m-

S≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ {][m\ tI{μ-amb ]me-°mSv

Cu®-c-ta-t\m-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ tIƒhn-s∏´ \S-∑m¿

D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv C°m-e-Øm-Wv.

aÆn-te-SØv Ifn-tbmKw

tImgn-t°mSv Xmeq-°nse s]mgmbn Awi-

Øv Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ aÆn-te-SØv \mb¿, kmaq-Xn-

cn-bpsS Hcp tk\m-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-SsØ Imc-

W-h¿°v Aøm-bn-c-{]`p I¿Ømhv F∂ ÿm\-

t∏-cp-≠v. B IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Imc-W-h-cm-bn-cp∂

sIm√-h¿jw 1067-̨ ¬ A¥-cn® Cń-cm-c-∏pÆn \mb-

cmWv Ifn-tbmKw \SØnbn-cp-∂-Xv. sIm√-h¿jw

1050˛am≠v XpS-ßnb aÆn-te-SØv Ifn-tbmKw

At±lw acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc \ne-\n-∂p. Cu®-c-ta-

t\m≥ Cu Ifn-tbm-K-Øn¬ A©m-dp-sIm√w

A`ymkw \S-Øp-Ibpw Ip©p-I¿Ømhv Ipd-®p-

Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚ ImeØv hSt° ae-_m-

dn¬ Ifn-°m¿ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw sX°p-\n-

∂p≈ {]tXy-In®v ]me-°m v́ Ifn-bm-im-∑m-cpsS Ifn-

tbm-K-ßƒ at©-cn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, Ipdp-{º-\m-Sv, tIm -́

bw, Nnd-°¬, Imk¿tImSv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ k©-

cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v Ahn-sS-bp≈ \m´p-Im-cpsS

t{]m’m-l\w e`n®p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

tIc-f-Øn¬ A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ \mSp-hm-gn-I-fn¬

an°-hcpw Iem-c-kn-I-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ sh®v

{]Y-a-K-W-\o-b-∑m¿ Hf∏-aÆ henb \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Spw,

]p√qcv Ip‰m-\n-°m´p a\ Nph¿ Nn{Xw. l\p-am≥

]p√qcv Ip‰m-\n-°m´p a\ e¶m-e-£van. IS-∏mSv. at\mPv

67............................................................................................... ..........

Imew AXn¬ BZym-h-km-\-am-bn-cn -°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-´p-≠v. 1066-˛¬ aÆn-te-SØv \mb-cpsS£Ww kzoI-cn®v Cu®-c-ta-t\m≥ s]mgm-bn¬sh®vA`y-k\w Bcw-`n-®p. 1066-˛hsc Cu®-c-ta-t\m≥aÆn-te-SØv Ifn-tbm-K-Øn¬ Bim-\m-bn-cp-∂p.Ip©p-I¿Ømhpw GXm\pw Imew ÿnc-ambn\n∂Xv aÆn-te-SØv am{X-am-Wv. Cń-cm-c-∏p-Æn-\m-b¿ Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚ tbmKy-Xbpw kz`m-hhpw{Kln®v At±-lsØ th≠-t]mse BZ-cn-°p-Ibpwkt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-XmWv AXn-\p-Im-c-Ww. aÆn-te-SØv Ifn-tbm-K-Øn\v tImgn-t°m-Sn\v ]pdsa Gd-\m-Sv, s]m∂m\n Xmeq-°p-I-fnepw{]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]p√q¿ Ip‰m-\n-°m v́ a\ Ifn-tbmKw

Gd-\mSv Xmeq°v Ff-¶q¿ Awi-Øn-emWv]p√q¿ Ip‰m-\n-°m´v a\ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. sNdm-¶p∂v F∂q-IqSn t]cp≈ Cu P∑n Krlw at©-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw \mev In.-ao. Ing-°m-Wv. sIm√-h¿jw1105-˛¬ Znhw-K-X-\mb hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-XncnbpsSImeØv At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-P-\mb am[-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS {]m]vXn-sIm≠v ]p√qcv a\ \s√mcpÿnXn-bn-em-bn. Nn{X-sa-gp-Øp-Im-c\pw Iem-]-WvUn-X-\p-amb am[-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bmWv a\-hI Imcy-ßfpw Ifn-tbm-Khpw t\m°n \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. CuIfn-tbm-K-Øn¬ thjw, ]m v́, sIm v́, Npń Ch-bvs°-∂√ Xnc-»o-e°p IqSn {]tXyIw Bfp-Isf A`y-kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. C√sØ Ifn-tbm-K-Øn¬ A`y-kn-®-h¿ ]e-cp-ap-s≠-¶nepw t]sc-Sp-Ø-h¿ sNdp-]m-d-bv°¬ IrjvW≥\m-bcpw hS-t°-Xn¬ i¶-c≥\m-b-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Icn-°m´v {Kma-Ønse ]c-tZ-h-X-bmb kp{_-“-Wy-kzm-ansb kvXpXn-°p∂ Hcp hμ-\-t«m-Ihpw Ch¿°v kz¥-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

""htμhμn-X-hm-k-hm-Zn-hn-_p-[-t{i-Wn-In-co-tSm-Pze∂m\m-c-Xv\-hn-cm-Pn-Xmw-{Ln-I-aew

ImcWy cXv\m-IcwBcpVw inXn IWvT IWvTauLw jm◊m-Xpcw kpμcw\n¿±p-Xm-Jn-e-ssh-cn-kwL

"akn-Xm-tcWy'izcw `mkpcw''

CXm-bn-cp∂p B t«mIw. 1071 hsc Ifn-tbmKwicn°v \S-∂p. IrjvW-]-Wn-°-cm-bn-cp∂p Bim≥.

hS-°≥ thj-°m-cn¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚ ImesØ Cu c≠p Krl-ß-fp-sSbpw Ct∏m-gsØ khn-ti-jX A∂sØ Ifn-tbmK ImeØv hc-°-s∏´ c≠v Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒCcp-a-\-I-fp-sSbpw c≠mw \ne-I-fn¬ Z¿in-°m-sa-

∂-Xm-Wv.

Nn{X-ß-fpsS ]g°w Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚

Ime-am-Wv. Ip©p-I¿Ømhv kz¥-ambn Ifn-tbmKw

\S-Øp-I-tbm, {]`p-°-∑m-cpsS Ifn-tbm-K-ß-fn¬

ÿnc-ambn \n¬°p-I-tbm, Hcp If-cn-bn¬ am{Xw

Bim-\mbn A`y-k\w \S-Øp-Itbm D≠m-bn-ń√

F¶nepw 1058-̨ 1066 ImeØv CS-bv°n-S-bv°mbn aÆn-

te-SØv Ifn-tbm-K-Ønepw ]p√q¿ a\ Ifn-tbm-K-

Ønepw Ct±-l-Øns‚ km∂n≤yw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

Cu Ifn-tbm-K-Im-e-ßƒ°n-S-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww Cu

c≠p P∑n-Kr-l-ß-fn-tebpw Nph¿Nn{X cN\ \S-

Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv F∂-\p-am-\n-°mw.

C∂p-Im-Wp∂ am¶mhv tImhn-eIw F∂-dn-

b-s∏-Sp∂ "hmbn-°p∂ amfnI'bpw tImhn-e-Iw

t£{Xhpw Dƒs∏-sS -bp≈ \mb¿ Xd-hmS v

C∂sØ am¶mhv tImhn-e-IsØ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ

hmßn-bn´v GI-tZiw H∂c \q‰m-≠n-e-[n-I-am-bn.

tImhn-e-I-Øn-s‚bpw tImhn-eIw t£{X-Øn-

s‚bpw ]g°w GI-tZiw ap∂qdv h¿j-am-Wv. {ioh-

f-b-\mSv `K-h-Xn-bpsS ktlm-Zcn F∂ k¶-ev]-

Øns‚ h\-Zp¿§-bmWv Cu t£{X-Ønse {]Xn-

jvT. am¶mhv tImhn-e-I-Øn¬ "hmbn-°p∂ amfnI'

F∂mWv IY-Ifn Nph¿Nn-{X-ap≈ sIńSw Adn-b-

am¶mhv tImhn-eIw hmbn-°p∂ amfn-I-bnse Nph¿Nn{Xw

IS-∏mSv. lcn am¶mhv

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. IY-Ifn Nph¿Nn-{X-Øn\p ]pdsa Cu

amfn-I-bn¬ sshIp-WvT-\m-Y-\mb hnjvWp, l\p-

am≥, KtP-{μ-tam-£w, Z£n-Wm-aq¿Øn, {ioN{Iw

F∂o Nn{X-ß-fp-ap-≠v.

Nn{X-{]m-[m\yw

ZriycwK-ßƒ BI¿j-I-ß-fmb cmam-bW

IY-bnse tXmc-W-bp-≤-amWv Nph¿Nn-{X-Øns‚

hnj-bw. IY-I-fn-bpsS Bkzm-ZyX A\p-̀ -hn®v Nnc-

ÿm-bn-bmb as‰mcp am[y-a-Øn¬ {]Ir-Xn-P-\y-Nm-

b-ßfm¬ Bte-J\w sNbvX Cu Nn{Xw hc-®Xv

Ifn-tbm-K-Øn-se-Øs∂ GsX-¶nepw \St\m Nn{X-

anX-amb ]Wn-°q-en.

anI® hnev]-\m-\-¥c tkh-\w.

kwip-≤-amb BIS 916 lmƒam¿°vUv kz¿Æm-̀ -c-W-ßƒ!!

®

69............................................................................................... ..........

Im-ct\m Bbn-cn-°-Ww. c≠n-S-sØbpw Nn{X-

ßƒ°v \me-Sn-tbmfw \ofhpw Db-chpw c≠-c-b-Sn-

tbmfw hoXn-bp-ap-≠v.

IY-Ifn \S-∑m-cn¬ BZy-ambn t]sc-SpØ

sh´-Øp-\m-´p-Im-c-\mb (F.-Un. 1793) i¶-c≥\m-b-

cp-sSbpw i¶-c-∏-Wn-°-cp-sSbpw ImeØv IY-

IfnbpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-°p-≠mb Hcp t\ -́am-Wv, l\p-

ams‚ thj-Øn-\p-≠mb {]m[m-\yw. IY-I-fn-bn¬

sh≈-Øm-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw Be-Øn-bq¿

kztZ-inbpw tZi-°m-cpsS ]c-tZ-h-X-bmb s]cpwXr-

t°m-hn¬ l\p-ams\ D]mk\ sNbvXn-cp∂ Hcp

hnin-jvS\p-am-bn-cp∂p. GXm≠v C∂sØ BIr-

Xn-bn-ep≈ h´-ap-Snbpw sh≈-Øm-Snbpw sh≈-tcm-

a-°p-∏m-bhpw l\p-am≥ thj-°m¿ [cn-®n-cp-∂p.

l\p-am≥ thj-Øn\v {]m[m\yw h∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn

thj-°m-cs‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ°v Hcp

IuXp-I-ap-f-hm-bn. sIm´m-c-ß-fnepw t£{Xm-¶-W-

ß-fnepw IY-I -fn°p {]I-S\ kzmX{¥yw

e`n®tXmsS B`n-Pm-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ssZho-I-X-bp-

sSbpw ]cn-thjw Cu Iebv°v A\p-̀ -h-s∏-́ p. \∑-

bpsS hnP-bhpw Xn∑-bpsS ]X-\hpw DZvtLm-jn-

°p∂ tXmc-W-bp-≤-Ønse l\p-am-s‚bpw e¶m-

e-£van-bp-sSbpw bp≤-cwKw GsXmcp IY-I-fn

Bkzm-Z -I-s‚bpw a\- n¬ Xßn-\n¬°p∂

H∂mWv.

IY-I-fn-bn¬ thj-°m-cs‚ {]I-S-\sØ \ncq-

]Ww sNøm≥ hfsc hnj-a-am-Wv. \rØ-Øns‚

bYm¿∞ kz`mhw a\- n-em-°p-hm-\pw, AXv

A\ys\ t_m[n-∏n-°p-hm\pw sRcp-°-am-Wv. Ihn-

Xbpw kwKo-Xhpw Ime-Ønepw, Bte-Jyhpw {]Xn-

am-in-ev]hpw ÿe-Øn-ep-amWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv

F¶n¬ \rXyw ÿe-Im-e-ßsf Hcpt]mse B{i-

bn®p \n¬°p-∂p. ]t£, CXn¬ Iem-Im-c\pw

Iem-kr-jvSnbpw hn`n-∂-a-√. ÿmbn-bmb Ign-hp-I-

fpsS Ne-\m-fl-I-cq]w hyXy-kvX-ambn Z¿in-°-s∏-

Sp∂p F∂p am{Xw. \rØ-Øn\v kmln-Xy-tØm-

tSm, XZ-¥¿K-X-amb ]Zy-I-e-tbmtSm D≈-Xn-e-[nIw

_‘w kwKo-X-tØmSpw Nn{X-c-N-\-tbm-Sp-am-Wv.

Aßs\ hnin-jvS-\mb Hcp B´-°m-cs‚ thjw

I≠ ka¿∞-\mb A⁄m-X≥ X\n°v A\p-`-h-

s∏´ B\-μ-Øns‚ kvacW \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Xßsf

A¤p-Xm-[o-\cm-°nb \mSy-cq-]-ßsf h¿Æ\m

NmXp-cyw-sIm≠v ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {iaw \S-

Øn-b-Xns‚ DØa \nZ¿i-\-ß-fmWv am¶mhv hmbn-

°p∂ amfn-I-bn-tebpw ]p√qcv Ip‰m-\n-°m´v a\-bn-

tebpw tXmc-W-bp≤w Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ.

{]apJ kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-

Xp-t]mse Nn{X inev] Ie-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øm-Ø-

Xn-\mepw AXns‚ I¿Ømhv, Imew F∂nh shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øm-Ø-Xn-\mepw ]e Nn{X-ßfpw hnkvar-Xn-

bn¬ ebn-®p-t]m-bn. F∂n-cp-∂mepw IY-I-fn-bnse

B›-cy-I-chpw A\p-{I-a-hp -amb ]ptcm-KXn

Ht∂Im¬ \q‰m-≠n-e-[nIw ]g-°-ap≈ Cu

Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fn-eqsS \ap°v Z¿in-°mw. IY-I-fn-

tbmSv kmay-ap≈ Nn{X-ßƒ Xr°-Socn aq∂v aq¿Øn

t£{X-Ønepw hS-°m-t©cn ]≈n-aÆ t£{X-

Ønepw ImWp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw IrXy-ambn hc® ÿe-

ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ s]mXpsh Ipd-hm-Wv.

tIcf kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ X\na apgp-h≥

Bhm-ln®v ]cn-e-kn-°p∂ \ΩpsS Iem-]m-c-º-cy-

ßƒ ]eXpw \jvSs∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

C∂pw tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-P-\-k-º¿°-an-√mØ

]e t£{X-ß-fnepw tImhn-e-I-ß-fnepw CØcw

Iem-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ ]cn-

jv°m-c-Øns‚ aq¿≤-\ym-h-ÿ-bn¬ ]gb Ime-L-

´sØ ad-°p-Ibpw ambv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ C∂sØ

Xe-ap-d°v kmwkv°m-cnImh-t_m[w ]I¿∂p sImSp-

°m≥ CØcw Ie-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-eqsS Cu

c≠p IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw sNøp∂ tkh\w amXr-

Im-]-c-am-Wv. IY-I-fn-bpsS cq]w bYm-¿∞yambn In -́

Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn sh®n-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-

ß-fmbn thWw Chsb ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥. ad-™p-

t]mb IY-Ifn Blmcyw ]cn-jv°-cn-°-s∏´v

C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ ]gb Ifn-

tbm-K-Im-e-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ Nph-cp-I-fn¬ C∂pw

A∂sØ bmYm¿∞yw ImWn-°p-∂p. APvRm-X-

\mb Nn{X-Im-c≥ hc® Cu cN-\-bn-eqsS aä-d-

™p-t]mb Cu t{ijvT A`n -t\-Xm-°-fpsS

ssNX\yw A\p-`-h-tbm-Ky-am-hp-∂p.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

tUm. hn\n. F. : Iem Kth-j-I, \nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. tIcf Iem

aWvU-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw tUmIvS-td‰v t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

71............................................................................................... ..........

temI-sØ-hn-sSbpw a\p-jys‚ BZna k¿§

Bhnjv°-cW am[y-a-am-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m, Kplm-Nn-{X-

ßƒ. Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fpsS ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb ]mc-º-

cy-k-c-Wn-bn¬ ]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ hyXn-bm\ ]cn-

Wm-a-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. F¶nepw {]Ya

am[yaw F∂ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ Chbv°v F√m P\-

k-aq-l-Ønepw Htc ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. BZn-Ime

kaq-l-Øns‚ ss\k¿§n-I-amb Hcp sshb-‡nI

Bhn-jv°m-c-ß-fpsS Xe-Øn¬ \n∂v hf¿∂v Kplm-

Nn-{X-ß-fpw inev]ßfpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw a‰pw hn]p-

e-amb {]Nm-cW e£y-ßƒ°p-th≠n ]cn-Wmaw

{]m]n-°p-∂p-≠v. Cßs\ cmPm-°-∑m¿ ap≥ssI

FSpØv At\Iw Nn{X-Im-c-∑m-scbpw inev]n-I-

sfbpw AWn-\n-cØn \n¿Ωn® ]n¬°me Kplm-

Nn-{X-˛-in-ev]-ß-fpsS Imcyw Ch-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-

kvX-am-Ip-∂p.

Nn{X-IebpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Z-ibn¬ c≠mw-L-´-

Øn¬ hnI-kn-°p-∂Xv Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fm-Wv. hnhn[

tZi-ß-fn¬ hnI-kn® Npa¿ Nn{X-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ°v

Du¿÷w ]I¿∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXXv

\mńse ùXnI Imem-h-ÿbpw kmwkv°m-cnI

t{kmX pw Xs∂ BWv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ cN-

\m-k-t¶-X-Ønepw ssien-bnepw tZi-t`-Z-ßƒ°v

A\p-k-cWambn XnI®pw hyXy-kvXX ImWp-∂p.

AXn-\m¬ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Npa¿Nn-{X-ssi-en-Iƒ am{X-a-√,

C¥y-bnse Xs∂ hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-

∂n-cp∂ Nph¿ Nn{X-ssi-en-Iƒt]mepw XnI®pw

hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

"Nn{XW Ie' Xmfn-tbme {KŸ-ßfn¬

ta¬ kqNn-∏n® c≠v Nn{XW am[y-a-ß-fpsS

XpS¿®-bmbn hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂

Bhn-jv°mc kt¶-X-amWv Xmfn-tbme {KŸ-ß-

fnse Nn{X-ßƒ. B[p-\nI A®Sn am[y-a-Ønse

Nn{XW ]≤-Xn-I-tfmSv Xmc-Xayw sNøm-hp∂ AX-

s√-¶n¬ aqe-cq]w F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂

kt¶Xw Xs∂-bmWv CXv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw C°m-

eØv cNn-°-s∏´ As√-¶n¬ ]I¿Ø-s∏´ Xmfn-

tbme {KŸ-ßƒ `qcn-`m-Khpw aX-]-c-am-bhtbm

]pcm-Wm-Jym-\-ßtfm Bbn-cp-∂p. ̀ mc-Øn¬ Xs∂

Fgp-X-s∏´/]I¿Ø-s∏´ Xmfn-tbme {KŸ-ß-fn¬

hnhn[ ssien-I-fn-ep≈ anI® Nn{X-ß-fpsS amXr-

I-Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Nn{X-ßƒ hc®v Ae-¶-

cn®v tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n® Cu {KŸ-ß-fnse ]mT-`m-K-ß-

sf-°mƒ {]m[m\yw ]e-t∏mgpw Cu Nn{X-ßƒ

ssIb-S-°p-∂-Xmbpw ImWmw. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬

Ffp∏w \in-°p∂ Hcp am[yaw F∂ \n-e-bn¬

Xmfn-tbm-e-bnse Nn{X-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ hf-sc-sbm∂pw

hos≠-Sp-°p-hm≥ \ap°v Ign-™n-ń-s√∂v am{Xw.

DØ-tc-¥y≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {KŸ-c-N\bv°v

"Zp¿P-]{Xw' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ac-sØm-enbpw Z£n-

tW-¥y-bn¬ ]\-tbm-e-I-fp-amWv hym]-I-ambn D]-

tbm-Kn®p h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-

Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-ßfpw Nn{X cmam-b-WhpwB¿. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

73............................................................................................... ..........

kvX-ambn DØ-tc-¥y-bnepw ]\-tbm-e-bn¬ {KŸ-

ßƒ cNn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ D≠v.

ssN\-bn-emWv BZy-ambn IS-emkv \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-

´-Xv. ]t£, AXv t\cn´v C¥y-bn-se-Øn-bn-√.

apKƒL-´-Øn¬ t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂v "IS-emkv'

C¥y-bn¬ FØpw-hsc {KŸ-c-N-\bv°pw Nn{X-W-

Øn\pw am[y-a-ambn h¿Øn-®Xv Ch-bm-Wv. (A-

Iv_¿ N{I-h¿Øn-bmWv C¥y-bnse BZysØ IS-

emkv \n¿Ωm-W-ime ÿm]n-®-Xv.)

C∂sØ _olm-dn-sebpw _wKm-fn-sebpw

{]tZ-i-ßƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂

(9,10 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬) ]me-cm-P-hw-i-P-cmb `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ImeØv _p≤-a-X-kw-_-‘-amb

Nn{X-ßƒ hln-°p∂ Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-ßƒ P\n-

®p. Ch-cn¬ aln-]me cmPm-hns‚ Ime-ØmWv

G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb "{]⁄m ]mc-anXm' (prajnaparamitha) F∂ Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-ßƒ cNn-°-

s∏-´ -Xv. AXoh kº-∂-amb h¿Æ-{]-tbmK

coXnbmWv Ch-bn¬ Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kam-

\-amb Hcp ssP\ Xmfn-tbme Nn{X ]mc-º-cyhpw

KpP-dmØv {]tZ-iØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXns\

XpS¿∂v D≈ Ime-L-´ -Øn¬ hc-bv°-s∏´

K‘hyql (Gandhavyuha) XpS-ßnb Xmfn-tbme

{KŸ-]-I¿∏p-I-fnse Nn{X-ßfpw {]kn-≤-ß-fm-Wv.

1475 Nn{X-ß-tfmsS cNn-°-s∏´ "Iev]-kq{X' `mc-

Xob Xmfn-tbme {KŸ-ß-fnse Hcp \mgn-I-°-√m-

Wv. tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-W-a-

L-́ -Øns‚ Ime-K-W-\bv°v kam-¥-c-amb Hcp Ncn-

{X-amWv CXpw F∂v {it≤-b-am-Wv. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬

t\∏mƒ hsc hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ ̀ mc-Xob kwkvIr-

Xn-bpsS Dd-h-I-fn¬ \n∂v Nnd-Ip-hn-cn-®p-]-d∂

"kNn{X Xmfn-tbme' ]mc-ºcyw \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬

th≠{X Iem-N-cn-{X-]-c-amb ]T\ ]cn-K-W\ e`n-

®n-s√∂v Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv.

DØ-tc-¥y-bn-se-∂-t]mse Z£n-tW-¥y-

bnepw Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-W-coXn Gsd hf¿® t\Sn-

bn-cp-∂p. U°m¨ {]tZ-iØv \mSp-hm-Wn-cp∂

tlmbvkme cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Imew Z£n-tW-¥y≥

inevI-em-cw-KsØ kph¿Æ-L´w F∂v hnti-jn-

∏n-°m-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu L´w Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-

ßƒ°pw kar-≤n-bp-≠mb Ime-am-Wv. ssakq-cn\v

kao-]-ap≈ "aqZ_nZvcn' F∂ {]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂v

Is≠-Øn-bXpw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ambXpamb Xmfn-

tbm-e-{KŸw CXn\v anI® DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

tlmbvkme cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ hoc-tk-\-s\-°p-dn®v

G.-Un. 1113-˛¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb {KŸ-am-Wn-Xv.

AXn-i-‡hpw at\m-l-c-hp-amb Xmfn-tbme

Nn{X-c-N-\m-]m-Shw Fs∂∂pw \ne-\n¿Øn-h-cp∂

Hcp {]tZ-i-amWv IenwK tZiw (Hdo- ). \mtSmSn

Nn{X-c-N\ ]mc-º-cy-Ønse {]kn-≤-amb IÆn-

bmbn Icp-Xm-hp∂ "]S-Nn{X'ßfp-ambn ssieo-]-

c-amb kmayw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bmWv Ch. IenwK

Nph¿Nn-{X-ssi-en-tbmSpw Ch ZrV-_‘w \ne-

\n¿Øp-∂p. cmam-b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw, Zim-h-Xm-c-I-

Y-Iƒ, {ioIr-jvW-eo-e-Iƒ, ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-˛-{]-Ir-Xn-

°m-gvN-Iƒ, Ima-kq{Xw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv Ch-cpsS

Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-W-Øn\v hnj-b-ambn hcp-∂-Xv.

tcJm-Nn-{X-ß-fmbpw _lp-h¿Æ Nn{X-ß-fm-bp-

ap≈ Xmfn-tbme cN-\-Iƒ Chn-sS-bp-≠v.

Nn{X cmam-bWw

\mtSmSn ]n≥Xp-S¿®bpw htcWy ]WvUnX

]mc-º-cyhpw XΩn¬ Aen™v H∂mIp∂ Hcp

ImgvN-bmWv cma-I-Y-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \ap°v A\p-

-̀h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C¥ybpw _¿Ωbpw Ct¥m-t\-jybpw

F√mw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ D]-`q-J-WvU-Ønse t^mIv]-c-

º-cm-KX IYm-Jym-\-Øns‚ hym]\ØneqsS

hf¿∂v `mc-Xob CXn-lm-k-Øn\v hnj-b-am-bn-

Øo¿∂ cma-I-Y-bpsS hy]-\-hym-]vXn-sb-°p-dn®v

Imap-h¬ _ps°-sb-t∏m-ep≈ ]m›mXy ]WvUn-

X¿ hsc hn]peamb ]T\w \S-Øn-°-gn-™-XmWv.

75............................................................................................... ..........

¶nepw IqSp-X-embn hnh-c-W˛ kw`m-jW {][m-\-

ß-fp-am-Wv. "Nn{X-cm-am-bW'amIs´ {]mY-an-I-ambpw

Nn{X-W-Øn-eqsS Xs∂ IY Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂

H∂mWv; Ahn-sS-hnsS Nne ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ Ds≠-

∂p-am-{Xw. samØw 114 Nn{X-ßƒs° ASn-°p-dn-∏p-

Iƒt]mepw D≈q; samØw Nn{Xm-h-en-bpsS aq∂n-

sem∂v ̀ mK-Øp-am{Xw! CXns‚ cN-\m-Im-eØv tIc-

fo-b-cn¬ cma-IY A{X-tbsd Bg-Øn¬ ]Xn™p

Ign-™n-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-thWw A\p-am-\n-°p-hm≥.

kzbw IY ]d-bp-hm≥ tijn-bp≈ Cu Nn{X-ßsf

Aan-X-amb ASn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn-eqsS If-¶-s∏-Sp-tØ≠

F∂v {KŸ-Im-c≥ Icp-Xn-b-Xn¬ sX‰n-√. IYm-K-

Xn-bpsS kpK-a-amb Hgp°n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Npcp-

°w-Nne hm°p-Iƒ Ahn-S-hnsS tN¿∂n-́ p≠v F∂p

am{Xw.

Xmfn-tbme kwkv°-cWw

ImesØ AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm-\mbn ]c-º-cm-KX

coXn-bn¬ kwkv°-cn® ]\-tbm-e-I-fn-emWv "Nn{X-

cm-am-bWw' hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xfn¿]-\-tbme ]pfn,

]m¬, sh≈w F∂n-h-bpsS an{in-X-Øn¬ `wKn-

bmbn ]pgp-ßn-b-Xn-\p-tijw XW-en¬ DW-ßm≥

A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. Hmebv°v \√ a™-\n-dhpw hg-

°hpw e`n°pw hsc Cu coXn Bh¿Øn-°p∂p.

34 sk.-ao. \ofhpw 5 sk.-ao. hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hme-I-

fpsS Ccp A‰-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw 10 sk.-ao. D≈n-te°v

\o°n-bmWv Nc-Sn´v _‘n-°p-hm-\p≈ Zzmc-ßƒ.

{KŸØns‚ apI-fnepw Xmsgbpw km{º-Zm-bnI

coXn-bn¬ tX°pw XSn-sIm-≠p≈ ]pdw-N´(]-Sn-

Iƒ) D≠p-Xm-\pw.

Ncn-{Xw, ssien

Be-∏pg Pn√-bnse {]kn-≤-amb Aº-e-∏pg

t£{X-Øn¬\n∂v 14 In.-ao. Ing°v amdn "tImgn-

ap°v' F∂ ÿeØp BWv CXv cNn-°-s∏-´Xv

F∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. sNdp-h-≈n-°mhv Zp¿§m-tZhn

t£{X-Øn\v kao-]-ap≈ Cu ÿew Hcp ImeØv

"tImhn¬ap°v' F∂m-Wt{X Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv.

CXns‚ tem]nX cq]-am-bn-cn-°Ww "tImgn-ap°v'.

Nn{X-cm-am-b-W-Øns‚ Nn{X-Im-c≥ ({K-Ÿ-Im-c≥)

Xs‚ t]cv hy‡-ambn ]d-bp-∂n-s√-¶nepw cN-\m-

ÿew XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ {KŸm-h-km\w \¬In-

bn-cn-°p∂ t«mI-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. \mcmbw

sIm≠v hc™v Nn{Xo-I-cn® Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Xnf-°-

am¿∂ h¿Æ hkvXp-°ƒ hnXdn tX®v ]nSn-∏n®v

tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v F∂-t]mse tIc-f-

Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-b-h-bn¬ G‰hpw {]ap-J-amb Xmfn-

tbme Nn{X-W-{K-Ÿ-amb "Nn{X-cm-am-bW'Øn\pw

hnj-b-am-bn-´p-≈Xv t]cp kqNn-∏n-°pw-t]mse Cu

cma-IY Xs∂-bm-Wv. CXn¬ Nn{XWw IYm-c-N-

\bv°v Ae-¶m-c-sa∂ \ne-bn-√. IYm-Jym-\-am-[yaw

Xs∂-bm-Wv. temIØv Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≈ G‰hpw

{]mNo-\-amb "Nn{X-IYm' {KŸw; Xmfn-tbm-e-bn-

ep≈ GI "Nn{X-IY'bpw. {]mNo\ Nn{X-IYm

BJym-\-Øn¬ Cu {KŸ-Øn\v Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v.

818 Nn{Xm-h-en-bn-eqsS cma-IY ]q¿Æ-ambn

Xmfn-tbm-e-bn¬ \mcm-bw-sIm≠v hc™v Xøm-dm-

°nb Cu Aaqey {KŸ-Øns‚ cN\ 1453-̨ ¬ BWv

]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv. 34 sk.ao x 5 sk.-ao. hep-∏-

ap≈ 98 Hme-I-fpsS Hmtcm hi-Øp-am-{X-ambn

aqt∂m \mtem cwK-ßƒ am{Xw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-

∂p.1934-˛¬ CXv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw am\p-kv{In]v‰v

sse{_-dn -bn¬ kwc-£n-°p-hm-t\-s‰-Sp -Ø-Xp-

sIm≠pw 1997-˛¬ tIc-fm-k¿ΔI-em-ime ]pkvX-I-

cq-]-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-b-Xp-

sIm≠pw am{X-amWv \ap°v hninjvS ]mc-º-cy-

Øns‚ Cu kvamc-I-ine A\p-`-hn-°m\pw Bkzm-

Zn-°p-hm\pw km≤y-am-b-Xv.

H≥]Xmw \q‰m≠p apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ cma-

I-Y-bpsS kzm[o\w Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Sn-b-Xmbn

Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. A°mew apX-ep≈ kmln-Xy-

Ønepw Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fn-epw, cwK-I-e-I-fnepw,

_nw_-k-¶-ev]-ß-fnepw (Iconography) F√mw CXv

sXfn™p ImWmw. cma-I-Ym-k-μ¿`-ßƒ ]e

Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ß-fnepw h∂n-́ p-≠v F¶nepw kºq¿Æ-

amb Hcp cma-I-Ym-I-Y\w "Nn{X-cm-am-bW'Øn¬

am{X-amWv D≈Xv; B hn[-Øn-emWv CXv A\-\y-

amb Hcp Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-W-{K-Ÿ-ambn amdp-∂-

Xv. CXn-t\mSv Aev]-sa-¶nepw Xmc-Xayw sNøm-

hp∂ Nn{X-I-Y-Iƒ B[p-\nI Ime-Øp-am-{X-amWv

hcp-∂Xv; CXm-h-s´, Nn{X-ß-fpsS AI-º-Sn-bp-s≠-

an∂p∂ {KŸ-am°n am‰nb H∂mbn-cp∂p "Nn{X-cm-

am-bWw'. Im-em-¥-c-Øn¬ Xnf-°-h-kvXp-°ƒ

Aev]-sams° ad-™n-cn-°mw. ]t£, tcJ-Iƒ

]q¿Æ tXP-tkmsS \ne-\nev°p-∂p.

tIc-fob Nn{X-I-e-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hnfn -t®m -Xp -∂h Xs∂-bmWv "Nn{Xcmam -

bW'Ønsebpw Nn{X-ßƒ. AXoh i‡hpw ̀ mh-

Xo-{h-X-bp-≈-Xp-amb tcJm Nn{X-ssi-en-bmWv

CXn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-am-b-Xv. AtX-k-abw tIc-

fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Øn-te-Xp-t]mse tcJ-I-fpsS emfn-

Xyw, ssieo-h¬°-cWw F∂o coXn-Iƒ Cu Nn{X-

ß-fnepw ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Kwò-c-amb ssI˛-sabv

Ne-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ `mh Xo{h-X, ssI ap{Z-Iƒ,

CS-Øns‚ {Iao-I-c-Ww, hnj-bm-hn-jv°m-c-Ønse

\mS-Io-bX F∂n-h-sb√mw "Nn{X-cm-am-bW'Øn¬

A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Wv. tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e, Zmcp-

in-ev]-I-e, If-sa-gpØv F∂n-hbv°p ]pdsa h≈p-

h-\m-S≥ tXmev]m-h-°q-Ønse ]mh-I-tfmSpw Cu

Nn{X-ßƒ°v ssieo-]-c-amb Nm¿®-bp-≠v. B[p-

\nI Nn{X-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-°-fpsS Nn{X-hen kwhn-[m-

\-sØtbm Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Øp-°-fp-sStbm Zriy Ah-

X-c-W-sØtbm Ne-®n-{X-Im-c-∑m-cp-sStbm Nn{X

k∂n-th-i-I-cp-sStbm ]mS-hsØ sh√p∂ NSp-e-

amb IYm-k-∂n-thi coXn A©c \q‰m≠v apºv

Nn{Xo -I-cn® Zriy-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c -W-Øn¬

ImWmw. "tIc-fo-bØw' cmam-b-W-I-Ybv°v F{X

`qj-W-am-sW∂v i¶n-bv°m-sa-¶nepw ssZh-˛-cm-P-

I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-sf√mw X\n \mS≥ cq]-Øn-emWv

CXn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. (D-Zm-l-cWw:

aŸ-c)

Nn{X-Øn-eqsS IY Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ

t\cn-Sp∂ At\Iw {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-ßsf "Nn{X-

cm-am-bW'Imc≥ hfsc _p≤n-]q¿Δw t\cn-Sp-∂p.

cmam-b-W-Øn¬ cma-s\bpw e£va-W-s\bpw H∂n®v

Nn{Xo-I-cn-t°≠ kμ¿`-ßƒ \nc-h[n BI-bm¬,

cmas‚ intcm-a-Ip-S-Øn¬ abn¬∏oen Nn{Xo-I-cn®v

\mb-Is\ hyXy-kvX-\m-°n. h\-hm-k-Im-eØv Ccp-

hcpw Imj-b-[m-cn-I-sf∂v "aqe Imhyw' ]d-bp-∂p.

F¶nepw Nn{X-Im-c≥ ssieo-IrX thjw Xs∂

\ne-\n¿Øn. IqØn-sebpw IqSn-bm-́ -Øn-sebpw Na-

77............................................................................................... ..........

79............................................................................................... ..........

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

B¿. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ : tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan sk{I-´-dn. Iem-kzm-Z-I≥.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

b-ß-fmWv Nn{X-Im-c≥ amXr-I-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-

sX∂v hy‡-am-Wv. cma≥ P\-I-k-Z- nse hns√m-

Sn-°p-∂Xv; cmh-W≥ PUm-bp-hns‚ ]£w tOZn-

°p-∂Xv; hnizm-an-{X-bmKw apS-°m-s\-Ønb cm£-

ksc hmbp-hn¬ Xo¿°p∂ Akv{X Ipcp-°n¬ Xf-

®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Cßs\ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb \nc-h[n

Zriy-ßƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. h\-Øns‚ {]XoXn

P\n-∏n-°m≥ Ht∂m ct≠m ac-ßƒ am{Xsa

hcbv°q; cmh-Ws\ H‰Ø-e-b-\msb Nn{Xo-I-cn°q

F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ coXn Nn{X-Im-c≥ Ah-ew-_n-°p-

∂p-≠v. Kpl≥ cma-˛-e-£va-W-˛-ko-Xm-Zn-I-fp-ambn

h©n-bn¬ t]mIp-tºmƒ kao-]ÿ Pe-Øn¬

Nn{Xo-I-cn® apX-e, Nnd sI´m-\mbn IS¬ sh≈w

kzbw amdn-s°m-Sp-°p-tºmƒ "]pd-Øm-°-s∏-Sp∂'

a’y-ßsf ]nSn-°m≥ sh{]mfw Im´p∂ IS¬∏-

£n-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Zriy-ßƒ Nn{X-Im-cs‚

k¿§-ssh-`-h-Øns‚ DØa DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

GXv IYm-Nn{X ]c-º-c-bnepw F∂-Xp-t]m-

se-b-s√-¶n-epw, hfsc Ipd™ \ne-bn¬ ASn-°p-

dn-∏p-Iƒ tN¿°p-hm≥ Nn{XW {KŸ-Im-c≥ Xøm-

dm-bn-´p-≠v. 318˛ Nn{Xm-h-en-I-fn¬ 114 FÆ-Øn\v

ASn-°-dn-∏p-Iƒ D≠v. CXn¬ BZysØ 22 FÆ-

Øn\v ae-bm-f-Ønepw ]n∂o-Sp-≈-hbv°v kwkvIr-

X-Øn-ep-amWv Ipdn-∏v. kwkvIrX Ipdn-∏p-I-fpw ae-

bmf en]n-I-fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ae-bmf en]n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ cq] ]cn-Wm-a-]-T-\-

Øn\v Cu {KŸw henb apX¬°q-´m-bn-cn-°pw.

A\-\yX (Uniqueness)

"Nn{X-cm-am-bWw' ]e-hn-[-Ønepw A\-\yhpw

Aaq-ey-amb \ΩpsS ss]XrI kzØm-Wv. A©c

\q‰m≠p ]n∂n´ Cu ]pcm-hkvXp {KŸw hfsc

Ipd™ {`wi-ß-tfmsS \ap°v I≠p-Inń F∂Xv

hen-sbmcp ̀ mKy-am-Wv. "Xnf-°-ap≈ ssIsb-gpØp

{]Xn' (Illuminated manuscript) F∂ \ne-bn¬

temIØp Xs∂ Ah-ti-jn-∏n-®n-´p≈ A]q¿Δw

{KŸ-ß-fn¬ H∂mWn-Xv; apgp-\of IYm-Nn-{XW

Xmfn-tbm-e-{KŸw (full-length illustrated story onpalm-leaf) F∂ \ne-bn¬ temIØv Is≠-

Ønbn´p≈ ""GI''{KŸ-hp-am-Wn-Xv.

C{X-sbms° A]q¿hX Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp∂

Hcp {KŸw \ΩpsS \mń¬ D≠m-bn´pw AXns‚

_lp-h¿Æ ]Xn∏v e`y-am-bn´pw ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°n-S-

bn¬ "Nn{X-cm-am-bW'sØ°p-dn®v th≠{X "Ah-

t_m[w' C\nbpw D≠m-bn-ń-s√-∂Xv B›-cy-Icw

Xs∂!

*B-te-J\w sNbvX ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kz¿Æ-

h¿Ætam sh≈-h¿Ætam ]nSn-∏n®v Xnf-ßp∂

H∂m°n am‰p∂ kt¶Xw A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Aß-s\-bp≈ "Illuminated’' {KŸ-Øns‚ Iq´-

Øn¬s∏Sp∂ H∂mWv Nn{X-cm-am-b-Ww.

D’

-hm-i

w-k

-Iƒ

Nea

r New

Bus

Sta

nd, T

ripun

ithur

aPh

one

: Sho

p-27

8495

8, R

es-2

7015

83

T M

IV

eget

able

& F

ruit

s M

erch

ant

(Wh

oles

ale

& R

etai

l)

]®

-°-dn-I

ƒ s

amØ

-amb

pw N

n√-d-b

mb

pw h

n¬°

-s∏

Spw

{^q´

vkv s

F‰w F

√mw C

hns

S e

`y-a

m-W

v

I√

ymW

B

h-i

y-Øn\

v ]

®-°

-dn-I

ƒ tl

mƒ

sk

-bn¬

h

ne-b

n¬ e

`y-a

mW

v

81............................................................................................... ..........

h¿Æ {]]-©-Øn¬ apßnbsIm®p-ssh-Ip-WvTw

inh-Zmkv h¿Ω

ssh\-tX-bs‚ ]pdØv kXy-`m-am-k-ta-X-

\mbn acp-hp∂ {ioIr-jvWs‚ tNtXm-lchpw

AXy-]q¿Δ-amb inem-hn-{K-l-Øns‚ kuμcyw apgp-

h\pw Xo¿Øpw {Kmay-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ then-

bmw-tIm¬ a\-bpsS ]c-tZ-h-X-bmbn ]pWvV-co-I-

]pcw t£{X-Ønse {ioe-IØv hnf-ßp-∂p.

sh≈q¿ ]pg-I-S∂v adp-Isc FØp-tºmƒ Icn-¶¬

]S-hp-Iƒ Ibdn apI-fn¬ anSm-bn-Ip-∂n¬ ap∂qdp

h¿j-ßƒ°-∏pdw \ofp∂ Ncn{X kvac-W-I-fp-

W¿Øn Xe-bp-b¿Øn \n¬°p∂p ]pWvV-co-I-

]pcw t£{Xw.

temI Nn{X-c-N\m Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Xs∂

{]apJÿm\w e`n-°m-hp-∂ -X-c-Øn¬ tNtXm-lc-

ß-fmWv ChnsS sIm®p-{io-tIm-hn-en\v Np‰p-ap≈

Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ. `mc-Xob Nn{X-I-e-bpsS Ncn{Xw

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Chn-

SpsØ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v ""]pWvV-co-I-]pcw

ssien'' F∂v Xs∂ Hcp hnti-j-W-amWv \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hnjb sshhn-≤y-ß-fm¬ kº-∂-am-Wv

]pWvV-co-I-]pcw Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ. Hcp sIm®p-{io-

tIm-hn-ens‚ \mev Npa-cp-I-fn-embn hn\y-kn-®n-cn-

°p∂ h¿Æ-Pm-e-ßƒ h¿Æ-\m-Xo-X-ß-fs{X aln-

jm-kp-c-a¿≤n\n cq]w, {iocma ]´m-`n-tj-Iw, Z£n-

Wm-aq¿Øn, {_“m-hv, A¿≤\mco-iz-c≥ th´-s°m-

cp-a-I≥ imkvXm-hv XpSßn AXn-kp-μ-c-ß-fmb

Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ Chn-sS-bp-≠v.

{]IrXnbpsS h¿Æ°q´p-I-fn¬ Nmen®v Npa-

cp-I-fn¬ Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv ]pcm-W-ß-

fn-tebpw CXn-lm-k-ß-fn-tebpw A\-izc \nan-j-

83............................................................................................... ..........

ßƒ am{X-a√ F∂Xpw ]pWvV-co-I-]pcw Npa¿Nn-

{X-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-b-s{X. KW-]Xn {]mX¬

F∂ lmkym-fl-I-amb NmIym¿ IqØnse IYm-

k-μ¿`-ßƒ Npa¿Nn{X km≤y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v

{iotIm-hn-ens‚ CSXp Npa-cn¬ Bte-J\w sNbvXn-

cn-°p-∂p. {]mNo\ tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[ I¿Ω-ß-

fn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-h-c-°p-dn®pw Ah-cpsS KW-

]Xn D]m-k-\-sb-°p-dn-®p-amWv KW-]Xn {]mX¬

h¿Æn-°p-∂-Xv.

]pWvV-co-I-]p-csØ Npa¿Nn-{X-Øn¬ B

kmaqly ]›m-Ø-ehpw Bfp-I-fpsS {]tXyI

hkv{X-[m-cW coXn-Ifpw KW-]Xn {]mX-ense

\¿Ω- \n-an-jßƒ ]p\-cm-hn-jv°-cn®v Bte-J\w

sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS A∂sØ tIc-fob kmaq-ln-Im-

¥-co-£-Øns‚ Hcp bYm¿∞ Nn{Xw tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øm-≥ Cu Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ {ian-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn

ImWmw.

{]Z-£nW hgn

hS-t°m´v Xncn-bp∂ `mKsØ Npa-cn-emWv

aln-jm-kp-c-a¿≤n\n cq]w Pzen-®p-\n¬°p∂ hoc-

c-k-amWv tZho-h-Z-\-Øn¬ Nn{X-Im-c≥ k∂n-th-

in-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F v́ Xrss°-I-tfmSv IqSnb tZho-

cq]w AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ambn Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-

°p-∂p. aln-jm-kp-cs‚ cq]w \oena Ie¿∂ Idp-

∏n¬ {]Xo-Im-fl-I-ambn t]mØns‚ Xe-bpsS

cq]ØnemWv cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hSt° Npa-cn¬ aln-jm-kpca¿≤n\n cq]-Øn-

t\mSp tN¿∂v kpμ-c-b-£n-bpsS cq]-amWv Bte-

J\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. amZIkuμ-cy-Øns‚

{]Xo-I-am-bmWv Xfn¿\mºns‚ \nd-Øn¬ kpμ-c-

b£nsb k∂n-th-in-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Npa¿Nn-{X-I-

e-bpsS Bflmwiw Bbn Icp-Xp∂ cXn- Ima\-bpsS

Bhn-jv°m-c-Øn\v DØa ZrjvSm-¥-am-bn-´mWv

kpμc b£n-bpsS amZI kuμcyw Bte-J\w

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Acbv°v Xmsg-am{Xw hkv{Xw

[cn-®n-´p≈ Cu at\m-lm-cnWn ]\-bpsS Nph-ń¬

\n∂v CSw ssIøn¬ ip`-Nn-”-amb hm¬°-ÆmSn

]nSn®v hew-ssI-sIm≠v s]m´p-sXm-Sp∂ emky-`m-

h-Øn-em-Wv. Im\-\ ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°m≥ Nn{X-

Im-c≥ Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-°p∂ _nw_-ßƒ Gsd

{it≤-b-am-Wv. ]e-PmXn ]£n-I-tfbpw ae-b-Æm-

t\bpw ]\-bn¬ hc-®p-tN¿ØmWv h\m¥co£w

krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hSt° Npa-cns‚ L\-Zzm-c-Øn¬ {ioIrjvW

_me-eo-e-I-fmWv hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu `mKØv

hoW-hm-bn-°p-Ibpw Xmfw-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

tKm]n-I-am-tcm-sSmØv thWp-Km\w s]mgn°p∂

{ioIr-jvWs‚ tNtXm-l-c-cq]w Bte-J\w

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

ChnsS Nn{X-Im-c≥ hrμm-h-\-Øns\ emky

kuμcyw apgp-h≥ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS \nd-°q-´p-I-fn¬

Bhm-ln®v ]pWvV-cnI]pcsØ sIm®p {ioeI-

Øns‚ Ingt° Npa-cn¬ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-®n-cn-°p∂

ImgvN AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amWv.

Npa-cns‚ ]m¿iz-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-\©p ]ip-

°fpw \oe-°-S-ºn-en-cp∂p thWp-Km\w tIƒ°p∂

Infn-Ifpw XØ-Ifpw NtIm-c-ßfpw Im°-Ifpw Cu

hrμm-h-\-Ønse Hmtcm- kv]μ-\-ß-fpw ChnsS

Nn{X -Im -c≥ A\p -hm -N -I -cn -te°v ]I¿∂p

\¬Ip∂Xv F{X ka¿∞-am-bmWv F∂p- I-≠-dn-

™mse t_m≤y-am-hq. ac-s∏m-Øn-en-cp∂p Xe

-sh-fn-bn-te°v \oń-bn-cn-°p∂ Infn-°p™pw AXn-

t\m-S-p- k-√-]n-°m≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ Ipc-ßpw-hsc Cu

hrμm-h-\ h¿Æ-\-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠v Nn{X-

Im-c≥ Xs‚ `mh-\-bpsS Nnd-In-te‰n \sΩ Zzm]-c-

bp-K-Ønse hrμm-h\ hnkva-b-ß-fpsS h¿Æ-{]-]-

©-Øn-te°v B\-bn-°p-∂p.

t£{X {ioe-I-Øn\v hew-h®v Ing°v ̀ mKØv

FØp-tºmƒ Nn{X-Im-c≥ klr-Z-b-a-\- p-Isf Zzm]-

c-bp-K-Øn¬ \n∂pw t{XXm-bp-K-Øn-te°v £Wn-

°p-∂p. t{XXm-bp-K-Øn¬ A]q¿Δ\nan-j-ß-sf∂v

hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ {iocm-a-]-´m-`n-tjIw Xs∂

Hcp°n \sΩ B\-μn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Nn{X-Im-c-\n-

hn-sS. Aºpw hn√pw aSn-bn¬h®v Nn∑p-{Z-bn¬ Ccn-

°p∂ {iocm-a-N-{μs\ koXm-tZhn hma`mKØn-cp∂v

kpμ-c-]p-cp-j-\m-°p-∂p. B\-μhpw Kmwò-cyhpw

Ie¿∂ apJ-`m-h-Øn¬ {iocm-as\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-

°p∂ Nn{X-Im-c≥ {ioip-I-{_-“¿jnbpw Eiy-irw-

K-\pw, hkn-jvS\pw Imiy-]\pw Pm_m-en-bp-sa√mw

Cu kz¿Kob \nan-j-Øn\v km£n-I-fm-Im≥

\n¬°p∂Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. XØ-

bpsS apJ-ap≈ {ioip-I\pw am\ns‚ Xe-bp≈ Eiy-

irw-K\pw BI¿j-I-ß-fmb _nw_-I¬]-\-I-fm-Wv.

kp{Ko-h-t\bpw {iol-\p-am-t\bpw F√mw X∑-b-Xz-

tØmsS Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

ChnsS L\-Zzm-c-Øn\v apI-fn-embn {_“m-

hns\bmWv Bte-J\w sNbvXn -cn -°p -∂-Xv .

XpS¿∂mWv Aizm-cq-V-\mb th´-bvs°mcp aI≥

imkvXm-hv. ChnsSbpw cN-\m-ssh-`hw Ime-L-

´sØ tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂-X-s{X.

sX°p-̀ m-KsØ Npa-cn¬ L\-Zzm-c-Øn\v apI-

fn¬ cNn-®n-́ p≈ Z£n-Wm-aq¿Øn-bpsS kpμ-c-̀ mhw

BI¿j-Wo-b-am-Wv.


85............................................................................................... ..........

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

inh-Zmkv: ssSwkv Hm^v C¥ym teJ-I≥, Iem-\n-cq-]-I≥, Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø-∏-

tk-hm-k-an-Xn-bpsS {]h¿ØI kanXn AwKw

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

then-bmw-tIm¬ a\-bnse Hcp ]gb apØ-

^≥ {]ikvX Nn{X-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂ cmPm-c-hn-h¿Ω-

bpsS A\-¥n-c-hsf thfn-I-gn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ hniz-{]-kn≤ Nn{X-Im-c-\m-bn-

cp∂ chn-h¿Ω Chn-sS-sb-Øp-Ibpw Cu Npa¿Nn-

{X-ß-fpsS A]q¿Δ Nmcp-X-bn¬ aXn-ab-ßp-Ibpw

sNbvXn-´p-≠-s{X.

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS \nd-°q-´p-Iƒ am{Xw D]-tbm-

Kn®v Nn´-bmbpw ka¿∞-ambpw BZy-Im-e-ß-fnse

{]K¬`-cmb Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿°p-am{Xw Ign-™n-cp∂

Ipd™ ÿe-]-cn-an-Xn-bm¬ Xs∂ Xosc sNdn-

bXpw {]X-e-hy-Xymkw ]e-bn-SØpw Hgn®p-Iq-Sm-

\m-hm-Ø-Xp-amb Cu sIm®p-{io-tIm-hn¬ Npa-cp-I-

fn¬ Xo¿Øn-cn-°p∂ h¿Æ {]]-©-Øns‚ hiyX

I≠p- Xs∂ A\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Fd-Wm-Ip-f-Øp-\n∂pw Im™n-c-an-‰w- hgn

Xe-tbm-e-∏-d-ºn-te°v t]mIp∂ _kv dqń¬

sh≈q¿ ]pgbv°p IpdpsIbp≈ ]mew- I-S∂v adp-

I-c-sb-Øp-tºmƒ shń-°m´vap°v F∂ ÿew.

ChnsS \n∂pw he-tØm´v GI-tZiw 200 ao‰¿

sN∂m¬ ]pWvV-co-I-]pcw {ioIrjvW t£{X-Øn-

se-Ømw. thenbmwtIm¬ a\-bpsS ]c-tZ-h-X-bmb

Cu t£{Xw `‡¿°p am{X-a√ \nd-°q-´p-I-fpsS

\nkvXpe `wKn Bkz-Zn-°p∂ klr-Z-b¿s°√mw

Xs∂ ad-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp Zriy-hn-cp-s∂m-cp-°pw....

Xo¿®.

kzman icWw

A`n-jvS-kn-≤n-bv°mbn Ien-bp-K-h-c-Z-\mb

`K-hm≥ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn\v hnti-jm¬

hgn-]mSpIƒ, DZ-bm-kvX-a-\-]qP F∂nh \S-Øp-hm≥ Xmev]-cy-ap≈

`‡-P-\-ßƒ kan-Xn-bp-amtbm ta¬im-¥n-bp-amtbm _‘-s∏-Sp-I.

87............................................................................................... ..........

ImbI¬]w Igns™Øp∂ Xpdhq¿almt£{XØnse Npa¿Nn{Xßƒ

kmPp XpcpØn¬

tIcfØnse almt£{Xßfn¬ Xs∂

G‰hpw {]m[m\ytadnb Hcp t£{Xw BWv

Be∏pg Pn√bpsSbpw FdWmIpfw Pn√bpsSbpw

AXn¿Øn -bn¬ ÿnXn -sN-øp∂ tN¿Øe

Xmeq°n¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂ Xpdhq¿ almt£{Xw.

hmkvXphnZybpsS t{ijvTXsIm≠pw tIcfob

X\na hnfnt®mXp∂ Zmcpin¬]ßsfsIm≠pw

Npa¿Nn{XßsfsIm≠pw IemkzmZIcpsS

a\ pIh¿∂ HcnSw BWv Cu t£{Xw.

tIcfØn¬ Npa¿Nn{Xßƒ D≈ [mcmfw

t£{Xßƒ ImWpw. C\n D≠mhpIbpw sNøpw.

F∂m¬ kmwkvImcnI]camb Nne CSs]SepIƒ

Cu t£{XNn{Xßfn¬ Is≠ØepIƒ \SØp

tºmgmWv Xpdhq¿ t£{Xhpw AhnsSsØ

Nn{Xßfpw Hs° {]m[m\ytØmsS P\w t\m°n

°mWp∂Xv.

Bdv amktØmfw Imew ChnSsØ

Nn{Xßsf Xncn®psIm≠phcp∂Xn\p≈ kwc

£W {]h¿Ø\w \S∂p. Hcp]s£ C{X {ia

Icamb Hcp ]≤XnbpsS `mKambn Nn{Xßsf

Xncns®SpØ {]h¿Ø\w CXn\v ap≥]v \S∂Xmbn

Adnhn√. A¶amen˛ \mbtØmSv t£{XØnse

Nn{Xßsf GItZiw 30 sIm√ßƒ°v ap≥]v

C≥SmIv˛s‚ t\XrXzØn¬ kwc£ns®SpØncp∂p F¶nepw AsXmcp ]q¿Æamb hnPbwBbncp∂n√ F∂v Imew sXfnbn®p. AsXmcpkwc£W {]h¿Ø\w am{XamWpXm\pw.. .ChnSsØ {]h¿Ø\w kwc£Ww am{Xa√.AS¿∂v t]mbnSØv Iqń tN¿°epw, H´pwC√mXncp∂nSØv ]pXnb Nn{Xßƒ ]gbssienbn¬ ]Tn®v AhnsS hc®p tN¿°pIbpwsNbvXp F∂XmWv. HcpXcw ImbI¬] NnIn’Xs∂bmWv ChnsS \S∂Xv. "Npa¿Nn{Xßƒ°vHcp ImbI¬]w' B hm°mhpw icn. CuImbI¬]w Igns™Øptºmƒ kmwkvImcnItIcfw Xo¿®bmbpw Cu Nn{XsØ {i≤n°msXt]mhn√. ImcWw A{Xtbsd Adnbms]mcpfpIƒBWv B Nn{Xw hc® Nn{XImc∑m¿ CuNn{Xßƒ°p≈n¬ Hfn∏n®p h®ncp∂Xv .tIcfØnse apJy[mcmNn{Xßfn¬ H∂mw\ncNn{XßƒXs∂bmbncp∂p F¥psIm≠pwXpdhq¿ Nn{Xßƒ. ]ns∂ F¥psImt≠m CuNn{Xßƒ IemtemIØns‚ {i≤ ]nSn®p]‰msXt]mbn. . .? Npa¿Nn{Xßsf°pdn®p≈ ]T\dnt∏m¿´pIfn¬ A{Xsbm∂pw {]m[m\yw

km[mcW Be∏pg Nn{Xßƒ°v ImWm≥

Ignbmdn√.

ImeØn\v \jvSambnsIm≠ncn°p∂

HcpIemkuIpamcysØ AXns‚ tim` H´pwXs∂

tNm¿∂pt]mImsX Xncn®p]nSn°p∂ Xnc°n

embncp∂p Hcp kwLw Nn{XImc∑m¿.

GItZiw 350 h¿j°mew ]g°ap≈

Npa¿Nn{Xßƒ BWv ChnsS D≠mbncp∂Xv. CXv

]e{]ImcwD≈ AhKW\Ifm¬ A\yambn

sIm≠ncn°pIbmbncp∂p. tIcfØnse Npa¿

Nn{Xkt¶Xßfn¬ F∂pw {i≤n°s∏ńcp∂

Cu Nn{Xßƒ ]n∂oSv XnI™ AhKW\

bnte°v t]mIphm≥ ImcWambXv GItZiw 50

h¿j°meßƒ°v ap≥]v AhnZKv[cmb Nne

Nn{X∏Wn°m¿ CXns‚ ta¬ \SØnb ISpØ

kwc£W {]h¿Ø\w sIm≠pw, Ccp≠ hm¿Wn

jnßpw (A°meØv Inńbncp∂ t]mfojv) sIm≠v

Nn{Xw BsI aßnt∏mhpIbpw, IqSmsX

[mcmfambn Icnbpw, ]pIbpw ]nSn°pIbpw

sNbvXXn\m¬ Nn{Xw H´pwXs∂ ImgvN°mc\v

a\ nemImsXbpw Bbn. A{X am{Xw I\Øn¬

BWv CXnt∑¬ hm¿WojnwKv \SØnbncn°p


89............................................................................................... ..........

∂Xv. Nμ\w tXbv]pw tImdnhcbepw thsd. Cu

Nn{XßfpsS IqsS Xs∂bp≈ Zmcpin¬]ßsf

tamSn]nSn∏n°m≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ hm¿Æojv

Xs∂bmbncn°Ww XpS¿∂phcp∂ Nn{X]mfn

Ifn¬ ASn®n´p≠mbncp∂Xv. CsXms° sIm≠p

Xs∂ Cu Nn{Xßƒ IemtemIØn\v A\yambn.

cN\m kujvShw sIm≠pw h¿Æ

aq√yw sIm≠pw ]gb {]Xm]Øn¬Xs∂ Cu

Nn{Xßsf i‡ambn Xncn®psIm≠phcp∂ Hcp

{]h¿Ø\w Bbncp∂p ChnsS \S∂Xv. ImeSn

{io i¶cmNmcy kwkvIrX k¿ΔIemimebpsS

ss^≥ B¿Svkv I¨tkmjyhpw, Npa¿

Nn{XImc\mb Cu teJ-I\pw Xpdhq¿

`‡P\kanXnbpw kJyw tN¿∂p≠m°nb

Xocpam\Øn¬ Hcp alØmb Nn{XIem

]mcºcysØbmWv Xncns®SpØp hbv°phm≥

km[n®Xv. i¶cmNmcy k¿ΔIemimebpsS

BZysØ Npa¿Nn{X kwc£W {]h¿Ø\w

IqSnbmbncp∂p Cu kwcw`w.

kwkvIrX k¿ΔIemimebpsS Npa¿

Nn{XIemhIp∏v Xeh\mb teJIs‚ t\Xr

XzØn¬, At±lØns‚ injy∑mcpw Cu

ImbI¬]Øn\v ap≥]¥nbn¬ D≠mbncp∂p. Bdv

amk°mew Atlmcm{Xw ]Wns∏´v BWv

apIfnep≈ hm¿WojnwKv Cf°n am‰n ]gb

{]Xm]Ønte°v Cu Nn{Xßsf Xncns®SpØXv.

U¬ln˛ \mjW¬ ayqknbw C≥Ãn‰yqń¬ Uo≥

Bb tUm. thembp[≥ \mbcpw AXpt]mse

Xs∂ {io Fw.Pn . iin `qjWpw, am¿§

Z¿iIcmbn Cu {]h¿Ø\Øn\v BZymhkm\w

IqsS D≠mbncp∂p.

ChnSsØ {]tXyIX, e£Wßƒ HØ

]©{]mImcßƒ D≈ Ingt°m´v A`napJambn

c≠p {iotImhnepIƒ D≈Xv F∂XmWv. c≠p

sImSnachpw ChnsS ImWmw. hS°\∏\pw,

sX°\∏\pw F∂mWv ChnSsØ `‡∑m¿

hnfn°p∂Xv. CXn¬ sX°\∏s‚ {iotImhn¬

]q¿Æambpw acØn¬ sImØp]WnItfmSpIqSn

sNbvXncn°p∂p. ]cn]q¿WWamb ]©c

ioeßtfmsSbp≈ ChnsS `Khm≥ kpZ¿i\

91............................................................................................... ..........

aq¿ØnbmbmWv Bcm[n°s∏Sp∂Xv. h´Øn¬

BWv ChnsS {iotImhn¬ ImWp-∂Xv.

Hcp `nØnbpsS adhn¬ hS°\∏s‚

{iotImhnepw ImWmw. CXv NXpc{iotImhn¬,

c≠v \neItfmSp tN¿∂p≈Xpw BWv.

{iotImhnens‚ tkm]m\Ø≈v apgph≥

Npa¿Nn{Xme¶mcßfpw _m°nbmIp∂ {iotIm

hn¬ Np‰v apgph≥ kar≤amb Zmcpin¬]ßfpw

BWv sNbvXn´p≈Xv. \√ tX°ns‚ ImXen¬

hfsc e£WsamØ Zmcp in¬]ßƒ BWv

ChnsS ImWphm≥ km[n°p∂Xv. cmambWw,

`mKhXw XpSßnb ]pcmW IYIfpw, cm[mam[hw,

thXmf, Zp¿§, {io IrjvWNcnXßƒ, apXemb

ÿncw Npa¿Nn{Xßƒ°v hnjbo`hn°p∂Xp

Xs∂bmWv Zmcpin¬]ßfnepw ImWp∂Xv.

F∂m¬ ChnsS {iotImhnen\v Np‰n\pw apIfnepw

Xmsgbpw Bbn GItZiw A™qtdmfw cq]-

ßfp≈ GItZiw 350 NXpc ASnbmWv ChnsS

Nn{Xßƒ Bbn ImWp∂Xv. apIfnesØ

Npa¿Nn{Xßƒ ]q¿Æambpw cmambWNn{Xßƒ

Xs∂. Hcp ]s£ cmambWNn{Xßƒ C{X

b[nIw Hcpan® v thsdmcp t£{XØnepw

hc®Xmbn ImWp∂n√. ]s£ Cu Nn{Xßƒ

CXphsc ]pdwtemIw I≠nń√m F∂XmWv

kXyw. henb ]m\epIfnembn cmambWNn{X

ßƒ Ds≠¶nepw AXn\nSbn¬ XqWpIfn¬

IpńIrjvWs‚bpw, IrjvWeoeIfpsSbpw,

sNdpNn{Xßƒ hc®v tamSns∏SpØm\pw

Nn{XImc≥ ad∂nń√. tIcfØnse G‰hpw anI®

cmambW IYm kμ¿`ßƒ BWv ChnsS apIfn¬

Nn{XoIcW hnjbw Bbn ̀ hn®Xv. Nn{Xßfnse

]p\x {IaoIcW thfbn¬ CXns‚ tUmIyp

sat‚j≥ kabØpXs∂ Cu teJI≥ tIcfob

Npa¿Nn{Xßfn¬ CXphsc ImWphm≥ IgnbmØ

Nne {]tXyIXIƒ ]pdØv FØn°pIbp≠mbn.

taL\mYs‚bpw, l\pams‚bpw Nn{Xßfn¬ c≠v

CSßfn¬ I¬]n®psImSpØn´p≈ henb

{]tXyIX am{Xw aXn Cu Nn{XßfpsS JymXn

]pdtØ°v FØn°phm≥.

IYIfn a\ n¬ D≈, sXøØns‚ apJØv

FgpØv a\ nem°nb, Hcmƒ Bbncp∂p ChnsS

Nn{Xw hc®Xv. A∂v AXv Hcp ]co£Ww am{Xw

Bbncn°mw. As√¶n¬ Bim≥ AdnbmsX

injy≥ a\x]q¿Δw Hcp {Inbm-fl-IX Xcnºv

tN¿Øv hn´XpamImw. F¥mbmepw, taL\mY≥

IYIfnbnse Nph∂XmSnbmbpw, l\pam≥

sXøØnse NmapWvUnbmbpw hc°phm≥

A°meØv Npa¿ Nn{X \nbaßƒ A\pimkn®n

cp∂n√. IqSmsX sXøw Cu ASpØImew hsc

a≤y tIcfØn\n∏pdw ImWmØ ImeØv

GItZiw 350 h¿jsØ ]g°Øn¬ ImWs∏´Xv,

Hcp]s£ IÆqcn\∏pdtØ°v D≈ Hcp

kmwkvImcnI hn\nabØnte°v Nn¥n°msX

bncp∂n√. Ahkm\w, Ct∏mgpw Xpfp {_m“W¿

]qPn°p∂ Cu t£{XØns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ D≈

]q¿ΔnI-cn¬ Btcm A∂m´pImc\mb Hcp

Nn{XImcs\ IqSn ChnsS ]cnNbs∏SpØn

bn´p≠mIpw F∂v hnizkn®p. Be∏pg Pn√bn¬

tN¿Øe°SpØv ImWp∂ IShn¬ alm-e£van

t£{Xw, ssX°m-´vt»cn t£{Xw, thmtfm¿h´w

t£{Xw, acptØm¿h´w, ssX°m-´vt»cn a\-bnse

ho´p-t£{Xw XpSßnb F√m Nn{Xßfnepw Hcp

Xcw kam\X Z¿in°mw.

v̂tfmd¬ Unssk\pIfpsSbpw, IYm-]m-{X-

ß-fpsS \neIfpsSbpw, h¿ÆØns‚bpw

ImcyØnepw. AXpt]mse Xs∂ IncoSØnepw

sIńbm`cWßfpsS CSbn¬ CSp∂ Nne

[mXp°fpsSbpw, ]n≥XpS¿® Cu ]dbp∂ CSß

fn¬ F√mbnSØpw h∂pt]mIp∂p≠v. tIheamb

Hcp ImgvNbpsS h°n¬t]mepw Cu kam\X

Is≠Ømw.

]gb Npa¿Nn{X kuμcyØns‚ sImń

tLmjn°s∏Sp∂ HcphiyX CXpsIm≠pXs∂

Be∏pg Nn{Xßƒ°v kzoImcyamIp∂XpImWmw.

F∂m¬ Xpdhq¿ t£{XØnse Nn{X

ßƒ aq∂pssienbn¬ BWv ImWphm≥

Ignbp∂Xv. apIfn¬ \mepNp‰n\pw Bbn Htc

BƒXs∂bmWv Nn{Xw hc®ncn°p∂Xv. AXv

an°hmdpw injy≥ BIphm≥ BWv km≤yX.

hcIfnse thKXbpw, h¿ÆØnse XojvWXbpw

Hs° Aßns\ hnizkn∏n°m≥ {ian°p∂Xp

t]mse. IqSmsX Rm≥ t\csØ ]d™

]co£Ww A°meØv Hcp apXn¿∂ ""Hmhnb≥''

Hcn°epw sNøphm≥ Xchpw C√. IYIfn

bpsSbpw, sXøØns‚bpw apJsØgpØp≈

Nn{Xßƒ Hcn°epw Xmsg\n∂v ImWphm≥

km[n°n√. apIfn¬ FØnbm¬ am{Xta

ImWphm≥ km[n°pIbp≈p. Kpcp\mY≥ ImW

cpXv F∂v B ka¿∞\mb injy≥ B{Kln®n

cp∂pthm? F∂v shdpsX H∂p kwibn®p

t]mIp∂p. F¥mbmepw Cu ImeØv AXv

Is≠Ønbt∏mƒ AXv henb hm¿Øbmbncp∂p.

M.G.S \mcmbWs\t]mep≈ Ncn{X]WvUnX¿

AXv ImWphm≥ Xs∂ Cu t£{XØn¬ B

kabØv FØnbncp∂p. IqSmsX Ipsd Iem

kvt\lnIfpw .

{iotImhnen\p apIfn¬ Xs∂ thsd Nn{X

ßfpw [mcmfambn D≠v.

CXn¬ {]m[m\ytadnbXpw {i≤n°s∏Sp

∂Xpw BbXv, {iocma≥ kp{Kohs‚ aSnbn¬

Xesh®v InS°p∂Xv, taL\mY\pw l\pam\pw

Bbp≈ bp≤w, _men kp{Koh bp≤w,

AtimIh\nIbnse koX, Z£nWmaq¿Øn,

{Xnhn{Ia≥, {_“mhv, Akpc kv{XoIfpsS

òjWn, {iocma ]©m£cn, l\pams‚ e¶m

Zl\w XpS-ßn-bh ˛ CXn¬ hfsc {]m[m\yw

A¿ln°p∂p. F¶nepw G‰hpw {it≤bamb, apI-

fn-esØ Nn{X-ßfn¬ AtimIh\nIbnse koX

Xs∂bmWv G‰hpw Kwò-c-am¿∂ cN-\-bmbn amdp-

∂-X v . Xo£vWamb ctPmKpW `mhØn¬

AtimIh\nIbn¬ {XnP-S-bpsS kmao]yØn¬

Ccn°p∂ B ]©I√ymWnbpsS X∑bXzw H∂v

thsd Xs∂. kuμcyØns‚ ImcyØn¬ Hcp

]s£ Gsd t{ijvTIcamb CSs]SepIƒ Xs∂

B Nn{XImc≥ \SØnbncn°p∂; ]©kv{Xo

k¶¬]Ønse ]fln\nsb BWv IemImc≥

Xs‚ `mh\m]q¿ÆX°v ChnsS Iq´p]nSn®ncn

°p∂Xv. AhnsS ]qØp\n¬°p∂ inwin]m

hr£hpw ]qt¥m´hpw AXn¬ F{X Kwòc

ambmWv hc®ncn°p∂Xv. tIcfob Npa¿

Nn{Xßfn¬ ImWmØ Hcp emLhw Cu

Nn{XØn¬ ImWmhp∂XmWv.

«mL\obamb Cu Img vN∏mSn¬

Nn{XØns‚ ]›mØehpw, AXpt]mse Xs∂

hkv{Xßfnse Ae¶mcßfpw \sΩ H∂p

Nn¥n∏n°p∂p≠v. C{Xat\mlcamb B Nn{Xw

]s£ km[mcW ImgvN°mcs\ ad®v hc™p

t]mbt√m F∂ ZpxJw BWv F\n°p≈Xv.

at\mlcamb Hcp Nn{Xie`sØ Bcpw ImWmsX

IqńeS®t]msebmbn, apIfnesØ \nebnse

Nn{Xßƒ. koXmtZhn AtimIh\nbn¬ Ccn°p

tºmƒ cmjknIƒ h∂v `bs∏SpØpIbpw,

NoØhnfn°pIbpw sNøp∂ Cu Nn{XØn¬

]©IeymWnbmb koXsb ctPm-KpW`mh-Øn-

emWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv. koX-bm-Is´ Xs‚ ]c-a-

tbm-Ko-iz-c-\mb `¿Ømhv cmas‚ Nn¥-bn¬ apgp-

In-bn-cn-°p∂p. sXøØns‚ apJsØgpØpambn

AXn òIcnIƒ Bb cm£knIƒ Aedn

ASp°p∂p. ap∂n¬ `b`‡ntbmsS hnòjW

]p{Xnbmb {XnPSbpw, AtimIh\nbnse Bcm-a-

ßfpw. Cu ]d™hsb√mw Xs∂ ]m\¬ Nn{X

ßƒ Bbn hc®XmWv. F∂m¬ CXn\nSbn¬

hfsc sNdpNn{Xßƒ Bbn GItZiw

A≥]tXmfw IrjvWeoeIfpw btimZbpw,

IrjvW\pw XpSßnb ̀ mKhX Nn{Xßfpw ImWmw.

Cu Nn{Xßƒ H∂pwXs∂ (apIfnse

{iotImhn¬ ̀ nØnbnepff) IemtemIw CXp-hsc

ImWphm≥ CSbmbn√. kXyØn¬ Hcp t^mt´m

t]mepw BcpsSbpw ssIIfn¬ s]Sm≥ km≤y

Xbn√. BZyambn´mbncn°pw Cu Nn{Xw

{]kn≤oIcn®phcp∂Xpw. CXpXs∂bmIWw

C°mea{Xbpw P\ßƒ Xpdhq¿ Nn{XsØ am‰n-

\n¿Øn-bXpw.

C\n XmgsØ Nn{Xßfnte°v IS°mw.

{iotImhnen\v Ccphißfnepw Bbn´mWv ChnsS


93............................................................................................... ..........

Nn{Xßƒ D≈Xv. Zzmc]meI\v A∏pdhpw

C∏pdhpw Bbn, CSXp hiw hnjvWphpw, heXp

hiw IncmXkq\phpw ImWmw. NpcnIØe∏v

IogmbnIpØn \n¬°p∂ tIm]mIpe\msW¶nepw

hocckw Xpfpºp∂ Ccp≠ Pe]®h¿ÆØn¬

abn¬]oen [cn® cq]w Bscbpw `‡nbpsS

]cakoabnte°v FØn°pw. ]IpXnbn¬ IqSpX¬

\miw h∂ncp∂ Nn{XamWnXv. hnjvWphns‚

Nn{Xw H´pw Xs∂ D≠mbncp∂n√. F¶nepw

c≠pNn{Xßfpw Xme{]amWw FSpØv ]pXnbXv

hcbv°pIbmWv sNbvXXv.

{iotImhnens‚ heXphisØ Nn{Xßfn

eqsS k©cn°ptºmƒ IncmXaq¿ØnIgn™m¬

]n∂oSv kpZ¿i\aq¿ØnbmWv. Nn{Xw apgp-h≥

t]mbncp∂p F∂mepw {]amWßƒ hy‡

ambncp∂p. `nØnbn¬ \ndsb s]mépw AXp

t]mseXs∂ ho°hpw D≠mbncp∂p. F¶nepw

]gb {]Xm]Øn¬ Xncns®Sp°m≥ Ign™ Nn{Xw

BWv CXv. CXpIgn™m¬, thWptKm]mew F∂

Nn{X-amWv. Hcp t\¿Ø tcJam{Xambn

Ign™ncp∂ Cu Nn{Xhpw \∂mbn sXfn-bns®-

SpØp. CXpIgn™m¬ Hcp ]s£ ChnSpsØ

Nn{Xßfn¬ G‰hpw t{ijvTambXv tamln\n

inh≥ F∂ Nn{XamWv. hn{èw` irwKmcØns‚

aq¿Øo`mhambn tIcfob Npa¿Nn{XØns‚

hiyNmcpXbv°v, DZmlcWambn \ncØm≥ C\n

thsd {iotImhn¬ `nØn tXSn t]mtI≠nhcn√.

A{Xbv°v ImaØnt‚bpw kvt\lØnt‚bpw,

AXpt]mse Xs∂ `‡nbptSbpw Hs° Hcp

ktΩf\w 350 h¿jw ap≥]v hc® B Nn{XImc≥

ImgvN-sh-®n-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ Cu Nn{XØns‚

apIƒ`mKsa√mw ]q¿Æambpw \in®ncp∂p. ]gb

B Nn{XImct\mSp \oXn ]pe¿Øm≥ ]pXpXeapd

Nn{XImc≥ IqSnbmb Cu teJI≥ Hcp ]mSp

ka¿∏Ww sNtø≠nh∂p. F∂mepw ImgvNbpsS

Cu ka¿∏Ww Hcp IemIc\pth≠nbmIptºmƒ

NmcnXm¿∞yap≠v.

ASpØXmbn hcp∂ Nn{Xw \cknwlaq¿

ØnbqtSXv BWv. `‡ {]ÀmZ≥ sXmgpssI

tømsS \n¬°p∂p. lncWy Iin]phns‚ hbdv

]nf¿∂v IpS¬ ame]pdsØSpØv tNmcIpSn°p∂

XtamKpWÿmbnbmb {io \cknwlaq¿Øn,

`bm\Iamb Hcp A¥co£w D≠m°nsbSp°p∂p.

k]vX¿jnam¿, tZh≥am¿, F∂n-h¿ Cu kabw

]pjv] hrjvSn\SØp∂p. ChnsS \cknwl

aq¿Øn°v F´pssIIƒ BWv IemImc≥

Iev]n®psImSpØncn°p∂Xv. Cu Nn{Xw ISpØ

hm¿WojnwKv {]tbmKØmepw tImdn hc™

Xn\mepw H´pw Xs∂ ImWp-hm≥ km[n°pambncp

∂n√. CXn¬ \mcZs‚ Nn{Xw hm¿WojnwKv am{Xw

¢nb¿ sNbvXt∏mƒ \√ tim`bn¬ Xncn®p Inńb

Nn{Xw BWv.

C\n XmgsØ \nebn¬ CSXphisØ

Nn{Xßfnte°v IS°mw. t\csØ]d™ BZyw

H´pw Xs∂ Xncn®dnbmØ hnjvWpaq¿ØnbpsS

Nn{Xw. ChnSw XpSßn B hisØ F√m

Nn{Xßfpw FÆhnf°n¬ Icnbn¬ Ipfn®p

\n¬°pIbmbncp∂p. Hcp Nn{Xwt]mepw Xncn®dn

bm≥ km[n°pambncp∂n√. KW]XnbpsS

Bcm[\ B hiØp≈Xn\m¬ AhnsS ÿnc

ambn Hcp sISmhnf°v sXfnbn°p∂XpsIm≠pw

ChnSw samØØn¬ Icn]pc≠ncn°pIbm-bn-cp∂p.

Cu hiØv {][m\ambpw D≈ Nn{Xßƒ

{iosshIpWvThmk≥, {]tZmj \rØw,

KW]Xn]qP, Zp¿§, {iocma ]´m -`n -tjIw,

kp{_“Wy≥ XpSßnb Nn{Xßƒ BWv. CXn¬

A\¥mk\ÿ\mb hnjvWp {iotZhntbmSpw

`qtZhntbmSpw IqSn sshIpWvTØn¬ Ccp∂p

hmgp∂p. tZhKWßfpw, Aiz\ntZhXIfpw, a‰pw

Np‰n\pw \n¬°p∂ Cu Nn{XØnt\mSv tN¿Øv

KW]XnNn{Xw BWv AXn\v tijw KW]Xn°v

]qPsbmcp°p∂ `‡≥amsc tIcfob thj

hnXm\ßtfmsS ImWmw. AXn\SpØ Nn{Xw

{]tZmj\rØw (\S-cmP\rØw) B\μ`mh-Øn¬

BSp∂ inh\mbmWv ChnsS ImWp -∂Xv .

AXpIgn™m¬ ImWp∂Xv {iocma ]´m`ntj

Ihpw. CXn\nSbn¬ c≠p XqWIƒ hcp∂p≠v.

km[mcW t£{Xßfn¬ hocmfn∏´v BWv

hc°p∂Xv F¶nepw ChnsS AXv \mev sNdpNn{X

ßfmbn am‰nhc®ncn°p∂p. thXmfZp¿§, aqjnI

hml\≥ Bb KW]Xn, at‰ XqWn¬ \mc-Zap\n-

bpsS Nn{Xhpw Xmsg kp{_“Wys\bpw hc®ncn

°p∂p.

Hcp Imcyw Xo¿®bmWv. \q‰m≠pIƒ°v ap≥]v

hc® Cu Nn{Xßƒ Hcmƒ Bbncp∂n√ hc®Xv.

GItZiw aq∂pt]¿ Xs‚ kzXkn‘amb

kzmX{¥yØn¬ hc®Xp Xs∂bmWnXv. Hcp

Nn{XImc\mb F\n°v AXv {]ISambn

a\ nemIpw, ImcWw 6 amk°mew Cu t£{X

Øns‚ Npacn¬ Bflka¿∏Ww \SØnb Hcmƒ

F∂ \nebn¬ CXns‚ Hmtcm tImWpw

Xncn®dnbmw. Bfl ka¿∏WØns‚ \mƒhgn

Ifn¬ IemImc∑m¿ ChnsS Dt]£n°p∂

ASbmfßƒ BWv ]n∂oSv AhcpsS Xncptijn

∏pIƒ Bbn \Ωƒ sIm≠mSp∂Xv. ChnsS

Xncptijn∏pIƒ Xncn®dnbs∏Sptºmƒ aq∂pXcw

hy‡nXzßsf Cu Nn{XØmfpIfn¬ \ap°v

th¿Xncns®Sp°mw.

{iotImhnen¬ heXphisØ Nn{Xßƒ,

tcJIfpsS NSpeXmfßfn¬ \ndßsf A®S°

tØmsS HXp°n \n¿Øm≥ t]m∂, F∂m¬

]mcºcyØn¬ \n∂v AWphnS amdm≥ Xømdm

hmØ Hcp alm\mb Hcp Nn{XImcs‚ kmao]yw

kΩm\n°p∂p. F∂m¬ CSXphisØ Nn{Xßƒ

Hcp hni-Z-amb ]T-\sØbmWv kΩm\n°p∂Xv.

Be¶mcnIXbps≠¶nepw Bib]cX°v

A{Xsbm∂pw an\s°SmsX ]Tn®Xv ]mSnt∏m

Ip∂ HchÿbmWv ImgvN°mc\n¬ D≠m°n

sbSp°p∂Xv. CXp hc®bmƒ Bim\p Xpeyt\m

As√¶n¬ Bim≥ Xs∂tbm F∂v kwibn

°p∂p. F∂m¬ {iotImhnen≥ apIfn¬ hc®

Bƒ buΔ\Øns‚ thKXbpw, h¿ÆØnse

XojvWXbpw IqSpX¬ kzmX{¥yw ssIømfp∂

Hcmfpw BWv. At\zjWßfpsS Cu Xzc

ImWptºmƒ Xs∂ a nemIpw AXv Hcp ka¿

∞\mb in£y\mhmw F∂v.

]p\: {IaoIcW {]h¿Ø\ßƒ

]gbNn{Xßƒ AS¿∂pt]mbnSßfn¬

ho≠pw πmÃ¿ C´v (]™n, ]®°mb, aW¬,

IpΩmbw F∂nh tN¿Øv Ac-s®SpØv

an\pks∏SpØn Icn°n≥ sh≈hpw IpΩmbhpw

IqSnIe¿Ønb an{inXØm¬ shf-f -]qin

AXn≥ta¬ Nn{Xw hc°p∂ coXn) `nØnsb

\nc∏mbn Hcp°pIbpw, hn≠pt]mb CSßfn¬

]ibpw ]™nbpw tN¿Øv Hń°pIbpw, ho°w-

D≈ ÿeßfn¬ ]i \nd®v `nØntbmSv

Hń®ptN¿°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ]gb hm¿WojnwKv,

Icn, s]bn‚ v apXembh sIan°¬kv D]tbmKn®v

Cf°nam‰nbmWv doS®nwKv F∂ {]h¿Ø\w

\SØp∂Xv. ]p\: {IaoIcWØn¬ h¿Æw Bbn


95............................................................................................... ..........

Pe-—mbw Xs∂bmWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv.

AS¿∂pt]mbnSØv ]q¿Æambpw, {]IrXn h¿Æ-

ßƒ Xs∂bmWv ]n∂oSv D]tbmKn®Xv. F∂m¬

FÆ-°cn ]nSn®nSØv c≠maXv hc®v ]q¿Æ-am-

°phm≥ A{IenIv h¿ÆamWv D]tbmKn®Xv.

sIan°¬ ¢o\nwKv, touching Ign™v Ahkm\w

t]mfnhnss\¬ tImńwKv (P.V.A) apXemb Imcy-

ßƒ \mjW¬ ayqknbw C≥Ãn‰yqńse Uo≥

Bb tUm. thembp[≥ \mbcpsS \n¿t±im\p

kcWw BWv \SØnbXv. {io.Fw.Pn. iin`qj

Wpw BZymhkm\w Cu Npa¿Nn{XImbI¬]

Øn¬ teJ-Is‚ IqsS t\Xrÿm\Øp≠m

bncp∂p.

tIcfØnse H∂mw\nc Nn{Xßfnte°v

BWv C\n Xpdhq¿ Nn{Xßƒ FØns∏Sp∂Xv.

ImgvNbpsS aßepIƒ°nSbn¬ \n∂v D≈ Hcp

tamN\w Bbncp∂p Cu ImbI¬]w.

tIcfØn¬ GItZiw Ccp]tXmfw

t£{X Nn{Xßfn¬ Cßns\ ]p\:{IaoIcWw

\S∂n´p≠v. CXn¬ {][m\w {io]fl\m`kzman

t£{Xw, G‰pam\q¿ inht£{Xw, ]mgq¿ s]cpw

Xrt°mhn¬, Xrs°mSnØm\w t£{Xw, tIm´bw

hkptZh]pcw t£{Xw, s]cp∂ kp{_“Wy

kzmant£{Xw, Xangv\mSv {iohn√n]pØq¿

B≠mƒ t£{Xw, AfI¿ tImhn¬ IqSmsX

]dhq¿ ]≈n, ISpØpcpØn henb ]≈n,

Ccntßmƒ ]≈n XpSßnb ]≈nIfpw CXn¬

{]m[m\yw A¿ln°p∂ CSßfmWv. ChnsS

sb√mw teJIs‚ t\XrXzØn¬ BWv

Nn{XßfpsS ]p\x{IaoIcWw \S∂Xpw. 1995 ¬

]mgq¿ t£{Xhpw, 1997 ¬ G‰pam\q¿ t£{Xhpw

tIcf]pcmhkvXp hIp∏n\v th≠nbmbncp∂p

]p\:{IaoIcWw \SØnbncp∂Xv.

imkv{Xobamb CØcw CSs]SepIfneqsS

\ap°v \jvSs∏Spambncp∂ [mcmfw t£{X]≈n

sIm´mcNn{Xßƒ kwc£ns®Sp°m≥ \ap°v

km[n®n´p≠v. AhnZKv[cmb HcpIq´w IemImc

∑mcmWv Aimkv{Xobamb am¿§ØneqsS Nne

Nn{Xßƒ F¶nepw \in-∏n-®-Xv. Npa¿ Nn{X-I-e-

bn¬ {]mh-Wya-p-≈-hcpw CXn¬ Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-

hcpw [mcm-f-ambn Cu Iem-ssien ]Tn-®n-d-ßp-∂p-

≠v. CXn\mbn {io i¶cmNmcy k¿Δ-I-em-ime,

Kpcphmbq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X]T\tI{μw,

Bd∑pf hmkvXphnZym ]T\tI{μw F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fn -se√mw Npa¿Nn{XIe imkv{Xobambn

]Tn°p∂Xn\p≈ kuIcyw D≠v.

CØcw CSßfn¬ \n∂v ]T\w ]q¿Øn

bm°nb ]cn-]m-e\w/]p\-cp-≤m-cWw F∂nhbn¬

XmXv]cyw D≈ Ignhp≈hsc Is≠Øn thWw

CØcw ]WnIƒ sNøn∏nt°≠Xv. As√¶n¬

BZyImeßfn¬ Chemical conservation course am{Xw

Ign-™-h-cpsS t\XrXzØn¬ GsX¶nepw Hcp Xt±-

iob Nn{X -Im -cs\ D]tbmKn®v restoration\SØpIbmbncp∂p sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. Npa¿Nn{XßfpsS

aqeyw AdnbmØ, AXns\°pdn®v H∂pwXs∂

AdnbmØ HcmfpsS ]p\:{IaoIcWw Duln°mat√m?

a´mt©cn Nn{Xßƒ Aßns\bmbncp∂p

\miØnembXv (BZyImeØv). Aßns\ sNøp

tºmƒ ImeØn\v A\yambnt∏mb Hcp]mSv

Iemaqeyßƒ ImØphbv°phm\pw C\nbp≈Xns\

sb¶nepw kq£n®psh°phm\pw hcpw Xeapd°v

kΩm\n°phm\pw Ignbpw.

ImeØns‚ Cu Xncptijn∏pIƒ BWv

kvamcIineIƒ Bbn amdp∂Xv. \ΩpsS \mSns‚

kvamcI ineIƒ kq£n®p hbv°pI F∂p≈Xv

C∂p≈hcpsS PohnX e£yambn amdptºmgmWv

Ncn{XØns\ \Ωƒ CjvSs∏´p XpSßp∂Xv.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

kmPp XpcpØn¬ : Kpcp-hm-bq¿ Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI-{μ-Ønse BZy-_m-®nse AwKw.

Ct∏mƒ ImeSn {ioi-¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X- I-em-h-

Ip∏v Xe-h≥.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

97............................................................................................... ..........

Npa¿ Nn-{X-IesI.-B¿. _m_p

tIc-fob Npa¿ Nn-{X-Iem ssh`-h-Øns‚

hntizm-Ø-c-ß-fmb \nXy-kvam-c-I-ß-fmWv t£{X

{iotIm-hn-en-s‚bpw, sIm´m-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw, {InkvXob

tZhm-e-b-ß-fp-sSbpw `nØn-Iƒ \ndsb {]m‡\

Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ h¿Æ-ß-fm¬ Fgp-Xnb

Npa¿ Nn{X-ßƒ. h¿Æ [qfn-IƒsIm≠v \ne-sØ-

gpXn Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ A\p-jvTm\ Ie-bmb If-sa-

gp-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Npa¿ Nn{X-I-e-bpsS P\-\-sa∂v

Icp-Xp-∂p. Bbp pw A¥ pw BZ-chpw ]pe¿Øn-

s°m≠v a\pjy {]b-Xv\-Øns‚ alm-¤p-X-ß-fmbn

tIc-f-Ønse 165-˛-Hmfw t£{X-˛-sIm-´m-c-˛-tZ-hm-e-

b-ß-fn-embn Npa¿ Nn{X-Ie \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. tIc-

f-Øn¬ Npa¿ Nn{X-I-ebv°v {]Nmcw kn≤n-®Xv

F.-Un. F´mw iX-I-Øn-em-Wv. HcpImeØv tIc-f-

Øns‚ ̀ mK-am-bn-cp-∂Xpw Ct∏mƒ tIc-f-̨ -X-an-gv\mSv

AXn¿Øn-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xp-amb Xncp-\-μn-

°c Kplm-t£-{X-Øn-emWv G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb

Npa¿ Nn{X-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂v Xncp-\-μn-

°c Kplm-t£{X `nØn-bn¬ Npa¿ Nn{X-ß-fpsS

Nne Awi-ßƒ am{Xsa _m°n-bp-≈q. Xncp-\-μn-

°-c-bnse Npa¿ Nn{X-Øn-\p-tijw ]n∂oSv \mw

ImWp∂ Npa¿ Nn{X-ß-fpsS hchv 15-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-

\p-ti-j-amWv. 9 apX¬ 15 hsc-bp≈ \q‰m-≠p-I-

fnse Iem-N-cn{Xw Ccp-f-S™ A≤ym-b-am-Wv.

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´-sX∂v Icp-Xp∂

G‰p-am-\q¿ alm-tZ-h-t£-{X-Ønse Nn{X-ßƒ°v

AJne `mcX {]ikvXn \¬In-bXv hn{ipX Iem-

\n-cq-]-I-\mb B\-μ-Ip-amc kzman-bm-Wv. (Introduc-tion of Indian Art 1963) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ X\n°v Ah-

ew-_-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-S-tØmfw ]gb {ZmhnU

Nn{X-I-e-bpsS GI amXrI hS-°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq-dnse G‰p-am-\q-cn¬ ImWp∂ \S-cmP Nn{X-am-

sW∂v B\-μ-Ip-amc kzman A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-

≠m-bn. {]ikvX Iem-\n -cq -]-I-\mb sÃ√m

{ImwKnjv, B¿. hmkp-tZh s]mXp-hmƒ, kn. inh-

cm-a-aq¿Øn, IrjvW-ssN-X\y XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw

G‰p-am-\q¿ Nn{X-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmμ¿`n-I-ambn ]cm-

a¿in-®n-´p-≠v. ]fl-\m-`-]pcw sIm´m-c-Ønse A\-

¥-i-b-\w, thWp-tKm-]m-ew, {iocma ]´m-`n-tjIw

XpS-ßnb Nn{X-ßƒ Npa¿ Nn{X-I-ebv°v s]mXpsh

A\p-`-h-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp∂ \n›-em-h-ÿsb ̀ RvPn-

°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. {iocma IY-Ifpw {ioIrjvW IY-

Ifpw a‰v ]pcm-W-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fp-ambn GI-tZiw

sXm≈m-bncw NXp-c{i ASn ÿeØv a‰v ayqd¬

Nn{X-ßsf At]-£n®v IqSp-X¬ Ae-¶mc coXn-

bn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ac-\q-‰m-≠n\v apºv

Cdm-\n¬ \n∂v h∂ Hcp Nn{X-Im-c≥ am‰n-h-c®

Ings° ̀ nØn-bnse Nn{X-ßƒ hnIr-X-ambn H‰s∏ v́

\n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse Npa¿ Nn{X-ß-fpsS \n¿ΩmW

coXn 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂

{ioIp-am-c≥ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ cNn® in¬∏-cXv\w

F∂ imkv{X-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v. CXnse

Nn{X-e-£-W-sa∂v 46-˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn-emWv

{]mNo\ Nn{X-c-N\m k{º-Zm-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v khn-

kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 1420-̨ ¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂

\mcm-b-W≥ cNn® X{¥-k-ap-®-b-Øn-epw, hnjvWp-

[¿tΩm-Øc ]pcm-W-Ønepw Npa¿Nn{X \n¿ΩmW

coXn-sb-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.

]¿Δ-X-ß-fn¬ kpta-cp-t]m-se-bpw, ]£n-I-

fn¬ Kcp-U-s\-t∏m-se-bpw, a\p-jy-cn¬ cmPm-hn-s\-

t∏m-sebpw, Ie-I-fn¬ Nn{X-Ie t{ijvSTam-sW∂v

hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Øc ]pcm-W-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-

∂p. hnjvWp ]pcm-W-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-amb

hnjvWp [¿tΩm-Ø-c-Øns‚ {XnXob `mK-Øn-

emWv ̀ mc-Xob Nn{X-I-e, {]Xn-am-in¬]Ie F∂n-

h-bnse hn`n∂ LS-I-ß-sf-∏‰n {]mam-Wn-I-ambn

hnNn-¥\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. ]pcm-W-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈

{]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ {_m“-W-ß-fn¬t∏mepw ImWp-

∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Ncn-{Xm-XoX Imew apX¬s°

]pcm-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-°mw.

{]mNo-\-Im-eØv \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ ]e-

Xn\pw \ho-\-amb ]e A\p-_-‘-ßfpw tN¿Øp-

Im-Wp-∂p-≠v.

`c-Xs‚ \mSy-im-kv{X-Øn¬ \mS-I-cw-K-

Ønse Nph-cp-Iƒ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS apJ-ßƒ,

eX-Iƒ, hr£-ßƒ F∂n -h -bpsS Nn{X -

ßƒsIm≠v Ae¶r-X-am-bn-cn-t°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-

in-°p-∂p. ̀ mks‚ kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-Ø-Øn¬ hmk-

h-Z-Ø-bpsS hnhn[ h¿Æ-ß-sf-gp-X-s∏´ Hcp Nn{Xw

h’-cm-Pm-hn-\-b-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xmbn ]d-™n-´p-≠v.

taL-k-tμ-i-Øn¬ Imfn-Zm-k≥ AXnse \mb-I≥

Xs‚ t{]a-`m-P-\-Øns‚ Nn{Xw [mXp-cmKwsIm≠v

hc-®-Xmbn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. cmh-W-h[w Ign™v

{iocm-a≥ Atbm-≤y-bn¬ aS-ßn-sb-Øn-b-t∏mƒ

Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ apdn-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp

Ombm-]Sw am{Xta I≠n-cp-∂p-≈q. hmfloIn cmam-

b-W-Øn¬ koXm-tZ-hn-bpsS kz¿Æ {]Xna `nØn

Nn{X-ß-fm¬ Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏´ Hcp apdn-bn-emWv

{]Xn-jvTn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. CXn¬ \n∂pw

`nØn Nn{X-c-N-\-bpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-co-Xn-t]mepw

{]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b¿ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v

A\p-am-\n-°m-a-t√m. ssP\-∑m-cpsS {]mNo-\-{K-Ÿ-

ß-sf√mw Xs∂ Nn{X-ßƒsIm≠v Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏-

´-h-bm-Wv.

Nn{X-I-e-bpsS D’-`-h-sØ-∏‰n \ΩpsS

{]mNo-\-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse ck-I-c-amb Nne hnh-c-ßƒ

{it≤-b-am-Wv. \c-\m-cm-bW al¿jn-am¿ lna-hm-

s‚ km\p-{]-tZ-i-Øp≈ ]cn-ip≤ _Z-co-Im-{i-a-

Øn¬ X] v sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bbncw h¿j-

ß-tfmfw \o≠p-\n∂ Ah-cpsS X]- p-I≠v C{μ≥

`bm-Ip-e-\m-bn. Xs‚ ]Zhn ssI°-em-°m≥ th≠n-


99............................................................................................... ..........

bmtWm \c-\m-cm-b-W-∑m¿ tLmc-X-]- n\v Hcpsº-

ń-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v C{μ≥ kwi-bn-®p. X] v apS-°m-

\mbn a\p-hns‚ krjvSn-I-fmb 10 A]vk-c- p-Isf

Atßm´v ]d-™-b-®p. \mcm-bW al¿jn-bpsS

k∂n-[n-bn¬ Ah¿ hnem-k-emkyw \S-Øn.

AXoh kp≤-cn-I-fmb ta\-I, cw`, Xntem-Øa XpS-

ßnb A]vk-c- p-Ifpw Iq´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ Ch-cpsS kuμ-cy-Øn-sem∂pw Xm≥

BI¿j-I-\m-hn-s√∂v ImWn-t°-W-sa∂v \mcm-

bW al¿jn°v tXm∂n. At±lw ASp-Øp≈ Hcp

amhns‚ Ce ]dn-s®-SpØv AXns‚ \ocp-sIm≠v

Xs‚ XpS-bn¬ Cu A]vk-c- p-I-sf-°mƒ kpμ-cn-

bmb Hcp kv{XobpsS tcJm-Nn{Xw cNn-®p. Cu

h\n-Xm-a-Wn-bpsS Nn{X-Øn¬ IÆp-\ v́ \n∂p-t]mb

\¿Ø-In-Iƒ as‰m-c-¤pXw IqSn t\cn¬ ImWm-\n-

S-bm-bn. Rms\mcp Nn{X-Im-c≥ am{X-a√ krjvSn-

I¿Ømhv IqSn-bm-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°-em-bn-cp∂p

al¿jn-bpsS ]n∂oSv D≠mb {]hr-Øn. \mcm-bW

al¿jn Xs‚ XpS-bn¬ sas√ H∂Sn-®p. A¤p-X-

sa∂p ]d-bs´ Cu tcJm-Nn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v AXoh

kpμ-cn-bmb Hcp kv{Xo P∑-sa-Sp-Øp. \mcm-b-Ws‚

Ducp-hn¬ \n∂v cNn® B ss{XtemIy kpμ-cn-

bmWv D¿Δin. Aßns\ BZysØ tcJm-Nn{Xw

cNn® \mcm-bW al¿jn BZysØ Nn{X-Im-c-

s\∂v hnjvWp [¿tΩm-Øc ]pcmWw tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p.

"Nn{X-e-£W'sa∂ IrXn-bn¬ Nn{X-I-e-

bpsS D¤-h-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp∂ IY as‰m-∂mWv.

{_“tZhs‚ B⁄ {]Imcw Hcp cmPmhv A¥-

cn-®p-t]mb Hcp {_m“-W-]p-{Xs‚ Nn{Xw hc-®p-

sh∂pw {_“mhv Cu Nn{X-Øn\v Poh≥ \¬In-

sb∂pw A{]-Imcw {_“mhv bas\ tXm¬∏n-®p-

sh∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. At∏mƒ BZysØ Nn{X-Im-

c≥ B cmPm-hm-sW∂v hcp-∂p. Cu IY-I-fpsS

bmYm¿∞y-Øn-te°v \mw FØn-t\m-t°≠ Imcy-

an-s√-¶nepw Nn{X-I-e-bpsS D¤-h-sØ-∏-‰n-t]mepw

\ΩpsS ]ucm-WnI {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap-

s≠∂v ImWn-°m≥ th≠n-bm-Wns{Xbpw ]d-™p-

sh-®-Xv.

Bfp-Isf tamU-em-bn-cpØn Nn{X-c-N\ \S-

Øp∂ coXn {]mNo\ `mc-X-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

AXv XnI®pw ]m›m-Xy-co-Xn-bm-sW-∂mWv \mw

[cn-®p-sh-®n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ CXn\v A]-hm-Z-sa-

∂-hÆw Nne ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ "Znhy-h-Zm\'Øn¬

hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. kn‘n-bnse tcmcpI F∂

cmPysØ cmP-Ip-am-c≥ _nw_n-kmc N{I-h¿Øn°v

hfsc hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ kΩm-\-ßƒ sImSp-Ø-b-°p-

I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-Øn\v ]I-c-ambn

tcmcp-I-bn-te°v Aaq-ey-am-b-sX-s¥-¶nepw sImSp-

Ø-b-t°-W-sa∂v _nw_n-kmc N{I-h¿Øn Xocp-

am-\n-®p. Aaq-ey-amb kΩm-\-ß-sf-¥m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v

_p≤-`-K-hm-t\mSv Xs∂ tNmZn-°m-sa∂v Xocp-am-

\n-®p. `K-hm≥ _p≤≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS tNmZy-

Øn\v \n w-ibw \¬Inb DØcw Aaq-ey-amb

kΩm\w Hcp OmbmNn{Xw A√msX as‰m-∂p-a-

s√-∂m-Wv. kΩm\w sImSp-°p-∂Xv Hcp Nn{X-am-

sW-¶n¬ AXv _p≤-`-K-hms‚ Ombm]S-am-bn-cn-

t°-W-sa∂v cmPmhpw Xocp-am-\n-®p. _p≤-`-K-hm≥

Ombm-Nn-{X-c-N-\-bv°mbn sIm´mcw Nn{X-Im-c-s‚

ap∂n-en-cp-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øp. F∂m¬ _p≤-`-K-hms‚

ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ tXP v Nn{X-c-N-

\bv°v hnLm-X-ambn \n∂s{X! CXn-s\mcp t]mwh-

gn-bmbn _p≤≥ Xs‚ \ng¬ Nn{X-^-e-I-Øn¬

hogvØp-Ibpw B \ng-ens‚ klm-b-Øm¬ Nn{X-

Im-c≥ _mly-tc-J-Iƒ hc-®p-Xo¿°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv

th≠ Omb-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Nn{Xw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kΩm-\-ambn e`n® Cu al-

Ømb Ombm-Nn{Xw tcmcp-I-bnse cmPmhv btYm-

NnXw {]Z¿i-\-Øn-∂mbn sh°p-Ibpw [mcmfw

t]¿ Cu Nn{X-{]-Z¿i\w ImWm≥ k∂n-ln-X-cm-

hp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-s{X. Nn{X-I-e-bn¬ _p≤-`-K-

hm≥ hf-sc-tbsd Xm¬∏cyw {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

_p≤-`-K-hms‚ ImeØv Xs∂ ̀ mc-XØn¬ \mep-

Xcw Nn{X-c-N\m coXn-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ch-bn¬ "\mKc'coXn A¬]w Imtam-Zzo-]-]-c-am-bn-

cp-∂p. AØcw Nn{X-ßƒ _p≤-hn-lm-c-ß-fn¬ hc-

°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p. am{X-a√ hnlm-c-ß-fn¬

Nn{X-c-N\ \S-Øp-tºmƒ _p≤-`-K-hm≥ {]tXyIw

ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-IqSn sNbvXp-t]m-∂p. cmP-sIm-

´m-c-ß-fnse Nn{Xm-e-b-ß-fn-ep≈ irwKmc kw_-

‘nbmb Nn{X-ßƒ ImWp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v k\ym-

kn-am-scbpw X]-kzn-\n-I-sfbpw _p≤-̀ -K-hm≥ hne-

°n-bn-cp-∂p.

IuSn-eys‚ A¿∞-im-kv{X-Øn¬ F√m

_men-Im-_m-e-∑m-scbpw k¿°m¿ kz¥w Nne-hn¬

\rØw, kwKo-Xw, Nn{X-sa-gpØv F∂o efn-X-I-e-

Iƒ A`y-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-

≠v. N{μ-Kp-]vXs‚ {][m\ a{¥n-bmbncp∂ IuSn-

ey≥ A¿∞-imkv{Xw cNn-®Xv {InkvXp-h¿j-Øn\v

apºv \memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn-em-bn-

cn°msa∂v Icp-Xmw. A∂sØ km[m-cW P\-ß-

fpsS Nn{X-I-em-hn-⁄m-]\w F¥m-sW∂v \ap-°-

dn-bm≥ Ign-™n-́ n-s√-¶nepw \ΩpsS Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂

{]mNo\ ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw kv{XoI-fn¬ Nnecpw

Nn{X-sa-gp-Øn¬ hnZ-Kv[-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v

[mcmfw sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. hm’ym-\s‚ Ima-im-kv{X-

Øn¬ \mK-co-I≥ kmlnXy kwKX Nn{X-I-em-[n-

I-fn¬ \n]p-W-\m-bn-cn-t°-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂p.

ap°p-h≥ ap{Z-tam-Xncw sIm≠p-h-∂-t∏mƒ

hnkvarXn AI-∂p-In-ńb Zpjy-¥≥ iIp-¥-fsb

Hm¿Øv AXoh ZpxJn-X-\m-bn. ZpxJ-Øn¬ \n∂v

A¬]w tamN\w t\Sm-\mbn cmPmhv Nn{X-c-N-\-

bn-emWv A`bw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. At±lw cNn®

Nn{X-Øns‚ h¿Æ\ Xs∂ F¥p-am{Xw at\m-l-

c-am-Wv. amen\n \Zn, AXns‚ ]pfn-\-ß-fn¬ hnc-

ln-°p∂ lwk-an-Yp-\-ßƒ, ssla-h-X-]m¿iz-ßƒ,

Xm]-k-h¬°-e-ßƒ Xq°n-bn-ń-cn-°p∂ hr£-im-

J-Ifpw AXns‚ XWen-en-cn-°p∂ am≥t]-S-I-fpw,

CsX√mw Cu Nn{X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-am-Wv. iIp-

¥f Hcp hr£-Øn¬ Nmcn-bmWv \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

Zpjy-¥≥ ̀ mh-\-bn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn® iIp-¥-f°v taen-

ep≈ {]k-cn-s∏m∂pw Cs√∂v am{X-a√ B km[zn

£oWn-X-bp-am-Wv. Zpjy-¥≥ hf-sc-tbsd Akz-ÿ-

\m-Wv. Dd°w At±-l-Øn\v \jvS-s∏-́ -Xn-\m¬ iIp-

¥-fsb kz]v\-Øn¬ t]mepw Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bp-

∂n-s√∂v At±lw ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xm≥ cNn®

Nn{Xw H∂v ImtW-W-sa∂v sh®m¬ IÆn¬ Pew

\nd-™-Xn-\m¬ AXpw {]bm-k-ambn At±-l-Øn\v

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cßs\sbms° BsW-¶nepw

Zpjy-¥≥ a\x-k-am-[m\w Is≠-Øp-∂Xv Nn{X-c-N-

\-bn-eqsS am{X-am-Wv.

kwkvIrX \mS-I-Ir-Øp-°-fn¬ Imfn-Zm-k\v

Xpeyw \n¿Øm-hp∂ Ihn-bmWv `h-`q-Xn. `h-`q-Xn-

bpsS DØ-c-cm-a-N-cn-X-Øns‚ H∂mw A¶-Øns‚

t]¿ "Nn{X-Z¿i\w' F∂m-Wv. koXsb hnt\m-Zn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Hcp Nn{X-Im-c-s\-s°m≠v

{iocm-a-N-cnXw IY-I-sf√mw e£va-W≥ hc-∏n-®p-

101............................................................................................... ..........

sh-°p-∂p-≠v. koX-bpsS A·n-]-co£ hsc-bp≈

kμ¿`-ß-fm-Wv AXn-ep-≈-Xv. Nn{X-Z¿i\w aqew

Hcn°¬°qSn B h\-{]-tZ-i-Ønse ]cn-ip-≤-amb

KwKm-{]-hm-l-Øn¬ Ipfn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ B{Klw

koX {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. K¿`-Im-e-Øp≈ koX-bpsS

B{Klw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v a\- n-

em-°nb {iocm-a≥ DSs\ Xs∂ cYw hcp-Øm-\mbn

e£va-W-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-́ p. Cßs\ Nn{X-Z¿i\w

F∂ `mKw Nn{X-I-ebv°v ap≥Xq°w sImSp-Øp-

sIm-≠mWv `h-`qXn cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Ch-bn¬ \ns∂√mw Hcp Imcyw hfsc hy‡-

ambn \ap°v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv, \ΩpsS

{]ap-J-cmb ]e Ihn-Ifpw A∂v Nn{X-Iebv°p≈

{]m[m\yw th≠-hÆw a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-s∂-

∂mWv. IqSmsX Nn{X-Im-cs‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Cd-

ßn-s®-√m\pw Nn{X-I-em-k-t¶-X-ßƒ a\- n-em-

°m\pw {ian-®n-cp-s∂∂v IqSn ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p≠v.

{]mNo\ `mc-X-Ønse cmP-k-Z- p-I-fn¬ Nn{X-Im-

c\v F∂pw am\y-amb ÿm\-amWv \¬In-t∏m-∂n-

cp-∂-Xv.

Nn{Xw Fgp-Xm-\p≈ Xe-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n

"\mcZ in¬∏-imkv{Xw' Nn{X-ßsf aq∂mbn Xcw-

Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah "`qan-I-Nn{Xw' "`nØn Nn{Xw',

"{]ÿm-c-Nn{Xw' F∂n-h-bm-Wv. \ne-sØ-gp-Xp∂

Nn{X-ßƒ, ̀ nØn-bn-se-gp-Xp∂ Nn{X-ßƒ, apIƒØ-

ńtem a®ntem Fgp-Xp∂ Nn{X-ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-

W-h. AP-¥, _mLv F∂o Kpl-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv

`nØn-bnepw apIƒØ-ńepw Fgp-Xnb Nn{X-ß-fm-

Wv. Ch-bn¬ `nØn Nn{X-c -N\ \S-tØ≠

coXnsb∏‰n \ΩpsS {]mNo-\-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ khn-

kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. \ΩpsS {]i-kvX-amb

AP-¥m-Kpl ̀ nØn Nn{X-ßfpw a‰pw cNn-®n-́ p-≈Xv

in¬∏-c-Xv\-sa∂ {KŸØnse XXz-ßƒ ]men-®p-

sIm-≠m-Wv. BZy-ambn ]md-bpsS D]-cn-Xew Dan-

bpw, Ifn-a-Æpw, ]ibpw tN¿Øv \nc-∏m-°p-∂p.

AXn-\p-aosX NpÆmºv tX®v D]-cn-Xew an\p-k-

s∏-Sp-Øp-\-\p. Cu Xe-Øn-emWv Nn{X-c-N-\-°p-≈

_mly-tc-J-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xv. an°-hmdpw ISpØ

Xhn-´p-\n-dw-sImt≠m As√-¶n¬ Idp-Ø-\ndw

sImt≠m Bbn-cn°pw {]mY-anI tcJ-Iƒ sNøp-

∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv CXn¬th≠ \nd-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn-®p-

Xp-S-ßp-∂p.

`nØn-Nn{X cN-\-°p≈ NpÆmºv Xøm-dm-

t°≠ coXn "in¬∏-cXv\'Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

I°-bpw, iwJpw, Nqf-bn-en v́ Zln-∏n-s®-SpØ NpÆm-

ºn¬ \√ ]qgn-Iq-ń tN¿Øv i¿°c sh≈-Øn¬

IpXn¿Øv sht°-≠-Xm-sW∂v {]kvXpX {KŸw

A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. CtXm-Sp-IqSn hmg-∏gw DW-°n-

s∏m-Sn-®-Xp-IqSn tN¿Øv ]m{X-Øn¬ Hcp amk-

tØmfw AS-®p-sh-®-Xn-\p-tijw ̀ nØn-bn¬ tX®p-

]n-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. A`n-e-jn-Xm¿∞ Nn¥m-a-Wn,-

in¬∏-cvX-\w XpS-ßnb {KŸ-ß-fn¬ tcJm-Nn-{X-

c-N-\-°p≈ "Nm¿t°mƒ' Nmb-an-Sm-\p≈ {_jp-Iƒ

XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-sØ-∏‰n-t∏mepw {]Xn-

]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. tcJm-Nn{X cN-\bv°v "In -́h¿Øn'

As√-¶n¬ "In´-te-Jn\n'bmWp D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-

Xv. ]gb CjvSnI \∂mbn s]mSn®v AtXm-Sp-IqSn

kpK-‘-ap≈ Hcp kky-Øns‚ thcpw NmW-I-s∏m-

Snbpw, tNmdpw tN¿Øv \∂mbn Ac®v \ΩpsS

C∂sØ s]≥kn-ens‚ cq]-Øn¬ Dcp-ń-sb-Sp-°p-

I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. {_jn\v kam-\-amb teJn-\n-Iƒ

aq∂v Xc-Øn-ep-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Ah kqjva, a≤y,

ÿqe teJn-\n-I-fm-Wv. ÿqe-te-Jn\n ]ip-°p-ń-

bpsS sNhn-bnse tcmaw sIm≠pw, a≤y-te-Jn\n

BSns‚ DZ-c-Øn\v ]pd-Øp≈ tcmaw sIm≠pw

kq£va-te-Jn\n AÆms‚ hmense tcmaw-

sIm≠pw \n¿Ωn-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

]m›mXy Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nph-∏v, \oe, a™

F∂n-h-bmWv {]mY-anI h¿Æ-ß-embn Icp-Xp-∂-

Xv. F∂m¬ sh≈, Idp-∏v, Nph-∏v, a™, ]® F∂o

A©v h¿Æ-ß-sf-bmWv {]mY-anI h¿Æ-ß-fmbn

`mc-Xo-b¿ IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu ip≤ h¿Æ-

ßƒ hnhn[ tXmXn¬ Ie¿Øn \nc-h[n \nd-ßƒ

\n¿Ωn-°m-\p≈ XXz-ßƒ \ΩpsS {]mam-WnI

{KŸ-ß-fn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. GtXXv \nd-ßƒ

GtXXv Xc-Øn-ep≈ a\p-jysc Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-

tºmƒ {]tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂pw \n_-‘-\-bp-≠v. ZznP-

∑msc N{μs‚ h¿Æ-Øn-epw, £{Xn-bsc sh≈-


103............................................................................................... ..........

Øm-a-c-bpsS \nd-Øn-epw, sshiysc Cfw Xhn-´p-

\n-d-Ønepw, iq{Zsc IdpØ \nd-Øn-ep-amWv Nn{Xo-

I-cn-t°-≠-Xv. shfp∏v kXz-Kp-W-sØ-bpw, Nph∏v

btPm-Kp-W-sØ-bpw, Idp∏v Xtam-Kp-W-tØbpw

ImWn-°p-∂p. \mSy-im-kv{X-Øn¬ irwKm-c-Øn\v

\oe-\n-d-hpw, lmky-Øn\v shfp-∏pw, ̀ bm-\-I-Øn\v

Idp-∏pw, A¤p-X-Øn\v a™-bp-amWv \n¿t±-in-®n-

cn-°p-∂-Xv.

a\p-jy-cq] Nn{Xo-I-c-WsØ H≥]Xv Xc-Øn-

embn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah EPm-I-Xw, A\p-Pw,

kmNo-IrX ico-cw, A¿≤ hntem-N-\w, ]m¿izm-K-

Xw, ]cm-hr-Øw, ]rjvSm-K-Xw, ]cn-lr-Øw, kam\w

F∂n-h-bm-Wv. a\p-jy¿ GXp-h-i-tØ°v Xncn™v

\n¬°p∂p F∂-Xns\ Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv Cu

Ahm-¥c hn`m-K-ßƒ. AwK-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈

s]mcpØw Fßs\ Bbn-cn-°-W-sa∂v ChnsS

{]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.

bqtdm-]y≥ Nn{X-I-em-cw-KØv {]ÿm-\-ßƒ

Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv 19-˛mw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn am{X-am-Wv.

F∂m¬ `mc-Xo-b¿ {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cq]-Øn¬

As√-¶nepw Nn{Xo-I-cW coXn-sbbpw {]Xn-]m-Zy-

sØbpw Bkv]-Z-am°n Iem-kr-jvSnsb \membn

Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah kXyw, sshWn-Iw, \mK-

cw, an{iw F∂n-h-bm-Wv. bYm-X-Y-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-

WsØ "kXy'sa∂pw `mh-Ko-Xm¬a-I-am-b-Xns\

"sshWnI'sa∂pw PohnX kv]¿in-bm-b-Xns\

"\mKc'sa∂pw Cu aq∂pw XΩn¬ Ie¿∂-Xns\

"an{iw' F∂p-amWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

Nn{X-ßƒ cNn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v am{X-am-bn-√,

AXv P\-ßƒ I≠v Bkz-Zn-t°-W-sa∂pw {]mNo\

`mc-Xo-b¿°v \n¿_‘w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

Iem-kzm -Z -\ -Øns‚ tijn F√m-h¿°pw

Hcpt]mse Bbn-cn-°p-I-bn-s√∂v "hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-

Øcw' ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. "Iem-\n-jvWm-fl-

∑m¿ Nn{X-Ønse tcJsb {]iw-kn-°pw, \ncq-]-I-

∑m¿ {]Im-i-Øn-s‚bpw \ng-en-s‚bpw kwhn-[m-

\sØ {]Io¿Øn-°pw. BS-tbm-S-Iƒ ˛ emhWy

kpjpa F∂n-h-bpsS Bhn-jv°m-csØ kv{XoIƒ

CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. tijn-°p∂ kmam\y P\-ßƒ

CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv h¿Æ-ß-fpsS {]tbm-K-am-bn-cn°pw'

F∂mWv hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Ø-c-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ Nn{X-c-N\ \S-Øp-tºmƒ F√m P\-

ßƒ°pw Hcpt]mse Bkz-Zn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb

coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-t°-W-sa∂pw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.

\mcZ in¬∏-im-kv{X-Øn¬ "B¿´v Kmedn' As√-

¶n¬ Nn{X-ime \K-c-Øns‚ a≤y-`m-K-ØmWv

ÿnXn-sN-tø-≠-sX∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. C\n AXn\v

h√-hn-[-Ønepw km[y-a-√m-Xmbn hcp-tºmƒ \mev

cmP-]m-X-Iƒ tNcp∂ ÿetØm AX-s√-¶n¬

cmP-sIm-́ m-c-Øn-\-ItØm, {][m\ cmP-ho-Yn-bntem

"Nn{X-ime' ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hntcm-[-an-s√∂pw

{]kvXm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcn°epw Nn{X-ime kaq-

l-Øns‚ D∂X Xe-Øn-ep-≈-h-cp-sStbm cmPm-°-

∑m-cp-sStbm am{Xw kμ¿i-\-Øn-\p≈ CS-am-bn-cp-

∂n-√. tImke cmPm-hmb {]tk-\-Pn-Øns‚ Nn{X-

im-e-bn¬ s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v F∂pw {]th-i-\-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v \ΩpsS {]m-No\ {KŸ-ß-fn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

\mSy-im-kv{X-ß-fn¬ hk-¥w, {Kojvaw,

h¿jw, ic-Øv, tla-¥w, inincw F∂o EXp-°ƒ

GXv Xc-Øn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-t°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-i-ap-

≠v. EXp-cm-Pm-hmb hk-¥sØ ]qØ-a-c-ßƒ

sIm≠v Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp AKm[ XSm-I-

sØbpw Aek a\p-jy-scbpw Xcp-Omb tXSp∂

lnc-W-tØ-bpw, tNdn¬ ]pX-bp∂ aln-j-tØbpw

sIm≠mWv {Kojvaw Nn{Xo-I-cn-t°-≠Xv. Im¿ta-L-

Øm¬ aqSnb BIm-i-Øn¬ an∂¬]n-f-cp-Iƒ Nn{Xo-

I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]pdsa h\y-ar-K-ßƒ Kpl-I-fn¬

A`bw tXSp-∂Xpw ]d-h-Iƒ Nn√n-°q-Sp-I-fn¬

tNt°-dp-∂Xpw ag-hn√pw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®mWv "h¿jw'

ImWn-t°-≠-Xv. inc- p-I-fnse Ac-hn-μw ap‰n-

\n¬°p∂ ac-ßfpw hnf-™p-\n¬°p∂ [m\yhpw

ic¬°m-e-Øn\v Nn”-ß-fm-Wv. aqS¬ a™n-e-a¿∂

N{I-hm-fhpw sImbvØp-I-gn™ hbepw tla-¥-

Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ß-fm-Wv. Ipfn-cp-sIm≠v hnd-bm¿∂

a\p-jycpw [qan-I-bn¬ aqSnb BIm-ihpw inincw

Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ e£-W-ß-fm-Wv.

`mc-Xob Nn{X-I-e-bnse ssewKnI {]Xo-I-

ß-sf-∏‰n ]T\w \S-Ønb Uªyq.-Pn. B¿®¿

IdpØ Ie-am≥, abn¬, lwkw, ]mºv XpS-ßn-

bh Ian-Xm-hns‚ {]Xo-I-ß-fm-sW-∂-`n-{]m-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p. Im≥{K Nn{X-ß-fn¬ ]e ÿe-ß-fn-embn

CØcw {]Xo-I-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn-®-Xmbn ImWm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. hnc-l-th-Z\ AI-∂p-In-´m≥ ]£n-I-

tfbpw arK-ß-tfbpw Xmtem-en-°p-∂ \mbn-I-amsc

IqSmsX `¿Øm-hns‚ DS-bm-S-Iƒ AWn-™-h-tc-

bpw Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Hgn™p-

In-S-°p∂ saØ°v kao-]-an-cn-°p∂ \mbn-Ibpw

hnc-lnWn Xs∂. N{μnIm N¿®nX-amb cm{Xn Ihn-

I-sf-t∏mse Nn{X-Im-c-∑m-scbpw Bth-i-̀ -cn-X-cm°n

105............................................................................................... ..........

ImWp-∂p-≠v. ]Xn-\m-dv, ]Xn-t\gv \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse

lnμn Ihn-Iƒ kv{XoIsf Ah-cpsS hb- n\pw

kz`m-h-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v kzm[n-\, `¿Xr-I, JWvUn-

X, A`n-km-cnI, hmk-I, k÷, hnc-tlm-Xv,

IWvTnX F∂n-ßs\ F´mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Cu F´v \mbn-I-am-scbpw \ΩpsS Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿

Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

`mc-Xob Iem-Im-c≥ bYm¿∞ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-

Øn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ah¿ hnIm-c-ßsf Nn{Xo-

I-cn-®n-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \√Xv [z\n-

∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw hkvXp-°-

fp-sSbpw ùXnI cq]-tØ-°mƒ Ah¿ Bflm-hn-

t\bpw ssNX-\y-tØbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m-\mWv IqSp-

X¬ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. `mc-Xob Ie Iptd-sbms°

"knwt_mfn'°pw IqSn-bmWv. Ht∂m ct≠m \q‰m-

≠p-IƒsIm≠v Hcn°epw HcnSØpw Nn{X-I-e-bn¬

knw_-ep-Iƒ D≠m-bn-ń-√. AXn\v \nc-h[n \q‰m-

≠p-Iƒ Xs∂ th≠n-h-cpw. ]e-t∏mgpw aX-]-c-amb

k¶¬∏-ßfpw ]pcm-W-I-Y-Ifpw knw_-ep-Iƒ°v

cq]w \¬Im≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂mWv hnZ-Kv[-

cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. Chn-SpsØ Iem-Im-c≥ Xs‚

krjvSn-bn¬ Hcn°epw Ah-\-hs‚ t]cn-\p-th≠n

ap{Z-]-Xn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-s√-∂Xv Hcp kXy-am-Wv. apKƒ

cmPm-°-∑m¿ t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂v Nn{X-Im-c-∑msc

ChnsS sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xp-hsc Cu k{º-Zmbw

XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. hy‡n-]-c-amb {]ikvXn

Ah¿°v Bh-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

Nn{X-Im-c≥ Hcp hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ \√

h\m-bn-cn-t°-W-sa∂pw {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b¿°v

\n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {io alm-h{P sshch

X{¥-Øn¬ Nn{X-Im-c≥ aSn-b\pw tIm]n-jvT-\p-am-

bn-cn-°-cp-sX∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. Abmƒ hnZzm\pw

Zbm-ephpw [¿Ωn-jvT\pw Zpc-bn-√m-Ø-h\pw `‡-

\p-am-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. Nn{X-c-N\ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-

Xn\v apºmbn Iem-Im-c≥ sNtø≠ I¿Ω-ßƒ

hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Ø-c-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-

bm-Wv. At±lw cmhnse Ipfn-®v, sh≈ hkv{Xw

[cn-®v, Ing-t°m´v Z¿i-\-ambn \n∂v Cuiz-cs\

k¶¬∏n-®v, Kpcp-hn-s\-bpw ZznP-∑m-scbpw hμn®v

hnP-b-kn-≤n-bp≈ a{¥-ßƒ P]n®v Bfl-kw-b-a-

\-tØmsS am{Xta {_jpw Nmb-ßfpw ssIøn¬

FSp-°m≥ ]mSp-≈q. \ΩpsS {]mNo-\-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬

]d-bp∂ ]eXpw C∂sØ Iem-Im-c\pw Iem-kzm-

Z-I\pw Atcm-N-I-ambn tXm∂n-tb-°m-sa-¶nepw

{]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b¿ Nn{X-I-ebv°v F¥p-am{Xw

am\yX I¬∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂v CXn¬ \ns∂ms°

\ap°v a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-W-t√m.

Hcp {]tXyI Npa¿Nn-{X-c-N\m ssien-bmWv

tIc-fob Npa¿ Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-ew-_n-®-Xv. IpΩm-

bhpw aWepw 1:2 F∂ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ tN¿Ø-

c®v NpÆm-ºp-h-≈n-bpsS \otcm, i¿°c sh≈-

tam, ISp°m sh≈tam sImgp-∏n-\mbn tN¿Øv Npa-

cn¬ tX®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v 1:2 F∂ A\p-

]m-X-Øn¬ Xs∂ IpΩm-bhpw aWepw 200{Kmw

]™nbpw tN¿Ø-c®v Ipg-ºp-cq -]-Øn-em°n

BZysØ {]X-e-Øn\p ta¬ c≠p ]∏-S-I-\-Øn¬

tX®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. ct≠m aqt∂m Znh-k-Øn-\p-

tijw Cf-\o¿ sh≈-Øn¬ NpÆmºp Ie°n Ccp-

]-Øt©m ap∏tXm XhW tXbv°p-∂p. CXns‚

I\w "Hcp ]pfn-bne I\w' F∂-XmWv IW-°v.

s]m -́°mf F∂ ac-Øns‚ tXm¬ NX-®mWv {_jv

Bbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

ImTn\yw Ipd™ I√p-Iƒ Ac-s®-Sp-ØmWv

Nph∏pw a™bpw \nd-ßƒ D≠m°p-∂-Xv. \oe

Aa-cn-bpsS Ce NX®v ]ngn-s™-SpØv \oe \nd-

hpw, Fcp-hn-°d tN¿Ø ]® \ndhpw an{in-X-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p. FÆ-Øncn IØn®v Ian-gvØn-sh® aÏp-

S-Øn¬ \n∂pw In´p∂ ajn-bmWv Idp-∏p-\n-dw. F√m

h¿Æ-s∏m-Sn-I-tfm-Sp-sam∏w ]i-°p-th≠n th∏n≥

]i tN¿°p-∂p. Npa-cns‚ sh≈-\ndw \ne-\n¿Øn-

s°m-≠mWv A©p- \n-d-ß-fn¬ cN\ Bcw-`n-°p-

∂-Xv. ]®-bpw, \oebpw hcp∂ `mK-ß-fn¬

t\csØ Xs∂ Xpcn-ip-em-b-\n-sIm≠v Igp-In-bn-

cn-°pw. Cømw-]p-√ns‚ tcma-ßƒ apf-bpsS sNdnb

IjvW-Øns‚ A{K-̀ m-KØv tN¿Øv sIńb {_jp-

I-fmWv Nn{X-cN\°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. [m\-t«m-

I-ß-fpsS h¿W-\-I-sf B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv t£{X

{iotIm-hn-ep-I-fn¬ Nn{X-ßƒ hc-bv°m-dp-≈-Xv.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

{io. sI.-B¿. _m_p : IÆq¿ ae-bmf Iem-{Km-a-Ønse Npa¿ Nn{X-Ie hn`mKw

ta[m-hn. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ Npa¿Nn{X ]T\ tI{μ-Ønse BZy _m®v hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp-

∂p. tIcf efn-X-Iem A°m-Zan AS°w \nc-h[n ]pc-kv°m-c-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

tIc-f-Ønepw Xan-gv\m-ńepw hnhn[ÿe-ß-fn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-®n-´p-≠v.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

107............................................................................................... ..........

`mcX∏pgtbmcsØ Npa¿®n{XßƒFkv. cmtPμp

`mcX∏pgbpsS hSs°°cbn¬ h≈ph\m

ńepw s\Spß\mńepambn ]et£{Xßfnepw

Npa¿®n{Xßƒ ImWmw. ]mS¬ s]‰ Xncp∏XnIfn

sem∂mb Xncpan‰t°m´p t£{XØnse Npa¿

®n{Xßƒ BZcWob {]Xn`bmbncp∂ {io.

A®pX≥ \mbcpsS Hm¿Ωbv°p≈ almkvamcI

amIp∂p. hcn°pamt©cn a\ hI sNdpIm´p]pew

t£{Xw, [¿tΩmØp ]Wnbv°¿ hI ASbv°m

]pØq¿ tiJc]pcw [\z¥cot£{Xw, IÆ{º

\mbcpsS IpSpw_t£{Xw, XncpthK∏pd almtZh

t£{Xw, h≈ph\mSns‚ ]ctZhXmÿm\amb

Xncpam‘mwIp∂p t£{Xw, Xr°Socn aq∂paq¿Øn

t£{Xw XpSßn ]e t£{Xßfnepw ]q¿Æamtbm

`mKnIamtbm Npa¿®n{Xßƒ C∂pap≠v.

Gdmƒ∏mSns‚ Bÿm\ambncp∂ Icnºpg

{iocmakzmaot£{Xw, Icnºpg tImt´°mhv,

Ip©≥ \ºymcpsS P∑Krlkao]sØ In≈n

°pdp»nawKew almtZht£{Xw XpSßn ]ebn

SØpw Npa¿®n{Xßƒ kao]ImeØmbn Dc®p

If™p sh≈]qinbn´p≠v (h≈ph\mSns‚

IemNcn{Xw: 2012). IpXnch´Øp kzcq]w hI

]pem∏‰bnse IpSpw_ØdhmSv s]mfn®t∏mƒ

AhnsSbp≠mbncp∂ Npa¿®n{Xßƒ C√mXm

bn´p≠v. Ahtijn°p∂ Npa¿®n{Xßfn¬\n∂pw

Hcp KthjI\pth≠ ]e AdnhpIfpw ]T\coXn

Ifpw C∂pw Ahtijn°p∂XpsIm≠pw cN\m

sshZKv≤yw hnfnt®mXp∂hbmWv Ahsb∂Xp

sIm≠pw tiJc]pcw t£{XØntebpw sNdpIm´p

]petØbpw Npa¿®n{Xßsf°pdn®v ChnsS

{]Xn]mZn°mw.

tiJc]pcw [\z¥cnt£{Xw: Cu t£{Xw

]me°mSpPn√bnse H‰∏mew Xmeq°n¬

sNdp∏p≈t»cn(10.87° N, 76.30° E)°SpØp

ASbv°m]pØq¿ tZiØmWv ÿnXnsNøp∂Xv.

kmaqXncn s\Spß\mSp IogS°p∂Xv F.Un. 13˛mw

\q‰m≠n\SpØmsW∂p s]mXpsh IcpXs∏Sp∂p

(s\Spß\mSv Ncn{Xw: 2012). s\SptßXncnsb

IogS°nb kmaqXncn Icnºpgbn¬ Ibvt]SØp

\mbcpsS hn{Klwsh®v {iocmakzmant£{Xw

(]p\¿?)\n¿Ωnbv°pIbpw AXn\SpØmbn

Gdmƒ∏mSns‚ ]pXnb tImhneIÿm\w

(Gdmºnen tImhneIw) \n¿Ωnbv°pIbpw

(sImńs®gp∂≈Øv: 1909), tImgnt°mSp\n∂p

[¿tΩmØp]Wnbv°sc sIm≠ph∂p XncpthK

∏pdbv°SpØp cmbnc\√qcn¬ IpSnbncpØpIbpw

sNbvXp. ChcpsS Hcp imJbmb ASbv°m]pØq¿

]pØ≥aTw hI t£{XamWnXv.

tiJc]pcw [\z¥cnt£{X Npa¿®n{X

ßfn¬ ̀ mKhXamWv {][m\ {]tabw. Dc¬hen®p

\oßp∂ DÆn°rjvW≥ XpSßn ]eXcw

IrjvWeoeIƒ, Imfnba¿±\w, A\¥ib\w,

tKm]nIamtcmsSmØp≈ eoeIƒ F∂n-ßs\

At\Iw Nn{Xßƒ NXpcmIrXnbnep≈ {iotImhn

ens‚ \mep]pdhpambn Nn{XoIcn®n´p≠v. sNdp

Im´p]pesØt∏mse I√n\papIfn¬ Dc®ptN¿Øv

]pXnb{]Xew\n¿Ωn®v AXn¬ hcbv°p∂ coXn,

km[mcWI≠phcp∂coXn, t]mseb√ ASbv°m

]pØqcnteXv. Ah {]XneØn¬ t\sc hc®Xm

Ip∂p. Aimkv{XobambXn\m¬ Ah IqSpX¬

thKØn¬ aßnt∏mhp∂ps≠∂p tXm∂p∂p.

Cu Nn{Xßƒ ap≥t] hc®Xn\p apIfn¬

]pXnbIemImc≥ hc®p tN¿ØXmbncn°mw.

ImcWw c≠p Xcw AScpIƒ (layers) ImWp∂p≠v.

“hctSmw]‰ {Kmaw kp{_“Wyhm≤ymcv sIm√w

1080˛¬ XsΩ Ffb]Wn°cpsS \n¿t±i{]Imcw

hc®p” F∂v tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. Hcp]s£

]pXp°nhc® XnøXnbmbncn°mw CXv.

a‰p Npa¿®n{Xßfn¬\n∂pw tiJc]pcw

t£{XNpa¿®n{Xßsf hyXykvXam°p∂

sX¥mWv? AXv Nne kmaqlyNcn{XNn”ßsf

Dƒt®¿Øncn°p∂p F∂XmIp∂p. sImSn]nSn®p

\n¬°p∂ Hcp hntZintbbpw, Sn∏phns‚

]Stbm´Øn¬ s\Spß\mńeqsS h∂Xns‚ Nn”

ambn Hcp cq]tØbpw AhnsS Nn{XoIcn®n´p≠v.

IqSmsX t\¿ZrjvSnbv°papIfnembn \mepNp‰pw

tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≈ `qXamebpsS Nn{XWw

hfsc {it≤bamIp∂p. ae\mńse ap∏Ønc≠p

Bcy{_m“W{Kmaßfn¬s∏´Xpw (BrahminSettlements in Kerala: 1978) s\Spß\mńse GI

{_m“W{Kmahpambncp∂ Cuim\awKeØns‚

Bÿm\amb a™fn¶¬Xfnbn¬ (Shedding thelight on Isanamangalam - The Hindu - June,19,2012) {it≤bamb At\Iw inev]amXrIIsf

°pdn®p ]T\w \S∂n´p≠v (krjvSnbpw

hnkrjvSnbpw: 2012). at\mlcamb AhnSsØ

`qXamemhensb Hm¿Ωn∏nbv°p∂XmWv tiJc

]pcsØ hnhn[`mhßfp≈ `qXamebpsS

Nn{XoIcWw.

tiJc]pcw t£{X Npa¿®n{Xßfn¬\n∂p

{]tNmZ\apƒs°m≠ {]ikvX Npa¿®n{XcNbn

Xmhpw _\mdkv k¿ΔIemimebnse s{]m^k

dpamb {io. kptcjv sI.\mb¿ Cu Nn{Xßsf∏‰n

C{]ImcsagpXn: “Fs‚ Ipń°meØv AΩtbm

sSmØv t£{XØn¬ t]mIptºmƒ tiJc]pcsØ

Npa¿®n{Xßƒ Rm≥ {i≤n®p ImWpIbp≠m

bn´p≠v. AXn¬\n∂p≈ {]tNmZ\w ]n∂oSv Fs‚

PohnXØnepS\ofw am¿§Zo]ambncp∂n´p≠v.”(\h\oXw: 2005).

sNdpIm´p]pew t£{Xw: hcn°pam©cn a\

hI sNdpIm´p]pew t£{Xw ]me°mSp Pn√bn¬

H‰∏meØn\SpØv sNdpIm´p]pew tZiØv

(10.7700° N, 76.3800° E) ÿnXnsNøp∂p.

{]mNo\s\Spß\mńse `cWm[nImcnbmbncp∂

s\SptßXncn∏mSn\pIognep≠mbncp∂ \mep

s]cpºS\mbIcn¬ {][m\nbmb Ihf∏md

\mbcpsS Bcy¶mhp XÍØnse the°v

‘sNdpIm´p]pew IpXnc’ C∂pw {][m\amIp∂p

(Ihf∏md˛Ncn{Xhpw ss]XrIhpw: 2012).


109............................................................................................... ..........

hmWnbwIpfw sslkvIqfnse {][m\m≤ym

]I\mbncp∂ {io. Ipep°√q¿ {]`mIc≥ amÃ¿

sNdpIm´p]pew t£{XØnse Npa¿®n{Xß

sf°pdn®v C{]ImcsagpXn: ‘H∂ns\m∂p

anI®p\nev°p∂ ktkymev∏∂ h¿Æßfnepw

{]IrXnZØ h¿ÆßfnepamWv Cu Nn{Xßƒ

cNn®n´p≈Xv. ImeØns‚ ]g°hpw (GXm≠v

F´p Zim_vZ°mesØ ]g°w ImWWw)

apJaWvU]w ]pXp°n∏WnXn´pXs∂ \mep\q‰m

≠msb∂v AXnse hs´gpØp inemenJnXw

kqNn∏n°p∂p. AXnt\°mƒ ]pcmX\Xzw Cu

Npa¿®n{Xßƒ°v GXmbmepw AhImis∏Smw.’(s\Spß\mSp Ncn{Xw: 2012).

sNdpIm´p]pesØ hrØmIrXnbnep≈

{iotImhnens‚ Npacn¬ BsI F´p êIßfn

embn tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≈ Nn{XßfpsS {Iaw

C{]ImcamIp∂p: 1. IncmXaq¿Øn 2. {ioIrjvW

\pw tKm]nIamcpw 3. KtP{μtam£w 4. ]´m`ntjIw

5. aq∂pNn{Xßfmbn almhnjvWp, A¿≤\mco

izc≥, IncmXaq¿Øn 6. XmWvUhw 7. aq∂p

Nn{Xßfmbn inh≥, A¿≤\mcoizc≥,

hnLvt\izc≥ 8. c≠p Nn{Xßfmbn inhi‡n,

iq¿∏I≥.

CSXp `mKØp\n∂v hetØm´v {]Z£nW

{IaØnep≈ BteJ\ {IaamWv apIfn¬

sImSpØn´p≈Xv. {]`mIc≥ amÃdpsS F´p

\q‰ms≠∂ IW°p AXnitbm‡n]csa¶nepw

GXm≠p \m\qdpsIm√wapºv A⁄mX\mb Hcp

alm{]Xn`bpsS ssIsIm≠p cNn°s∏ń´p

≈XmWv Chsb∂p \n wibw ]dbmw. tIcfob

Npa¿®n{XcN\mcoXnbpsS apgph≥ kt¶XnI

hißsf°pdn®pw Adnhp≈ hy‡n hc®XmWv

Cu Nn{Xßƒ.

kwc£WØns‚ BhiyIX: Hmtcm

IemImct‚bpw Nn{XWØn\p≈ IgnhpIfptSbpw

{]Xn`bptSbpw t\¿sØfnhpIfmWv Npa¿®n{X

ßƒ. AXpt]mse Ah NnecpsS sshZKv≤yan√m

bvabpw hnfnt®mXp∂p. F¶nepw Ah apgph\pw

]cnc£nbv°s∏tS≠Xp≠v. Nn{Xkwc£W

Øn¬ hnZKv≤\pw I¬°Øbnse hnIvtSmdnbm

satΩmdnben¬\n∂pw dn´b¿sNbvXv C∂v

Xr∏qWnØpd ln¬ ]mekn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂

sk‚¿ t^m¿ sldnt‰Pv ÃUokn¬ A≤ym]I\p

amb {io. aq¿ØntbSw \mcmbW≥ \ºqXncn

tiJc]pcw Npa¿®n{Xßƒ 2012˛¬ ]cntim[n

°pIbp≠mbn. IqSmsX 2013˛¬ Xr»qcnse

B¿°ntbmfPn°¬ k¿tΔ H^v C¥ybnse

sIanÃv ASbv°m]pØq¿ Npa¿®n{Xßƒ

]cntim[n®v Ah AXpt]mse ]cnc£nbv°m≥

as‰m∂pw sNtø≠Xns√∂pw a\pjy≥

sXmSp∂Xpw agsh≈w Cdßp∂Xpw ^wKkv

hcp∂Xpw a‰pw Hgnhm°nbm¬ aXnsb∂pw

\n¿t±in°pIbp≠mbn. sNdpIm´p]pew Nn{X

ßfpw A∂v At±lsØ ImWn®psImSp°pIbpw

AXpw henb ]cn°p≈Xs√∂pw ]p\¿®n{XoIc

Wtam a‰p ]cnjvIcWtam \SØcpsX∂p

]dbpIbpw AS¿∂pt]mb Nne ̀ mKßƒ IqSpX¬

\jvSs∏´p t]mImsXbncn°m≥ th≠ imkv{Xob

\n¿t±ißƒ Xcm≥ XømdmsW∂p Adnbn°pI

bpap≠mbn.

tIcfØnen∂v GXm≠v ap∂qtdmfw ÿe

ßfn¬ Npa¿®n{Xßƒ Ahtijn°p∂ps≠

∂mWp IW°v (tIcfØnse Npa¿®n{Xßƒ:

Fw.Pn.iin`qj¨, Xncph\¥]pcw). apgph\pan

s√¶nepw NnesX¶nepw kwc£n°m≥ Kpcphm

bq¿ ayqd¬ C≥Ãn‰yq v́ XømdmhWw. AhnsS \msf

]Tnbv°m≥ hcp∂ IpńIƒ°v aΩnbq¿

IrjvW≥Ipń\mbsc∂ Hcp Kpcp\mYs‚ Iogn¬

]Tnbv°m≥ Ahkcw C\nbns√¶nepw AXns‚

C∂sØ kmcYnbpw injy{]apJ\pamb IrjvW

Ipamdn\pw \fn≥_m_phn\pw kwLØn\pw C\n

AXymhiyambn sNøm\p≈ I¿Øhyw CXm

sW∂p Rm≥ IcpXp∂p. hntZinIƒ Is≠Øn

t{]m’mln∏n®n√mbncps∂¶n¬ Bd∑pfbn¬

Hcp KpcpIpew D≠mIn√mbncps∂∂p ]d™p

hcp∂Xpt]mse; aΩnbqcns\ D]tbmKn®v Kpcp

hmbq¿tZhkzw Hcp ayqd¬ C≥Ãn‰yq v́ D≠m°nbn

√mbncp∂psh¶n¬ tIcfØnse Npa¿®n{XIe

bpsS ]cymbamb BZykwLØnse Fs‚ {]nb

]Øp kplrØp°fpw D≠mhn√mbncp∂p F∂p

\n wibw ]dbmw.

C\n Ahtijn°p∂ Npa¿®n{X ÿm\

ßsf¶nepw ]pXp°nhc°mtXbpw Dc®pIfbm

tXbpw sh≈]qimtXbpw kwc£nt°≠Xp≠v.

AXn\pth≠ kmt¶XnI ⁄m\ap≈hsc

(spcialists in technical restoration) Is≠Øn

D]tbmKn°m≥ XømdmhpI F∂Xp IqSnbmWv

`cWIqSßfptSbpw Nn{XImc∑mcptSbpw klr

Zbsc∂hImis∏Sp∂ \ΩptSbpw I¿Øhyw.

As√¶n¬ \mfsØ Xeapd F¥pt\m°nbmWv

Cu tIcfob almss]XrIØns‚ KXIme Ncn{X

hpw {]mtZinINn{XcNbnXm°fpsS tcJmkhn

tijXIfpw a\ nem°pI?

Ahew_w:

1. Stella Kramrisch, The Art of India Through the Ages, 3rded. (London: Phaidon Press, 1965)

2. Albrecht Frenz and K.K. Marar - Wall Paintings in NorthernKerala, 1000 years of temple art -

20043. Kesavan Veluthat - Brahmin Settlements in Kerala - Calicut -

1978

4. h≈ph\mSp Ncn{Xw ˛ {]mNo\Imew apX¬

F.Un. 1792 hsc ̨ Fkv. cmtPμp ̨ s]cn¥¬

aÆ ˛ 2012

5. h≈ph\mSns‚ IemNcn{Xw ˛ Ipdpam∏≈n

{io[c≥ \ºqXncnbptSbpw tIih≥ \ºq

XncnbptSbpw teJ\ßƒ ̨ sNdp∏p≈t»cn˛

2011

6. \h\oXw ˛ ASbv°m]pØq¿ tiJc]pcw

t£{XkvacWnI ˛ 2005

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Fkv. cmtPμp : ]me°mSv Pn√bnse ASbv°m]pØqcn¬ P\n®p. h≈ph\mSv Ncn{Xw

(2012), s\Spß\mSv Ncn{Xw (2012), h≈ph\mSns‚ IemNcn{Xw (FUn‰¿), amcmbawKew

tZiamXrI, krjvSnbpw hnkrjvSnbpw, AbncmWn°pfw {KŸhcn, Ihf∏md

kzcq]]T\w, hS°pw\mY≥ tZhkzw {KŸhcn XpSßnbhbpw Nne]T\ßfpw

{]kn≤oIcn®n´p≠v.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

D{Xw \mfn¬ ]ngn™p ]mbkw \nthZywF√m ae-bmf amkhpw D{Xw \mfn¬

`K-hm≥ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn\v

hnti-jm¬ ]ngn™p ]mbkw \nth-Zyw.hgn-]mSv \S-Øp-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ ̀ ‡ P\-ßƒ

ta¬im-¥nsb kao]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.


111............................................................................................... ..........

apg-∏n-e-ßmSv Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒtUm. F. Sn. taml≥ cmPv

DØctIc-f-Øn¬ {]kn-≤-amb Imhp-I-fn¬

H∂mWv apg-∏n-e-ßmSv Nodp-º-°mhv ({io-Ip-dp-º-°m-

hv). ]gb tIme-Øp-\m-Sns‚ sXt° AXn¿Øn-

bn¬ Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ \n∂v Ggp Intem-ao-‰¿ hS°p

amdnbpw IÆq-cn¬ \n∂v 14 Intem-ao-‰¿ sX°p-am-

dnbpw tZio-b-]mX 17-˛s‚ Ccp-h-i-Øp-ambn apgp-

∏n-e-ßmSv {Kmaw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. A©-c-°-≠n-

∏p-g-bpsS Hcp ssIh-gn-bmb taeq¿∏p-gbv°pw Ad-

_n-°-S-en\pw CS-bn¬ GI-tZiw 2 In.-an. hoXn-bn-

emWv AXv hym]n®p InS-°p-∂-Xv. ^pUv tIm¿∏-

td-j≥ tKmUu-Wns‚ ]nd-In¬ Bbn-´mWv

Ct∏mƒ Imhv \n¬°p-∂-Xv. Cu {]tZ-i-Øns‚

kmwkvIm-cnI tI{μ-am-bn-cp∂p Nodp-º-°m-hv.

t£{X-ßfpw Imhp-Ifpw

c≠p-Xcw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬

\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Xm{¥n-I-hn-[n-b-\p-k-cn®v A\p-jvTm-

\-ßfpw I¿Ω-ß-fp-amWv t£{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-

Xv. {]Ir-Xym-cm-[-\-bpsS hnhn[ L´-ßƒ {]Xn-\n-

[m\w sNøp∂ NS-ßp-I-fmWv Imhp-I-fn¬ \ne-\n-

∂n-cp-∂-Xv. t£{X-ß-fpsS Npa-cp-I-fn-emWv Npa¿Nn-

{X-ßƒ A[n-Ihpw I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. A]q¿Δ-amb

sIm´m-c-ß-fnepw {]`p-`-h-\-ß-fnepw Nn{X-ßƒ hc-

bv°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Imhp-I-fn¬ A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw

tIme-ß-fpsS sIń-bm-S-ep-I-fpamWv km[m-c-W-

bmbn \S-Øm-dp-≈-Xv. Ah-cpsS Nn{X, in¬∏, {]Xn-

am\n¿ΩmW sshZKv[yw Ah-bn-emWv {]I-S-am-Ip-

∂-Xv. ÿnc-amb sIń-S-ßƒ an°-hmdpw Imhp-Iƒ°v

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

apg∏ne-ßmSv Nodp-º-°m-hns‚ I√p-sIm≠p

]WnX ]≈y-d-Iƒ°p aq∂p \q‰m-≠n-e-[nIw ]g-

°-ap-s≠∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. as‰-hn-sSbpw Imhp-I-fn¬

Npa¿®n-{X-ßƒ ]Xn-hn-√. A™q-tdmfw Imhp-I-

fn¬ kq£va-\n-co-£Ww \S-Ønb {io. sI. sI.

hmcy¿ Cu Imcyw FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse

Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-sf-∏‰n B[n-Im-cnI ]T\w \S-Ønb

{io. sI. bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ ({]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Kpcp-

hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI-{μw) tIc-f-

Ønse Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Npa¿Nn{X Iem-ssi-en-I-

fn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb amXr-I-bmWv

Nodp-º-°m-hnse Nn{X-ß-sf∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse Npa¿®n-{X-ßƒ

sXt° C¥ybn¬ Xncp-\-μn-°c (\m-K¿tIm-

hn¬ Pn√) apX¬ hS°v AP¥hsc hym]-I-ambn

Nn{X-km-∂n-≤y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B\-μ-Ip-am-c-kzm-an,

tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, kn. inh-cm-a-aq¿Øn,

sÃ√m {Imwdn-jv, B¿. hn. s]mXp-hmƒ, Nn{X XpS-

ßnb Iem-a¿Ω-⁄¿ Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw kq£va-

ambn ]Tn-®n-́ p-≠v. Bcm-[-\-bv°mbn Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf

as‰mcp temI-ambn am‰p-hm-\mWv t£{X-Øn¬ Nn{X-

ÿew D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-́ -Xv. AX-Xp-Im-eØv e`y-amb

Nmb-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Nn{X-ßƒ hc-®-Xv. Nn¥sb

kzm[o-\n® Bi-b-ßfpw hnizm-k-ß-fp-amWv Nn{X-

ßsf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. kmwkvIm-cnI Nn”-ßfpw

ka-Im-en-I-amb cq]-t_m-[hpwsIm≠v Ah¿ adp-

temIw krjvSn-®p. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ ssien-t -̀Z-

ßƒ Ah-bn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-bn. amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-

°p∂ hyh-ÿ-Ifpw hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ßfpw Nn{X-

ß-fn¬ AwK\w sNø-s∏-́ p. P\-ßƒ HØptN-cp∂

CS-ß-fn-em-b-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS kz]v\-ßfpw

km£m-XvI-cn-°-s∏-́ p.

tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ hnJym-

X-amb Nn{X-ßƒ an°-hmdpw {In.-]n. ]Xn-\©mw

\q‰m-≠n-\p-tijw D≠m-b-Xm-Wv. a´m-t©cn sIm´m-

cw, G‰p-am-\q¿ inh-t£{Xw, sXmSo-°pfw inh-

t£{Xw XpS-ßnb F{Xtbm ÿe-ß-fnse Nn{X-

ßƒ C∂pw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ Nne-

sXms° ]cn-N-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-ap-≠v. Ah-ti-jn-°p∂

Nn{X-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ tIc-f-Ønse Nn{X-ß-

fpsS s]mXp-ssien a\- n-em-Ipw.

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ ̀ mh-\m-temIw

]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fpsS Ah-ew-_tam

XpS¿®tbm BWv t£{Xm-¥-co-£-Ønse F√m

Ie-I-fpw. t£{X-®p-a-cnse Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Chsb

h¿Æm-fl-I-ambn Zriy-h¬°-cn-°p-∂p. {]Z-£n-W-

h-gn-I-fnse Cu Zriy-h¿Æ\ aq∂v temI-Øn-eq-

sSbpw k©-cn®v {i≤sb {iotIm-hn¬ hn{K-l-

Ønse aq¿Øn-bn-te°v GIm-{K-am-°p-∂p.

CXn-lm-k-ßfpw ]pcm-W-ßfpw BJym\w

sNbvXp XpS-ßn-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬

kmln-Xy-ap-≠m-b-Xv F∂v hyh-ÿm-]n-X-km-lnXy

Ncn-{X-ßƒ Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p. cmam-b-Ww, alm-

`m-c-Xw, ̀ mK-h-Xw XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-fnse Nne {]ta-


113............................................................................................... ..........

b-ß-fmWv ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬

BJym\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmam-b-WsØ B{i-

bn®v cNn-°-s∏´ IrXn-I-fn¬ bp≤-Øn-\mWv Gsd

{]m[m-\yw. `mc-XØnse cmPm-°-∑msc Iog-S-°p-

hm-\p≈ Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv

cma IrjvW tZho-am-lm-fly-sams° {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-ßƒ tIc-fob k¿§-̀ m-h-\-bpsS

`mK-ambn amdn-b-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fmWv cma-N-cn-Xw,

IrjvW-Km-Y, A≤ym-fl-cm-am-bWw XpS-ßnb IrXn-

Iƒ. Imhy-ß-fn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-amb {]tabw Xs∂-

bmWv an°-hmdpw Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fnepw Bhn-jvIr-

X-am-bn-́ p-≈-Xv. {]mtZ-in-I-amb Nne CXn-hr-Ø-ßƒ

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn´ps≠-¶nepw apJy-ambpw CXn-lm-

k-]p-cm-W-ß-fnse {]ta-b-ß-fpsS Zriym-hn-jvIm-

c-amWv Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬. `‡n-{]-ÿm\ØneqsS

F√m-hcpw AP-ø-cmb Bcy-ssZ-h-ß-fpsS hoc-iq-

c-]-cm-{I-a-W-ßƒ Ah-cpw ]mSn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. CtX

`mh-\-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-amWv sIm≠m-S-s∏´

Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fnepw D≈-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-

Im-hy-amb cma-N-cn-X-Øn\v Ggv \q‰m≠p ImesØ

]g-°ta D≈q.

Cu L´-Øn¬ Xs∂-bm-hWw \ΩpsS

Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fpw Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xv. {In. ]n. HºXmw

\q‰m-≠n¬ hc-®-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp∂ Xncp-\-μn-

°c Nn{X-ßƒ°v ]n¬°me tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-

ß-tfm-S√ AP-¥m-]m-c-º-cy-Ønse _p≤-I-e-bp-am-

bn-´mWv Gsd kmZr-iyw.

AP¥ apX¬ Xr»q¿ hsc-bp≈ {][m-\-s∏´

Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ kq£va-ambn \nco-

£n® inh-cm-a-aq¿Øn _lp h¿Æ-ßƒ D]-tbm-

Kn-°msX hc® Hscm‰ amXr-I-t]mepw I≠n-´p-≈-

Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√. G‰p-am-\q¿ inh-t£-

{X-Ønse Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-sf am{Xsa {ZmhnU amXr-

I-bn-ep≈ Nn{X-ß-fmbn B\-μ-Ip-am-c-kzman ]cn-

K-Wn-®n-´p-≈q. sÃ√m {Imwdn-jv, Nn{X, s]mXp-hmƒ

XpS-ßn-b-h¿ \S-Ønb ]T-\-ß-fnepw _lp-h¿Æ-

ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mØ Nn{X-ßƒ I≠-Xmbn tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√. Cu ÿnXn°v apg∏n-e-ßmSv Nodp-

º-°m-hnse Nn{X-ßƒ {]tXyIw ]T\m¿l-am-Wv.

Cu Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-bXv as‰mcp Bi-

b-tem-I-am-Wv. AXv `‡n-bpsS Ah¿Æ `mj-bn-

emWv cq]wsIm≠-Xv.

\nd-s∏m-ena Hgnhm-°nb Nn{X-ßƒ

apg-∏n-e-ßmSv Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ H‰ \ndw D]-tbm-

Kn®v hc® tcJm-Nn-{X-ß-fm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse apJy-

[mcm Npa¿ Nn{X-ßƒ Nph-∏v, ]®, a™, sh≈,

\oe, Idp∏v F∂o h¿Æ-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv hc-

®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{Xw hc-°m-\p≈ Npa-cp-Iƒ {]tXyI

coXn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®v {]Xew an\p-k-am-°n-sb-Sp-°p-

Ibpw sNøpw. Nodp-º-°m-hnse Npa-cp-Iƒ AØ-c-

Øn¬ kwkvI-cn-®n-́ n-√. NpÆmºp tX® Npa-cn¬ ]®-

I-e¿∂ Idp-∏p-\ndw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-

Xv. Nne cq]-ßƒ Idp∏p h¿Æ-ßƒsIm≠v \nd-bv°p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-́ p-≠v. Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬ Idp-∏p-sIm≠v

]›m-Ø-ehpw krjvSn-®n-́ p-≠v.

tcJ-Iƒ sIm≠p-am{Xw Dt±-ihpw `mhhpw

hn\n-abw sNøpI {]bm-k-am-Wv. h¿Æ-ßƒ Nn{X-

ßsf IqSp-X¬ `mh\m hn\n-a-b-£-a-am-°pw. h¿Æ-

ßƒ°v a\- ns\ sshIm-cn-I-ambn kv]¿in-°p-

hm\pw Ign-bpw. C{μn-b-th-Zy-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v A\p-̀ -

h-]-c-X-bp-≠m-Ipw. hr£-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ°pw a\p-jy-i-

co-c-Øn-\p-sams° h¿Æw sImSp-°p-tºmƒ Ah

tNtXm-l-c-amIpw. apg-∏n-e-ßmSv Nn{X-ßƒ Ah¿Æ-

am-bXv h¿Æ-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kmap-Zm-bnI

hne°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Imw. GXm-bmepw

tcJ-Iƒ sIm≠p-am{Xw `mh-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw

hn\n-abw sNøm≥ Nn{X-Im-c\v Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

H‰®n{X-ßƒ HcnXn-lmkw

Zp¿§-bpsS hnhn[ ̀ mK-ßƒ cmam-b-Ww, ̀ mK-

hXw XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-fnse {]ta-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-

bm-Wv tIc-f-Ønse t£{X-®p-a-cp-I-fn¬ km[m-cW

ImWm-dp-≈-h-bm-Wv. h\-hm-k-Im-esØ {iocm-a≥,

KtP{μtam-£w, ]mem-gn-a-Y-\w, tKm]n-Im-h-kv{Xm-

]-l-cWw XpS-ßnb Nn{X-ßƒ tIc-f-Ønse

Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ ]e-co-Xn-bn¬ hc-b-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

Nne t£{X-ß-fn¬ Ch-sbms° ac-Ønepw

sImØn-h-®Xv ImWmw. H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ Zriy-

ßƒsIm≠v BJym\w \n¿Δ-ln-®-Xn\pw DZm-l-c-

W-ß-fp-≠v. Nodp-º-°m-hnse tcJm-Nn-{X-ß-ƒ

H‰sbm‰ Zriy-ßƒsIm≠v Imcyw km[n-°p-∂p.

h\-hm-k-°m-eØv Aºns‚ aq¿®-t\m-°p∂

cmas‚ Nn{X-Øn-eqsS cmam-b-WsØ {]ta-b-am-°p-

Ibpw Ah-Xm-csØ {]ta-b-am-°p-Ibpw am{X-a√

Ah-Xm-c -Øns‚ ZuXyhpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

ap≥]n¬ cmas‚ Imep-X-S-hp∂ koXbpw AXn-\p-

a-∏pdw Ip\n™v sXmgp∂ l\p-am\pw `‡nbpw

kvt\lhpw iucyhpw ss[cyhpw F√mw IqSp-X¬

BJym-\-ßƒ C√msX cmam-b-W-Øns‚ ka-{K-

amb {]tabw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p. bp≤w Bk-∂-am-bn-

cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw bp≤-Øn\v k÷-am-bn-cn-°Ww

F∂pw B Nn{Xw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu Nn{X-Ønse

a\p-jy-cq-]-ßƒ a‰p Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. km[m-cW Npa¿ Nn{X-

ß-fn¬ [ym\-t«m-I-ß-fnse h¿Æ-\-Isf ASn-ÿm-

\-am-°n-bmWv cq]-ßƒ hc-°p-∂-Xv. A\p-]m-X-Øn\v

IrXy-amb {]am-W-ßƒ ̨ Xme-{]-am-W-ßƒ ̨ A\p-

k-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. tZh-X-Iƒ°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw

]pcp-j\pw hyXy-kvX-amb A\p-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv.

kz`mh {]Ir-Xn-°-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p h¿Æ kzoI-

c-Ww. h¿Æ-ßƒsIm≠v ico-c-Øns‚ hym]vXw

ZrV-am-°p-Ibpw sNøpw Ccn-°p∂ hSn-hn-emWv

A[nIw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw hc-bm-dp-≈-Xv. apJw,

intcm--e-¶m-c-ßƒ, s\©v, amdn-Sw, ssIIƒ Ch-

bvs°m-s°-bmWv hc-bn¬ {]m[m\yw sImSp-°m-dp-

≈-Xv. an°-hmdpw Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Imep-Iƒ°v hen-b-

{]m-[m\yw sImSp-Øp-Im-Wp-∂n-√.

If-Ønepw Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fnepw cq]-ßƒ

Nn{X-h-Sn-hn-emWv hc-bv°p-∂-Xv. cq]-ßƒ°v hne-

ß-s\-bp≈ hym]\w In´p-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠mWv.

Nn{X-ßƒ°v hi-ß-fn-te°v hym]vXn-bp-≈-Xp-

sIm≠v {]Z-£nW hgn-bnse ImgvN-bpsS A\p-{I-

a-hn-Im-k-ambn BJym\w ]ptcm-K-an-°pw. ct≠m

aqt∂m hnXm-\-ß-fn¬ kam-¥-c-am-bn-Øs∂

CØcw hymJym\ßƒ ImWmw.

BJym-\-Ønse hyXy-kvXX

tZho-tZ-h-∑msc Bbp-[-[m-cn-I-fm-bn-´mWv

an°-hmdpw hc-bv°p-∂-Xv. Ah ssieo-h-XvIr-X-hp-

am-bn-cn-°pw. {_m“-Wsc Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ A\p-

jvTm\ {Inb-I-fpsS Nn”-ßfpw ap{Z-Ifpw IqSn hc-

bv°p-∂p. apJw ̀ mh-{]-[m-\-ambn hc-bp∂Xn¬ tIc-

fob Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ Gsd anI-hp-Im-Wn-®n-´p-≠v.

ckw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p∂ Imcy-Ønepw Ah Gsd

hnP-bn-®n-´p -≠v. bp≤-Zr-iy-ßƒ°v {]m[m-\y-

ap≈XpsIm≠v t{Im[w Pzen-°p∂ IÆp-I-fp≈

IYm-]m-{X-ßsf Nne-Nn-{X-ß-fnepw ImWmw. kv{Xo

IYm-]m-{X-ßsf Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ ico-c-Øn\v

Gsd {]m[m\yw \¬Im-dp-≠v. hoXn-Ip-d™ ape-

°-®-I-fn¬ Xnßn-\n-d-™n-cn-°p∂ kvX\-ßƒ an°

Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn-tebpw {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

Nodp-º-°mhnse Nn{X-ß-ƒ H∂pw Cu coXn-

bn-e-√. ]≈y-d-I-fpsS ap≥`mKØv Ccp-h-i-Øp-ap≈

Nn{X-ßƒ Imfn-bpsS ]pcm-hr-Ø-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-

´-Xm-Wv. a‰p hi-ß-fnse Nn{X-ßƒ°v ]c-kv]cw

_‘-an-√. ]≈y-d-bpsS sX°p-̀ mKw BZy-]m-fnbn¬

`‡n-kw-_-‘-amb Hcp Zriy-hp-an-√. ImSv, Im´p-Po-

hn-I-fp-am-bp≈ G‰p-ap-´¬, ]c-tZ-io-b-cpsS km∂n-

≤yw, IpXn-c-∏p-d-Øp≈ tbm≤m-°ƒ, Imhn-te°v

Ie-hp-ambn hcp∂ \m´p-Im¿ C{Xbpw Zriy-ß-fmWv

{][m-\-ambpw D≈-Xv. Ch kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw {]tZ-

i-Øn-s‚bpw Ncn-{X-Øns‚ kqN\ \¬Ip-∂p.

sXm´-SpØ -]m-fnbn¬ apI-fn¬ cma≥ Aºns‚

aq¿® t\m°p∂ cmam-b-W-Zr-iy-am-sW-¶n¬ sXm´p-

Xmsg KtP-{μ-tam-£-am-Wv. AXn\p Xmsg Imhnse

Xme-s∏m-en-a-bpsS Zriy-ßƒ.

Cßs\ {]tXy-I-amb {Ia-an-√m-sX-bmWv

IYm-k-μ¿`-ßƒ hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hS-°p-h-isØ

Npa-cn¬\n∂v aq∂v -]m-fnI-fnepw aln-jm-kp-c-h-[-

Øns‚ BJym-\-am-Wv. Ahn-sSbpw {]tXy-I-amb

{Ia-an-√m-sX-bmWv IYm-k-μ¿`-ßƒ hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-

Xv. AhnsS H‰sbm‰ Zriy-ßƒsIm≠v BJym-\m-

fl-IX hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

icocw BtLm-j-Øn-\√

a\p -jy-cq -] -ßƒ°v hi-ß-fn -te-°p≈

hym]vXn Nodp-º-°m-hv Nn{X-ß-fn¬ ImWp-I-bn-√.

IpØ-s\-bmWv Ah-bpsS hym]-\w. \n¬°p∂

IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv A[n-I-hpw. ]mem-gn-a-Y\w \S-

Øp∂ tZhm-kp-c-∑m-cpsS Imep-Iƒ hc-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv

hfsc {i≤-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv. _e-tØm-Sp-IqSn

B™p-h-en-°p-tºmƒ Imep-Iƒ°v D≠m-Ip∂

hSnhv IrXy-ambpw Nn{X-Øn¬ h∂n-́ p-≠v. Cu Nn{X-

ß-fn¬ tIh-e-amb h¿Æ-\-bv°mbn icocw

HcnSØpw hc-®n-ń-√. Hcp {]hr-Øn-sbtbm Bi-

b-sØtbm hn\n-abw sNøm-\p≈ D]m-[n- am-{X-am-

bn-́ mWv ico-csØ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kv{XoI-

fpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn¬ CXv Gsd {]k-‡-am-Wv.

km{º-Zm-bnI Npa¿Nn-{X-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-t]mse kvX\-

ßƒ°v khn-tij {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øn-́ n-√. Ah

hfsc kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Xmtg°p Rm∂p-In-S-°p-∂p.

]pen-tbmSv G‰p-ap-´p-∂-hcpsS BwK-y-ß-fnepw

Aºns‚ aq¿® t\m°p∂ cmas‚ hSn-hp-I-fn-epw,

]mem-gn-a-Y-\-Ønse tZhm-kp-c-∑m-cnepw ImWn-I-

fmb kv{XoI-fnepw imco-cnIm-≤zm\-Øns‚ hSn-hp-

I-fpw BwKy-ßfpw ImWmw. cma\v a\p-jys‚

cq]hpw A\p-]m-X-hp-amWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

[ym\-t«m-I-ß-fnse hnh-cW-ßsf ]n¥p-S¿∂n-ń-

√. Xme-{]-am-W-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-an-√. km[m-cW

a\p-jy-cpsS Zriy-t_m-[-Øns‚ bYm¿∞-amb

Bhn-jv°m-c-am-W-Xv. [ym\-t«m-I-ß-sfbpw Afhv

\nb-a-ß-sfbpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw ]n¥p-S-cp∂ Npa¿Nn-

{X-ß-fnse ssieo-]-c-amb \nb-{¥Ww Cu Nn{X-


115............................................................................................... ..........

ßsf _m[n-®n-́ n-√. cq]-ßƒ Xß-fn¬ Xs∂ A`n-

c-an-°p-∂n-√.

apJ-Øns‚ BIr-Xn, IÆp-Iƒ, aq°v, Np≠p-

Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw Cu ]≈y-d-bnse

Nn{X-ßƒ H‰s∏´ amXr-I-bmbn \n¬°p-∂p. cma-

s‚bpw apJw kao-]-ÿ-e-ß-fmb sXmSo-°-fw, at{I-

cn, XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnse Nn{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

hyXy-kvX-ambn {]tXyI coXn-bn¬ AWvUm-Ir-Xn-

bn-em-Wv. apJ-Øns‚ ap°m¬ `mKw ImgvN-In-́ p∂

coXn-bn-emWv hc. IÆp-Iƒ hnjvWp [¿tΩm-

Øcwt]mep≈ e£W {KŸ-ß-fnse \n¿Δ-N-\-

Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ at’ym-Z-cm-Ir-Xn-bp-ambn kmay-ap-

s≠-¶nepw B ssien-tbbpw h{Io-I-cn-®n-́ p-≠v. Cu

cq]-ß-fnse Nn{X-i-e-̀ m-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ Np≠p-Ifpw

\¶q-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ aq°p-Ifpw Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬

km[m-c-W-a-√. km{º-Zm-bnI Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-tbmSv

hntbm-Pn-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿Δ-amb {iaw Chn-sS-

sbms° hfsc {]I-S-am-Wv. KtP-{μ-tam£w IYsb

GI-tZiw HcSn-hym-k-ap≈ hrØ-Øn¬ HXp°n

\n¿Ønb Nn{X-Im-cs‚ Ic-hn-cpXv Hcp A\p-I¿Øm-

hn-s‚-X-√. Kcp-Us‚ Nnd-Ip-Iƒ sIm≠v Xs∂

hrØ-sam-cp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hnjvWp-hns‚ hSn-hns\

AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

s]mbvI-bpsS kqN-\-bv°mbn apX-esb IqSmsX

a’y-sØ-bpw, Iq¿Ω-sØ-bp-sams° Xosc sNdnb

CS-Øn¬ HXp°n \n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Nn{Xw

hfsc Ne-\m-fl-I-am-Wv. ]mem-gn-a-Y\w Nn{Xo-I-c-W-

Ønse as‰mcp khn-ti-jX aŸ-c-]¿Δ-XsØ H‰

sXßp-sIm≠v {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p F∂-

Xm-Wv. DØc tIc-f-Ønse t£{X-ß-fn¬ km[m-c-

W-bmbn ImWp∂ ]mem-gn-a-Y-\-Øns‚ sImØp-]-

Wn-I-tf-°mƒ hyXym-k-ap-≈-XmWv Cu Nn{Xw.

Iogm-fs‚ Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie

Hcp P\-X-bpsS Iebpw kwkv°m-chpw

Ah¿Xs∂ krjvSn-°p-∂-XmWv. AXv bmZr-›nI

kw -̀h-a-√. D¬]m-Z-\-_-‘-ßfpw sXmgn¬co-Xn-Ifpw

A≤zm-\-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw Bi-b-tem-Ihpw

F√mw IqSn-t®¿∂-XmWv A≤zm-\n-°p-∂-hs‚

Iebv°v hyXym-k-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Ne-

\ -ßfpw \S -\ -ßfpw BwKy -ßfpw \nb-a -

ßƒsIm≠v \n¿Δ-Nn-X-am-Ipw.

Pohn-X-coXn amdm-Øn-S-tØmfw Ah-bpw am‰-

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

tUm. F. Sn. taml≥ cmPv: Iem-\n-cq-]-I≥, \nc-h[n {]_-‘-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Øn\v hnt[-b-am-ImsX \n¬°pw. amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-

°p∂ Pohn-XsØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS

Ie-I-fn¬ sshhn-≤yhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw Pohn-X-_-

‘hpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw D≠m-Ipw. D¬]m-Z-\-_-‘-

ß-fpsS \nb-a-ßsf ]n¥p-S¿∂p-h-cp∂ Bi-b-ß-

fmepw ASn-t®¬∏n-°p∂ Bi-b-ß-fmepw kz¥w

Pohn-X-Øns‚ A≤zm-\-Øns‚ hg-°-ß-fn-eqsS

am{Xta Ah¿ Ie-I-fn¬ Ahsb Bhn-jv°-cn-°q.

hfsc kº-∂-amb Iem-temI ]mc-ºcyw

\ne-\n∂ {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p DØ-c-tI-c-fw. A\p-

jvTm-\-I-e-I-fnepw Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp-°-fnepw D]-

I-c-W-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw AXv {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. sXø-

t°m-e-ß-fpsS saønepw apJØpw aÆnse If-ß-

fnepw ac-Ønepw F√mw B `mh-\-bpsS sshhn-

≤y-]q¿Æ-amb Bhn-jv°-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn. ]s£

Npa-cn¬ Nn{Xw hc-bv°p-hm≥ Ah¿°v Ah-kcw

e`n-®n-√. Npa-cp-s≠-¶n-et√ hc-bv°m≥ ]‰q?

Bcym-i-b-ßƒ ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-tºmƒ Iogm-

f-`mh\bpw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p. Cu cq]m-¥-c-ßƒ

taemf kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn\pw hnt[-

bambn. NneXv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-bn. NneXv {]tbmK

km[y-a-√m-Xm-bn. Cßs\ {]tbm-K-km-[y-a-√m-Ø-

Xns\ Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn Gs‰-SpØ Iogm-f-I-

em-Im-c-∑m-cmWv Nodp-º-°m-hnse Nn{X-ßƒ hc-

®Xv F∂v Ah-bnse Bi-b-tem-Ihpw cN-\m-co-

Xn-Ifpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX t\m°n

a\- n-em-°m≥ ]‰nb CS-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ah¿

Nn{X-ßƒ t\m°n-°-≠n-cn-°mw. _m°n-bp-≈Xv

Iogm-f-`m-h-\bv°v taemf kv]¿iw sIm≠p-≠mb

hyXym-k-am-Imw. Nodp-º-Imhv Nn{X-ßƒ kap-Zm-b-

Øns‚ t{iWnsb Ań-a-dn-°p∂ Iogm-f-I-em-t_m-

[-Øns‚ [n°mcw IqSn-bm-Wv. B A[n-Im-c-amWv

Nodp-º-°mhv Nn{X-ß-fpsS kuμ-cy-im-kv{XsØ

cq]-s∏-Sp -Øn -bn -cn -°p -∂-X v . Ah¿Æs‚

[n°mcwsIm≠v Ah¿Æamb apg∏n-e-ßmSv Nn{X-

ßƒ Ahn-Z-Kv[s‚ A\p-I-c-W-a-√; Iogmf XmXv]-

cy-ßƒ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ dmUn-°¬ ayqd-em-Wv.

Cu Nn{X-ßƒ°qSn Dƒs∏-Sp-ØmsX Z£n-tW-¥y-

bnse Npa¿Nn-{X-I-em-N-cn-{Xtam tIc-f-Ønse Iem-

N-cn-{Xtam ]q¿Æ-am-hp-I-bn-√.

\S-t

a¬

k¿Δ

okv k

l-I

-cW

_m¶

v¢

n]vX

w \

º¿ : 2

13, h

S-t°

-t°

m-́,

Xr∏

q-Wn-Ø

pd ˛

682

301

t^

m¨ : 0

484

˛ 27

7652

6

✥\

nt£

-]-ß

ƒ°

v B

I¿

j-I

-amb

]

eni

✥5

,00

,00

0 {]

Xn-a

mk

]

c-k

v]c

\

nt£

] ]

≤-X

n-I

ƒ

✥1

,00

,00

,00

c

q]

h

sc

1

0 h

¿j

I

me

m-h

[n h

mb

v]-I

ƒ

✥_

nk

n-\

v H

mh

¿{U

m^

v‰v 2

,00

,00

0/˛

c

q]

✥k

z¿

Æ-]

-Wb

h

mb

v]-I

ƒ N

pc

p-ß

nb

]

en-i

-bn¬

✥`

h-\

-\n¿

ΩmW

h

mb

v] ˛

h

ml

\ h

mb

v]

✥I

¨k

yq-a

¿ h

mb

v]

✥\

oX

n s

aU

n-°

¬k

v{]

kn-U

‚v

AU

z: F

kv. a

[p-k

q-Z\

≥

117............................................................................................... ..........

hc-th¬∏vsI. sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

`‡-P-\-ß-sf,

"hmkpIn ib-\w. AXy-¤pXw!'

krjvSn ÿnXn kwlmc Xntcm-`mh A\p-

{K-l-{]-Z-\mb {io]-c-ta-iz-≥ \mK-cm-Pm-hmb hmkp-

Insb Xev]-am°n KwKm-tZ-hn-bpsS aSn-bn¬

inc pw ]m¿Δ-Xn-tZ-hn-bpS aSn-bn¬ ]mZ-ßfpw

sh®p-sIm≠v kevX-E-jymZn kIe ap\n-P-\-ß-

tfmSpw b£-In-∂c K‘¿Δ-Nm-c-W-\n-≤-hn-Zym-[-

cmZn ka-kvX-{]-aY KW-ß-tfmSpw KWm-[n-]-\mb

{io alm-K-W-]XntbmSpw ]mZ-Øn-¶¬ {ioa-∂m-

cm-b-Wcpw {io {_vla-tZ-h\pw hWßn \n∂p-

sIm≠pw hncm-Pn-°p∂ hniz-tam-l-\-cq]w ImWp-

hm≥ hcnI! Xr∏m-h-≈q¿ F∂ Xr∏m-fq-cn-te°v.

]me-°mSv Xriq¿ tZiob ]mX-bn¬ Be-

Øq-cn\p kao]w Xr∏m-fq¿ In≠n-ap°v PwKvj-\n¬

\n∂pw GI-tZiw 1 In. ao. sX°v Ing°v ̀ mK-Ømbn

]pWy-\-Zn-bmb Kmb{Xn ]pg-bpsS XocØp≈ Xr∏m-

h-≈q¿ F∂ Xr∏m-fq¿ inh-t£-{X-Øn¬ h∂v

A]q¿Δ-amb _en-°¬]p-c-bpw, \a-kvIm-c-a-WvU-

]hpw IS∂v {io]-c-ta-iz-cs\ XmWp-h-Wßn \a-

kvI-cn®p sX°p-`m-K-Øp-IqsS h∂v I∂n-aq-e-bn¬

{io KW-]-Xn-tbbpw \an®v ]Sn-™msd hmXn¬

amS-Øn¬ FØp-tºmƒ \ap°v ImWmw Imin-\-

KcØns‚ t\¿Im-gvN. Ime-]-g-°w-aqew 90% \jvS-

s∏-´p-t]mb Nph¿Nn-{Xw. ]Sn-™msd \S-bpsS

hS°v ̀ mK-Øp≈ hmXn¬ amS-Ønse Nph-cn-emWv

ap≥]-d™ A¤p-X-I-c-amb ""hmkpIn ib\w''.

Nph¿Nn{X kmt¶-Xn-IX ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ah-Im-i-

s∏-Sm-\m-hn-s√-¶n-epw, hf-sc-b-[nIw ]g-°-ap-≈-

XmWv Cu Nn{X-ßƒ. sIm√ h¿jw 312-˛mw BWv

FS-h-amkw 29-˛mw XobXn Imh-t»cn {io hmkp-]-

´¿ F∂ hmkp-tZ-h-ø¿ Imin-bn¬ Z¿i\w Ign-®p-

h-∂-Xns‚ kvac-W°m-bn´p sNbvX hgn-]m-SmWv

Cu at\m-lc Iem-kr-jvSn. BbXv \ap°v Nn{X-

Øn-\-SpØv Xs∂ Bte-J\w sNø-s∏-´-Xmbn

ImWmw. AXn\v sXm -́SpØv B¿j ̀ mcX kwkvIm-

c-Øns‚ ̀ mK-amb tPmXn-im-kv{X-Øns‚ Hcp tcJm-

Nn{Xw ̀ wKn-bmbn Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu

c≠p Nn{X-ßƒ°pw sXm´p-ap-∂n-ep≈ {io alm-

hn-jvWp-hns‚ Aº-e-Øns‚ 2˛mw \ne Nph-cp-

Iƒ°p-Np‰pw Nne Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ IqsS-bp-≠v.

hfsc k¶-S-I-c-amb Imcyw Cu Nph¿ Nn{X-

ßƒ°v bmsXm-cp-hn[ kwc-£-Whpw Cs√-∂-Xm-

Wv. BkvXn-I-cm-bmepw \mkvXn-I-cm-bmepw F√m

Iem-kvt\-ln-I-fp-sSbpw IS-a-bmWv Cu Nn{X-ßƒ

kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-W-sa-∂Xv F∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

F√m-h-tcbpw {io Xr∏m-h-≈q-c-∏≥ A\p-{K-

ln-°p-am-dm-It´ F∂v {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm≠v Cu £W-

°Øv Npcp-°-s´.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

sI. sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥: Iem-kzm-Z-I≥, Ing-°-t©cn {Kmaw {_m“-W-k-aqlw

{]kn-U‚ v. Im\dm _m¶v DZym-K-ÿ≥.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

{io]q¿Æ-{X-bo-is‚ ]d Fgp-∂-≈n∏v

2015 s^{_p-hcn 14, i\n

tZi-\m-Y-\mb {io ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-is\Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc t£{X-Øn-tebv°v\nd-]-d-tbm-Sp-IqSn hc-th¬°p-∂p.

`‡-P-\-ßƒ°v ]d \nd-bv°p-hm-\p≈ kuIcywkanXn Hcp°p-∂-Xm-Wv.


119............................................................................................... ..........

tIc-fob Npa¿Nn{X h¿Æ-ßfpwh¿Æ k¶-¬∏ßfpw

APn-X≥ ]pXp-a\

{]]©w h¿Æ-ß-fm¬ kºp-jvS-am-Wv. kphy-

‡-amb cq]-ß-fpw, sshhn-[y-am¿∂ h¿Æ-ß-fp-

amWv {]]© hkvXp-°ƒ°v D≈-Xv. \ΩpsS \nXy

Pohn-X-Øn¬ A\p-\n-anjw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ AØcw

BImc {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw h¿Æ {Iao-I-c-W-ßfpw

a\- ns\ Hcp {]tXyI A\p-`q-Xn-bn-tebv°v

sIm≠v FØn-°p-∂p.

h¿Æ-ß-fm¬ \njn-]vX-amWv kky-e-Xm-Zn-

I -fpw, Poh-Pm -e -ß-fpw. {]mIrX a\p -jy≥

t\cn¬°≠ cq]-ßsf Kplm-̀ n-Øn-bpsS ]md Npa-

cn¬ hc®pw t]mdn-bpw, tcJm-cq-]-ß-fm°n ImWn-

®n-cp-∂p. _n.-kn. Aøm-bncw h¿jw ]g°w IW-

°m-°p∂ kvs]bn-\nse A¿´-an-d-Kpl XpSßn

temIsØºmSpw I≠v ]nSn-°-s∏´ {]mNo\ Kplm-

Nn-{X-ßƒ CXn\v sXfn-hmWv. CXn¬ \n∂pw cN-

\-bpsS {]mcw`w tcJm-cq-]-ß-fn-em-sW∂v hy‡-

am-Wv. Ahbv°v e`y-amb h¿Æ-ßƒ \¬In

Na¬°m-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXmsS tcJ-Iƒ°v h¿Æ-

ßƒ sNøp∂ coXn Bhn¿`-hn-®p.

\mbm-ń-\n-S-bn¬ th´-ar-K-Øn¬ \n∂pw

121............................................................................................... ..........

hm¿∂v hoW NpSp-c-‡-Øns‚ Nph∏v \ndw th´-

°m-cs\ BI¿jn-®n-cn-°mw. B c‡-°d ssI∏-

Øn-bn¬ tX®v ]md Npa-cn¬ ]Xn-∏n®v B\μw

Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°pw. {Zhm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ tNmc-\ndw

]Xn-∏n-°m-\pw, AXp-t\m°n B\-μn-°m-\p-ap≈

am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-amWv a‰v \nd-ß-

sfbpw A\p-I-cn-°m≥ Ah\v {]tNm-Z\w Bb-Xv.

\nd-ap≈ I√v, Icn, Nmcw Ce-®m-dp-Iƒ F∂nh

]md-®p-h-cn¬ tXbv®v ]nSn-∏n®v tcJm-cq-]-ßƒ°v

{]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ h¿Æ kmZriyw {]Im-in-∏n-®p.

th´-ar-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n® sImgp-∏n¬

Nmcw, Icn-s∏mSn F∂nh tN¿Øv hc-®m¬ ambp-

I-bn-s√∂v {ItaW Ah\v t_m≤y-am-bn. Ah¿

D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ ]cn-an-X-ß-fmb Bbp-[-ßƒ,

Krtlm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ apX-em-bhbv°v sagp-°v, ac-

°d F∂nh tN¿Øv D≠m-°nb {]tXyI an{in-X-

ßƒ ]qip-Ibpw Nn{X-∏-Wn-IƒsIm≠v Ae-¶-cn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. CØcw ]i Iq´p-I-fmWv

h¿Æ Nn{X-c-N-\-bpsS {]Y-a-Z-i-bn¬ cq]wsIm≠

h¿ÆNn{X-ßƒ.

Nne {]tXy-I-bn\w sNSn-I-fpsS thcp-I-fpw,

X≠pw NX®v D≠m-°nb {_jp-Iƒ Nmbw tXbv®v

]nSn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. {ItaW arK-

ß-fpsS tcmaw Iºns‚ A‰Øv sIń D≠m-°nb

Xqen-I-Ifpw Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. \mK-

co-IX cq]w {]m]n®tXmsS {]X-e-Ønepw h¿Æ-

Nn-{X-ßƒ, D]-tbm-Km-[n-jvSn-X-amb hyXym-k-ßƒ

D≠m-°n. ac-hp-cn-bnepw, XpI-enepw Nn{X-ßƒ

h¿Æ-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hc®v XpS-ßn-bXv Cu Ime-

L-´-Øn-em-Wv.

{]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-ßsf A¤p-Xm-Z-c-ß-

tfmsS t\m°n ImWm\pw a\p-jym-XoX i‡n-hn-

tijw Btcm-]n-°m\pw XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS `mh-\m-

kr-jvSn-I-fp-≠m-bn.

Cu {]h-WX \nd-ßƒ°v kzm`m-hn-I-X-bn¬

Ihn™ A¿∞ hym]vXnbv°pw hyJym-\-ßƒ°pw

Imc-W-am-bn. CuPn-]vXv, {Ko°v, tdmw XpS-ßnb cmPy-

ß-fnse Bfp-Iƒ Xß-fpsS tZho-tZ-h-∑msc Hcp

{]tXyI \nd-Øn¬ IqSn-bmWv Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

Nph∏v \nd-Øn\v CuPn-]vXnse Bfp-Iƒ {]m[m\yw

\¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]pcm-X\ ̀ mc-Xo-b¿ Imhn-

Np-h∏n\v {]m[m\yw Iev]n-®n-cp-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv.

CØcw h¿Æ k¶-ev]-ßƒ Ime-{I-taW

Nn{X-I-e-bnepw Aan-X-kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v.

Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fn-te-

bv°p≈ am‰-Øn¬ Cu Imhn-Np-h∏v \nd-Øn-\p≈

{]m[m\yw `mc -Xo -b -Np -a¿ Nn{X -I -e -bn¬

hy‡-am-Wv.

AP¥m Kplm Nn{X-ß-fpsS Ime-L-´-

tØmfw Xs∂ ]g°w Iev]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ {KŸ-am-

Wv hnjvWp [¿tΩm-Ø-c-]p-cm-Ww'. AXn¬ `mc-

Xob Nn{X-Iem ]mc-º-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v khn-kvXcw

{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ A≤ym-b-amWv "Nn{X-kq{Xw'.

Nn{X-I-e-bpsS hnhn[ {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®pw

kmt¶-XnI coXn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw khn-kvXcw {]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v, Nn{X-kq{Xw F∂ A≤ym-b-Øn¬.

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ a≤y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂p

F∂p-I-cp-X-s∏-Sp∂ {ioIp-am-c≥ F∂ kwkvIrX

]WvUn-Xs‚ inev]-cXv\w F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ tIc-

fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-em-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-bpsS

kmt¶-XnI Imcy-ßsf°p-dn®mWv h¿Æn-°p-∂-Xv.

tIc-fob Npa¿Nn{X-ssien ̀ mc-X-Ønse P\-

X-bpsS Hcp _rl-Ømb kwkv°m-c-Øns‚

ssIsøm-∏p-I-fm-Wv. temI-{]-kn-≤-amb AP-¥m-

Kplm Nn{X-ß-fnepw tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS

km∂n[yw \ap°v a\- n-em-°mw.

AP-¥-bn-epw, tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fnepw

h¿Æ-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂Xv c≠v hyXykvX

coXn-bn-emWv.

1. "s{^kvt°m ssien', 2. "ssUs{^kvt°m

ssien'.

BZysØ ssien C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. {]Xew

\∂mbn DW-ßp-∂-Xn\v apºv h¿Æ-ßƒ `nØn-

bn¬ sNøp∂ coXn-bmWv s{^kvt°m-ssi-en.

`nØn DW-ßp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w h¿Æ-ßfpw `nØn-

bn¬ Hń\n¬°p-∂p. {]X-e-Øn¬ \n∂v h¿Æ-

123............................................................................................... ..........

ßƒ AS¿∂p-t]m-ImsX Ime-ß-tfmfw \n¬°p-

∂p. Cu coXn-bmWv AP-¥m-Kp-l-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-

cn-°p-∂-Xv.

c≠m-asØ coXn-bmWv tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-

ß-fn¬ sNbvXp-h-cp-∂-Xv. `nØn \∂mbn DW-ßn-

b-Xn-\p-tijw am{Xsa tIcf Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ Bte-

J\w sNøm-dp-≈p.

{]Xe kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ kmt¶-XnI coXn

Npa-cn¬ IpΩm-b-hpw, aW-epw, ]™nbpw

tN¿Øv (2:1 F∂ A\p-]m-Xw) ]cp-°≥ {]Xew

Xøm-dm°n AXn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ ho≠pw Hcp IpΩm-b-

Iq´v (\o-‰n-I-°) tXbv∏v sNbvXv an\p-°p-∂p. AXn-

\p-tijw \o‰vI-°-bpw, Icn-°n≥ sh≈hpw Bh-

iy-Øn\v tN¿Øv, {]X-e-Øn¬ sh≈ ]qip-∂p.

AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv Nn{X-c-N\ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.

h¿Æ-ßƒ ]©-̀ q-X-ßsf {]Xn-\n-[n-I-cn-°p-

∂p. A©v h¿Æ-ßƒ BWv Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie

Dƒs∏sS ]mc-ºcy Ie-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

""Im-hn- a-™, Imhn Nph∏v, hmI-]-®, Idp-∏v, sh≈''.

{]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-h¿Æ-ß-fmWv Nn{X-c-N-\bv°v D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂-Xv. sh≈ \ndw {]Xew Xs∂-bm-Wv. `qan-

bv°-S-nbn¬ \n∂v In´p∂ sh v́ I√n¬ (Iaterite stone)\n∂pw Imhn Nph-∏v, Imhn a™ F∂n h¿Æ-

ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p.

\oe Aa-cn-s®Sn (indigo ferrah)-bpsS \ocpw,

Fcp-hn-°d (F-cphn -a-c-Øns‚ ]i)bpw tN¿tØm

As√-¶n¬ I´-\o-ebpw (]q-\o-ew) Fcp-hn-°-dbpw

tN¿tØm ]®-\n-d-hpw, \oe-\n-dhpw D≠m-°m-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv.

ip≤-amb \s√-Æ-bn¬ \n∂v (lampsute)Idp∏v \ndw e`n-°p-∂p. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® hkvXp-

°ƒ A√msX Bbp¿tΔ-Z-Ønse acp-∂p-I-fpsS

KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ ISp° (gullnut) ]Xn-ap-Jw, a\-

tbme (Redarsonic) Nmbneyw (sulphate of mercury,Nph∏v) A⁄-\-I√v (antimony sulphate) ap°p-‰n,

AS-bv° XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n {]Ir-Xn-ZØ hkvXp-

°ƒ Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fnse h¿Æ-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v

D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

h¿Æ-ß-fpsS \n¿ΩnXn

Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ A©v h¿Æ-ßƒ BWv

{][m-\-ambpw D≈-Xv F∂v ta¬ ]d-™p-h-t√m.

C\n Ah-bpsS \n¿ΩmW coXn hnh-cn-°mw.

tIc-f-Ønse {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ̀ q{]-IrXn A\p-

k-cn®v hyXykvX \ndß-fmWv ]e `mKØpw e`n-

°p-∂Xv DZm: tIm´bw ]pWvU-co-I-]pcw t£{X-

Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ Nph∏v A√ Kpcp-hm-bq-

cnse Npa¿ Nn{X-ßfn¬ ImWm≥ km[n-°p-I. IpS-

Pm-{Zn-bnse Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw In´p∂ Nph∏v,

a™ \nd-Øn\pw apI-fn¬ ]d™ \nd-Øn¬ \n∂pw

hyXy-kvX-amb hfsc Xnf-°-am¿∂ h¿Æ-amWv

e`n-°p-I.

`qan -°-Sn -bnse sh´v I√n¬ \n∂mWv

Nph∏pw, a™bpw e`n-°p-∂-Xv. ]e-kz-`m-h-Øn-

ep≈ I√p-Iƒ e`y-am-Wv. AXn¬ A[nIw ISp∏w

C√m-ØXpw sNfn C√m-Ø-Xp-amb I√mWv CXn\v

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. Cu I√n¬ \n∂v C-cp-ºv Awiw

\o°w sNø-Ww, AXp-t]mse A_vcw (Aæmiw)

\o°w sNø-Ww. \∂mbn IgpIn \nd-ap≈ `mKw

IØn h®v AS¿Øn FSp-°p-∂p. Cu AS¿Øn

FSpØ IjvW-ßƒ B v́ I√n¬ C v́ \∂mbn Ac-

bv°p-∂p. (sh-Æ-t]mse arZp-ew) Cu Ac® \ndw

]m{X-Øn¬ Hgn°p-I-bpw, Aev]m-ev]-ambn sh≈w

tN¿Øv Cf°n emb-\n-bm°n A©v an\n‰v A\-

°msX sh®-Xn-\p-tijw as‰mcp ]m{X-Øn-tebv°v

ASn-hiw A\-°msX sXfn am{Xw \o°p-∂p.

tijn-°p∂ sNfn Igp-In-I-f™v CtX coXn-bn¬

ho≠pw sXfn ]m{X-Øn¬ Hgn°p-Ibpw sNfn \o°w

sNøp-Ibpw thWw. Cu {]hrØn 5 {]mhiyw

Bh¿Øn-®m¬ sNfn ]q¿Æ-ambpw \o°w sNø-

s∏´ \ndw \ap°v e`n-°p-∂p. Cu Inńb \nd-Øn\v

apI-fn¬ sXfn™v \n¬°p∂ sh≈w \o°w

sNøp-I-bmWv ASpØ ]Sn. AXn-\mbn ]cpØn

XpWn D]-tbm-Kn®v Xncn D≠m-°p-Ibpw Xncn ]m{X-

Ønse sh≈-Øn¬ apń-\n¬°p∂ coXn-bn¬

shbv°p-Ibpw thWw. Hcp Znh-k-Øn-\p-tijw

t\m°n-bm¬ sh≈w ]q¿Æ-ambpw \nd-Øn¬ \n∂v

t]mbn Hcp Ipgºv cq]-Øn¬ \ndw e`n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw. Cu an{in-XsØ XW-eØv sh®v DW°n

FSp-°p-∂-XmWv Imhn a™-bpw, Imhn Nph-∏pw.

hmI-]®

\oe-A-acn F∂ Bbq¿tΔZ kky-Øns‚ Ce

FSpØv Ac®v ]ngn™v In´p∂ emb\n XW-eØv

sh®v h‰n-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. CXn\v hmI-bne ]®-bpsS

ISpw-\n-d-am-bn-cn-°pw. CXns‚ IqsS Fcp-hn-°d Bh-

iym-\p-k-cWw Iqń-bpw, Ipd®pw tN¿Øv hnhn-[-ß-

fmb ]®-\ndw D≠m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX ]q\o-

ehpw Fcp-hn-°-dbpw tN¿Øv ]®-\ndw D≠m-°m-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. {]X-e-Øn¬ ]®-\ndw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v

apºv Xpcniv (copper sulphate) emb\n D]-tbm-Kn®v

IgpIpI-bpw, AXn-\p-aosX ]®-\ndw Igp-Ip-Ibpw

BWv coXn. IoS-ßƒ ]® lcn-XIw Xn∂msX Ccn-

°p-∂-Xn-\mWvv, \ndØn\v Hcp kwc-£-W-ambn

Xpcnipemb-\n -sIm≠v Igp-Ip-∂-Xv.

FÆ-°cn (I-dp-∏v)

\oe-A-a-cn-®m-dn¬ ap°n-sh®v DW-°n-sb-SpØ

XpWn \ne-hn-f-°ns‚ Xncn-bmbn´v \s√Æ Hgn®v

Im‰v hoimØ ÿm\Øv Hcp a¨Nń IagvØn

sh®v, AXn¬ ]‰n-bn-cn-°p∂ Icn FSp-ØmWv

Idp∏v \ndw D≠m-°p-∂-Xv.

t\t{Xm--∑o-e\w

Nn{X-I¿aw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv t\t{Xm-≥∑o-

e\w F∂ NS-tßmSpIq-Sn-bm-Wv. Nn{X-Ønse

G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ cq]-Øns‚ IrjvW-aWn

FgpXn Nn{X-Øn\v Poh≥ sImSp-°p∂ I¿Ωw

BWv CXv.

XqenI

Fømw-∏p√v F∂ ]p¬s®-Sn-bpsS Xpºp-Iƒ

tiJ-cn®v ]men-en´v Xnf-∏n-t®m, Bhn-bn¬ thhn-

t®m, ISp° emb-\n-bn¬ ap°n-tbm, CXns‚ {]mcw-

`-L´w XpS-ßp-∂p.

Cu ]p√ns‚ A{K-`mKw am{Xw FSpØv apf

No¥ns‚ A{Kw s\∑-Wn-bpS BIr-Xn-bn¬ apdn®v

Xøm-dm-°nb ̀ mKØv \qep-sIm≠v sIń-bp-d-∏n-®mWv

tcJ-Iƒ CSm\pw Nmbw shbv°m\pw ]‰nb ]e

hen-∏-Øn-ep≈ Xqen-I-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv.

hmlIw (]-i)

th∏n≥ ]i-bmWv sh≈ HgnsI as‰√m Nmb-

°q-́ p-I-fp-sSbpw IqsS ]i-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv

CXv ]®-sh-≈-Øn¬ Aen-bn®v Ac®v t\¿Ø ]i-

bmbn kq£n®v Aev]m-ev]-ambn IrXy-amb

tXmXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. ]i-Iq-Sn-bm-epw, Ipd-

™mepw Nn{X-Øn\v tZmj-I-c-am-Wv. hfsc ]cn-

io-e\w e`n® Nn{X-Im-c\v am{Xta Nmb-Øn-s‚bpw

]i-bp-sSbpw tXmXv F{X-tØmfw thWw F∂p-

≈Xv a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp≈q.

hrØnbm°n-sb-SpØ Nnc-́ -bpw, ssIhn-cepw

Xs∂-bmWv Nmbw Ac®v FSp-°p-hm≥ ]‰nb

G‰hpw \√ D]-I-c-Ww. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw CXp-

t]mse Ac®v D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ \√ {]Im-i-am¿∂

ip≤-h¿Æ-ß¬ e`n-°pw.

At\Iw t£{X-`n-Øn-I-fn-ep≈ \qdv IW-

°n\v Nn{X-ß-fmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ Cu ]mc-º-cy-

Øn\v D≈-Xv. h¿Æ-ß-fpsS Ie-h-d-bmb Cu

Aaqey Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ kwc-£n-t°≠Xv Xs∂.

Npa¿Nn-{X-Iem cwKØv DW¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p∂

ka-Im-enI Npa¿Nn{X Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ ]pXnb ]e

Imcy-ßfpw Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bn¬ ]co-£n-°p-∂-Xn-

\m¬ CXv hen-sbmcp ]cn-Wma L -́Øn-eqsS IS∂v

s]mbvsIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

APn-X≥ ]pXp-a\: Npa¿ Nn{Xm-Im-c≥, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI-{μ-

Ønse BZy _m®v hnZym¿∞n. ImeSn {ioi-¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿Δ-I-em-ime

AZym-]-I≥.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................


125............................................................................................... ..........

Däo-e\wFkv. Hma-\-°p-´≥

hymk-s‚bpw hmevao-In-bp-sSbpw hmßva-b-

ß-fmWv `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-]m-

Inb \nkvXp-e-\n-[n-I-sf∂v \mw ]cs° hniz-kn-

®p-h-cp-∂p. {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-sfbpw kwkvIr-Xn-I-

sfbpw kº-∂-am-°p-∂-Xnepw [¿Ωm¿∞-Im-a-ß-

sf-°p-dn®v P\-ß-fn¬ Ah-t_m[w krjvSn -

°p∂Xnepw, `K-hm≥ `‡n `‡¿ F∂n-ßs\

`K-h-Xv[¿Ω-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw Cu {KŸ-

ßƒ hln-®n-´p≈ ]¶v A\p-]-a-am-Wv. F∂m¬

`mc-Xo-b-cpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-hp-

amb hnIm-k-Øn\v Iebpw kwkvIm-chpw hln®

]¶v F{Xtbm hep-XmWv. Ah-bpsS \n¿ΩmW

XXz-ßfpw {]mtbm-KnI imkv{Xo-b-Xbpw Dƒs∏´

{]mam-WnI {KŸ-ßƒ th≠{X {]Nmcw e`n-°m-

sXbpw shfn®w ImWm-sXbpw t]mbn. ]pcm-W-

ßfpw [¿Ω-ß-fpw sFXn -ly -ß-fp -sams°

{]N-cn-®-Xp-t]mse, Iebpw kwkvIm-chpw AXns‚

kmt¶-XnIXzhp-sams° Hu∂-Xy-tØmsS Xs∂

sshZnI Ime-Øn-\p -a -∏pdw apX¬ hf¿∂p

hnI-kn-®n-cp-∂Xmbn hfsc sshIn-bm-sW-¶nepw

\mw Xncn-®-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

am\- m-cw, i‡n-kq-{Xw, kuZm-an-\n-I-e,

X{¥-k-ap-®-bw, hmbq-XXz {]I-c-Ww, Awip-a-X-

{¥w, kph¬kq-{Xw, BImi imkv{Xw F∂n-

ßs\ \nc-h[n {]mam-WnI {KŸ-ßƒ AXns‚

BNm-cy-∑m-cm¬ cNn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Ncn{X

Kth-j-I¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp -Øn-bn -cn -°p -∂p. am\-

mcsa∂ aqe - {K -Ÿ-Øns‚ kmcmwiw

Dƒs°m≠psIm≠v Nn{X-I-e, inev]-I-e, \rØw,

A`n-\-bw, kwKo-Xw, hmkvXp-Ie XpS-ßnbhsb-

∏-‰n-sbm-s° imkv{Xo-b-ambn hni-I-e\w sNøp∂

[mcmfw {KŸ-ßƒ hnhn[ `mj-I-fn¬ cNn-°-s∏-

ń-´p-≠v. Ah-bpsS Iq´-Øn¬ hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Øc

]pcm-Ww, a\p-jym-eb alm-N-{μn-I, inev] cl-kyw,

\mc-Z-inev] imkv{Xw, A`n-e-£n-Xm¿∞ Nn¥m-

aWn XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v tIc-fob inev]n-I-fnepw Iem-

Im-c-∑m-cnepw Gsd {]Nmcw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

127............................................................................................... ..........

BtKmf kmwkvIm -cnIXsb-°p -dn®pw

AXns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-sams°

\q‰m-≠pI-fmbn ]T-\hpw Ncn{X cN-\-Ifpw N¿®-

Ifpw a‰pw \S-∂p-h-cp-I-bm-W-t√m. Nn{XIe, {]Xnam

\n¿Ωm-Ww, hmkvXp-I-e, \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ, kmlnXy

cN\ F∂n-h -I -sf -°p -dn®v N¿®-I-fn -√msX

H‰Zn-hkwt]mepw kqcy≥ AkvX-an-°m-dp-an-√.

]t£, sI´p-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw sFXn-ly-ß-fp-sSbpw

Nße _‘-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-

{XsØ ap‡-am -°m≥ Ncn - {X -Im -c -∑mtcm

a‰p-≈-htcm Xøm-dm-hp-∂n-s√-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X.

]ucm-WnI sh¶e inev]-ßfpw inem-hn-{K-l-

ßfpw am{X-a√ ]g-bXp ]eXpw "kzbw`q'hmbn

e`y-am-b-h-bm-W-∂mWv Xe-ap-d-Isf ]d-™p-a-\- n-

em-°p-∂Xpw hnizm-kn-I-tfmSp ]d™p {]N-cn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xpw. a\p-jy-hn-̀ -h-ti-jn-bpsS kXy-k-‘-amb

Cu Bhn-jvIm-c-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°m-sX, t_m[-

]q¿Δ-amb AI-ew- ]m-en-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv.

kmwkvIm-cnI apt∂-‰-ß-fpsS GtXm-Zn-i-bn¬ P∑w-

sIm≠ thZm-¥-ßfpw ]pcm-W-ßfpw `‡n-bpsS

]n≥_-e-ap≈ A£-c-̨ -̀ mjm {]tbm-K-ß-fm¬ hnim-

e-amb {]X-e-Øn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Ah-

bv°v ap≥Xq°w e`n-®-Xm-hmw. Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS

\nXm¥ ]cn-{i-a-Øns‚ ê-ambn e`n® {]mtbm-

KnI hn⁄m\ imJbpw Ah {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂

imkv{Xob {KŸ-ßfpw Xa-kvI-cn-°-s∏-́ -Xp-am-hmw.

F√m hn⁄m-\-ßfpw GIm¥ Im\\ hmk-

Øns‚ `mK-ambn \mWw ad-bv°msXtbm ac-hpcp

Np‰n-tbm, XmSnbpw apSnbpw \oń hf¿Øn ac-t®m-

ń-en-cp∂p [ym\n-®-Xns‚ ê-ambn kn≤n-®-Xm-

W∂p ]Tn-∏n°pI IqSn sNbvX-t∏mƒ, KX-Ime

kwkvIrXnIfpsS Ncn - {Xm -t\z -j-Whpw

Ah-km-\n-®p.

Ie; Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw PohnX ho£-W-Øn-

s‚bpw {]Xn-^-e-\-am-hp-Ibpw Ahbv°v ssNX-\y-

h-Ømb Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]n≥_-ew-IqSn

D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ, AXv tIhew kuμ-

cym-hn-jvImcw am{X-a-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. Hcp Iem-Im-cs‚

Bflmw-iw-sIm≠p kº-∂-am-ImØ GsXmcp Iem-

kr-jvSn°pw \ne-\n¬∏n-√. AXn\p Xe-ap-d-I-tfmSp

kwh-Zn-°m-\p-am-hn-√. ̀ mc-Xw; hmkvXp-̨ -Nn-{X-̨ -inev]

cN\m kar-≤-amb `qan -I-bm-Wv. ASn-bp -d®

\n¿ΩmW kmt¶-Xn-IXzw kzmb-Ø-am-°nb Hcp

P\-k-aqlw ChnsS kl{km--_vZ-ßƒ°p aptº

\nh-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah¿°p ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn e`y-

amb t_m[-\-Øns‚ Ic-Iu-ie ap{Z-I-fmWv lmc-

∏m, saml≥tPmZmtcm kwkvIr-Xn-I-fpsS Ah-in-

jvS-ß-fmbn C∂p \mw kq£n-°p-∂-h. Cg-Iƒ

s]mńb B kwkvIr-Xn-I-fpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®v, _p≤-

˛-ssP\ aX-ß-fpsS ]pjvIe ImeØv \nc-h[n

\n¿Ωm-W-ßƒ `mX-sa-ºmSpw cq]w-sIm-≠p. AP-

¥bpw Ft√m -dbpw Fen -^‚mbpw alm-

_en]pchpw Xncp-\-μn-°-c-bp-sa√mw Aßs\

\ap°p e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ch-bpsS ]n≥Xp-S¿®-bmbn cq]w-sIm≠

sslμh Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ, tIhew Bcm-[-\m-

e-b-ßƒ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. [oc-amb B kq{X-W-

Ønepw hnZ-Kv[-amb \n¿Δ-l-W-Ønepw P\-ßƒ

]c-kv]cw a’-cn-®v, Ah-cpsS anIhp sXfn-bn-°p-

hm-\p≈ thZn-Iƒ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p Ahn-Sw. hmkvXp-

tUm. Fw. hn. \mb-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1981-˛82 ImeØv

]pcm-hkvXp hIp∏v I¨k¿th-j≥ em_v Poh-\-°m-cpw,

ayqknbw arKim-em-h-Ip∏v Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw kwbp-‡-ambn

kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Ønb kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚

kph¿Æ cYw. {io Nn{Xm F≥t¢-hn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

129............................................................................................... ..........

I-e, inev]-I-e, Nn{X-I-e, kwKo-Xw, \rØw,

A`n-\-bw, D]-I-cW hmZ-\w, thZw, tPymXn-jw,

BtcmKyw, a{¥-̨ -X-{¥w, X¿°w, thZm-¥w, Btbm-

[-\w, kmlnXyw XpS-ßnb k¿Δ-hn[ am\hn-I-X-

I-fp-sSbpw am‰p-c-bv°p-hm-\p≈ IqØ-º-e-ßfpw

AhnsS krjvSn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. NmXp¿h¿Æy-Øn-

e-[n-jvTn-X-am-sbmcp kmaq-lnI Pohn-Xm-Nmc {Ia-

ßƒ Nn -́s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXn\p i‡n {]m]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXt∏mƒ, ta¬∏-d™ hn`m-K-Ønse D]-Po-h-

\-sØm-gn-ep-Im¿ AI‰n \n¿Ø-s∏-´p. ]cn-jvIrX

PohnXhrØn-I-fnse DØ-a-ß-fmbn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-

hsb t£{X-a-Xn¬ sIń\p Np‰p-ambn \ne-\n-dp-

Øn-t∏m∂ B ]gb t£{X-k-¶-ev]-Øn\p ]I-

cw, Ipw -̀ho¿∏n-°m-\p≈ kZym-e-b-ßfpw tZl-WvU-

°m-cpsS Ipin-\n-Ifpw ÿm\w]nSn-®p.

{]mNo\ `mc-Xob kwkvIm-cw, Nn{X-̨ -in-ev]-

I-e-Iƒ°v DXvIr-jvS-amb ÿm\-amWp \¬In-bn-́ p-

≈-Xv. `n∂-cp-Nn-bp≈ P\-X-bpsS hn⁄m\ tXmX-

\p-k-cn-®v, btYjvSw Iem-kzm-Z\w \S-Øp-hm-\p≈

efn-X-kp-μ-c-amb BhnjvIm-c-ssienbmWv Iem-Im-

c-∑m¿ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. Ie-bpsS kn≤m-¥-

ßƒ, {]tbm-K-ßƒ, D]m-[n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsb∏‰n-

sb√mw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂, \nc-h[n {KŸ-ßƒ ]ucm-

WnI ImeØp \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn Rm≥ kqNn-

∏n-®p-I-gn-™p. "jUwK' {]am-W-a-\p-k-cn-®v, "tizX,

c‡, ]oX, lcn-X, IrjvW' F∂n-ßs\ A©p

\nd-ß-fpsS {]tbm-K-amWv Nn{X-I-e-bn¬ h¿Æ-s∏m-

ena krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, {it≤-b-amb Cu

A©p h¿Æ-ßsf A\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Iqń-°-

e¿Øn-bm¬ \nc-h[n h¿Æt`Z-ß-fp-≠m-°m-

sa∂pw {KŸ-ß-fn¬ \njvI¿j-bp-≠v. \o‰p-I-°-

bn¬ \nt∂m iwJns‚ s]mSn-bn¬ \nt∂m sh≈-

\n-d-hpw, [mXp-°ƒ, teml-ßƒ, kky-ßƒ, sagp-

Iv, Ip¥n-cn-°w, tIme-c°v XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \ns∂√mw

a‰p \nd-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-sa∂pw A{`hpw Cøhpw Ch-

tbmSp kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v \nd-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-

am-°m-sa∂pw A∂sØ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿°v Adn-hp-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. IYm-]m{X krjvSn-°-\p-k-cn®v kXz-c-P-

kvXtam KpW-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb cq]-ß-fn¬ A\p-tbm-

Py-amb \nd-ßƒ Nm¿Øn h¿Æ-̀ wKn krjvSn-°m-

sa∂pw Ah¿ {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

sh´p-I-√v, inem-]m-fn, Nps -́SpØ CjvSnI Ch-

bn-te-sX-¶nepw hkvXp-sIm≠p \n¿Ωn-s®-SpØ

`nØn-bn¬, IpΩm-bhpw B‰p-a-Wepw tN¿∂-an-

{inXw ]qin-sb-SpØ ]cp-°≥ {]X-e-Øn¬, s]mSn-

s®-SpØ aWepw NpÆmºpw tN¿∂ an{in-Xw-

sIm≠p an\p-k-ap≈ c≠mw {]X-ehpw k÷-am°n

DW-ßn-b-ti-jw, Icn-°n≥ sh≈w, ]ip-hn≥ ]m¬,

NpÆmºp sh≈w XpS-ßn-bh A\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn

tN¿Øv, {]tXyIw \n¿Ωn-s®-SpØ {_jp-sIm≠v

s\Sp -Ibpw Ipdp -sIbpw H∂nS-hn´v ]e-h´w

hmjvsNbvXv Nn{X-c-N-\-bv°p≈ {]Xew Xøm-dm-

°p-∂p. `nØn DW-ßn-b-tijw, Nn{X-Øn-\p≈

_mly-cq]w Imhn-a-™tbm Imhn-®p-ht∏m \ndw-

sIm≠p a\- n¬ [ym\n-s®-SpØ cq]-Øns‚ tcJm-

Nn{Xw hc-bv°p-∂p. Nn{Xw hc-bv°m≥ Cømw-]p√v

imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]cp-h-s∏-Sp-Øn, kzbw \n¿Ωn-s®-

SpØ {_jp-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈-Xv. cq]-

Øns‚ Awi-ß-sf√mw \ng-en-s‚bpw shfn-®-Øn-

s‚bpw G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn Xn´-s∏-

Sp-Øn-b-ti-j-amWv h¿Æ {]tbmKw \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

Imhn-a-™bpw Imhn-®p-h∏pw \nd-ßƒ `qan-°-

Snbn¬ \n∂pw tiJ-cn® [mXp-°ƒ ip≤o-I-cn®p

Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xpw, \oe Aa-cn-bne CSn-®p-]n-gn™p

Acn-s®-SpØ Nm¿ \oe h¿Æ-Øn\pw kwtbm-P-

\-Øn-eqsS ]® \nd-Øn\pw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

I -́\o-ehpw Xpcn»pw Nne¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. FÆ

hnf-°nse Icn-s∏mSn Idp-∏n-\pw, iwJp-s]m-Snbpw

{]Xe shäbpw shfp-∏n\pw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

th∏n≥ ]i Icn-°n≥ sh≈-Øntem ip≤-P-e-

Øntem Nmen®v \nd-ß-fp-ambn Ie¿Øn cN-\

\n¿Δ-ln-°mw. Cßs\ A\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfmsS

]q¿Øn-I-cn-°-s∏´ Nn{X-ßƒ°v kpXm-cy-amb Hcp

kzbw kwc-£W IhNw e`n-°p-Ibpw Xnf-°-ap-

≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-hp-ambn cNn-

°-s∏´ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ a[y-Im-e-L-́ -Øn-\pw AXn-

\p-ti-j-hp-ambn hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn¬ cNn-°-s∏-´-h-

bm-Wv. Hmtcmtcm {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ DS-se-SpØ

CØcw cN-\-Iƒ, AXm-Xp-Im-esØ kmlnXy

IrXn-I-tfmtSm kwkvIm-c-tØmtSm kmZr-i-s∏-́ -Xm-

hmw. ka-Im-eo\ kml-N-cy-ßƒ Ah-bpsS

{kjvSm-hns\ kzm[o-\n-®-n´p-≠m-hmw. Iem-Im-c≥,

Ah-\p-Np-‰p-ap≈ kmaq-lnI hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m

kw`-h-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m Hcp ImeØpw apJw-Xn-cn®p

\n∂n-ń-√. am{X-a√ \n»-_vZX ]men-®n-´p-an-√.

AP-¥, Ft√m-d, DZ-b-Kncn XpS-ßnb Kplm-

-̨inem t£{X-ß-fn¬, _u≤-̨ -ssP\ Ime-L-́ sØ

cN\m k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw hnj-b-ß-fp-amWv cN-bn-Xm-

°sf kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬, _p≤-˛-ssP\

aX-ß-fpsS i‡n£b-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ]n¬°me

cN-\-bn¬ lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ kzm[o-\hpw ImWmw.

hncq -]m-£-t£-{Xw. X©m-hq¿ _rl-Zo -izc

t£{Xw, NnZw-_cw t£{Xw, sImWm-¿Iv kqcy-

t£-{Xw, a[p-c-ao-\m£n t£{Xw F∂n-ßs\

Atßm-f-an-tßm-f-ap≈ alm-t£-{X-ß-sfms°

AXm-Xp-Im-esØ `cW I¿Øm-°-fpsS Xmev]-cy-

ßƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn \n¿Ωn-®-h-bp-am-Wv. AXm-

Xp-tZ-isØ tZhXm k¶-ev]-Øn\pw kwkvIm-c-

Øn\pw tbmPn® cN-\m-co-Xn-Ifpw DS-se-Sp-Øp.

F∂m¬ hmkvXp-I-e-bnepw Nn{X-̨ -in-ev]-c-N-

\I-fnepw Gsd {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-≈ Hcp ssien-bmWv

tIcfw ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p h∂n-́ p-≈-Xv. Imhp-I-sfbpw

ta¬°q-c-bn-√mØ tZhm-e-b-ß-sfbpw ap≥Ime tIc-

fo-b¿ Gsd CjvS-s∏-́ -h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬, {]Xn-Iqe

Imem-h-ÿsb sNdp-°p-∂-hn[w Ncn™ ta¬°q-

c-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb hmk-Kr-l-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw

\n¿Ωn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-sS, hmkvXp-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬

]pXn-sbmcp ssien- cq-]-sa-Sp-Øp. \mep-sI´pw F´p-

sI´pw ]Xn-\m-dp-sI´pw ta¬°q-c-bp≈ CØcw

hmkvXp \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ hmkvXp ssien-

bpsS {]Xo-I-ß-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Ah-bpsS

X´p-Ifpw Nph-cp-Ifpw at\m-lc Nn{X-ß-fm¬ Ae-

¶-cn-°-s∏´p. ]\-b-∂m¿Im-hv, G‰p-am-\q¿, B¿∏q-

°c, ssh°w, ]pWvU-coI-]p-cw, Xr{]-bm¿, Xriq¿

hS-°pw-\m-Y≥, tIm´-bv°¬, Xfn, sN¿∏p-f-t»cn

XpS-ßnb \qdp-I-W-°n\v sslμh tZhm-e-b-ßƒ

hmkvXp-in-ev]-˛-Nn-{X-˛-in-ev]-˛-km-aq-lnI kZm-Nm-c-

ß-fpsS kwKa kvamc-Iß-fm-bn, Ime-ßsf AXn-

Po-hn®p \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. ]ucm-Wn-I-cpsS "Ic'

sshZ-Kv[y-ßƒ, AXp -ssi-h-am-bmepw sshjvW-

h-am-bmepw _u≤n-I-am-bmepw ssP\-am-bmepw

kpZo¿L-amb kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-º-cy-Øn-s‚bpw,

kam-\-X-I-fn-√mØ hn⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xo-I-

ß-fm-sW∂v \Ωƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. Npa-cn-em-bmepw

ine-sIm-≠m-bmepw [mXp°ƒs°m-≠m-bmepw

AXv kzbw-`q-h-s√∂pw \Ωƒ Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww.

Cßs\ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°-∏pdw krjvSn-°-s∏´

`nØnbpw Nn{X-ßfpw tIc-fob Iem-ssh-`-Øns‚

kmt¶-XnI ta∑-tbbpw Bflob Nn¥-I-fpsS

{]Im-i-\-sØbpw FSp-Øp-Im-́ p-∂-h-bm-Wv. hn{Kl

\n¿ΩmW imkv{X-t_m[w IqSn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂

Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿, cN-\-bn¬ _mly-tam-Sn-bpsS kpμ-

cm-hn-jvIm-c-tØm-sSm-∏w, imkv{Xo-b-Xbv°pw IqSn

Du∂¬ \¬In-bmWv cq]-\n¿ΩnXn \S-Øn-bn-´p-

≈-Xv. D÷z-e-amb h¿Æ-k-¶-e-\w, BS-bm-`-c-W-

ßƒsIm-≠p≈ Na¬°m-cw, hnImc km{μ-amb

`mhm-hn-jvIm-cw, tcJ-I-fpsS i‡-amb {]tbmKw

F∂n-h-sIm≠v kºp-jvS-amWv tIc-fob `nØn-Nn-

{X-ßƒ. Cu DØa krjvSn-I-sf {]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-

jycpw Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw tN¿∂v \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn

]oUn-∏n-®p-h-cp-I-bm-Wv. H∂nS-hn-´p-≠m-Ip∂ Imem-

hÿ hyXn-bm-\w, `‡cpw ]qPm-cn-amcpw Ipin-\n-

°mcpw G¬∏n-°p∂ lkvX-Xm-U-\w, sh≈-]q-

i¬, ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn, hb-dnw-Kv, Pe-hn-X-cW ]cn-

]m-Sn, ASp-°-f-bn-sebpw FÆ-hn-f-°nsebpw Icn-

∏p-I, ac-∏-ń, AÆm≥, hmh¬, Fen, {]mhv, Im°-

a‰-t\Iw sNdp-Po-hn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS A[n-hm-

k-hpw, kqcy-{]-Im-ihpw ag-Øp-≈n-Ifpw t\cn-´p-]-

Xn-°p-∂Xpw Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fpsS \mi-Øn\p hgn-

sX-fn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

]mc-ºcy hmkvXp-I-ebv°v A\p-tbm-Py-a-√mØ

Iq́ n-t®¿°¬, XSn® s{̂ bn-ap-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp≈ kwc-

£W then-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw ]ucm-WnI hmkvXp-

Iem aqey-sØ-bpw, ̀ wKn-tbbpw l\n-°p∂ LS-I-am-Wv.


131............................................................................................... ..........

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Fkv. Hma-\-°p-́ ≥ : tIc-f-Ønse Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ, cmP-in-ev]-ßƒ, Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-ßƒ,

hmkvXp-in-ev]-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsb kw_-‘n®v kwÿm\ ]pcm-hkvXp hIp-∏ns‚

tUmIyp-sa-t‚-j≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-®p. hnhn[ Iem-h-kvXp-°-fpsS

kwc-£-Ww, SmIvkn sS¿an-tam-U-enw-Kv, Ã^nw-Kv, Utbm-ca \n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßn-b-h-

bn¬ hIp-∏p-X-e-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e-\hpw {]h¿Øn ]cn-N-b-hpw. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ Npa¿Nn{X

]T\ tI{μ-Øns‚ {]mcw` {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-®p. ]T-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb tcJm-

Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-®p-\¬In. kmwkv°m-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn Ct∏mƒ hn{i-a-Po-hn-Xw.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

IrjvW ine-I-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-®n´p≈ at\m-lc inev]-

ßsf kz¿Æ-∏m-fn-I-fm¬ s]mXn™v `wKn-h-cp-

Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ km¿Δ-{Xn-I-am-bn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]ucm-WnI inev]-ß-fpsS Iem-

aqeyw kz¿Æw ]qinb hn{K-l-Øn-\n-s√∂v a\-

n-em-t°≠Xp≠v. X©m-hq¿ inev]n-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-

®n-´p≈ sh¶e \S-cm-P-in-ev]-Øns‚ aqeyw \mw

Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pw F{Xtbm apI-fn-em-Wv. Iøn¬

]Øv ]pØ-\p-≠m-hp-tºmƒ, Aº-e-sam∂p ]pXp-

°n-°-fbmw F∂p ]ecpw B{K-ln-°p-∂p-≠m-hmw.

inev] imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw [ym\-Øn-s‚bpw \njvT-

tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn, \njvI¿jn-®n-́ p≈ Af-hp-I-fn¬ AWp-

hn-S-sX-‰msX \n¿Ωn-®n-´p≈ ]ucm-WnI inev]-`w-

Kn-bpsS kvamc-I-ßsf, Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn \ho-I-

cn-°p-∂Xv inev]-Iem XXz-ß-sfbpw aqey-ß-sfbpw

Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\p -Xp-ey-am-Wv. AØcw \ho-I-

cW Xzc, \ncp’m-l-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv \ap°v e`n® Cu

Aaqey kº-Øp-Iƒ kwc-£n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv Gsd

{ia-I-c-amb kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. Iem-h-kvXp-°-fpsS

imkv{Xob kwc-£W hnj-b-Øn¬ ]T-\hpw ]cn-

io-e-\hpw \S-Ønb hnZ-Kv[-cpw, ss]Xr-I-ß-fpsS

aqey -ß-sf -°p -dn®v Adn -hp≈ Kth-j-Icpw

Iq´mbnt®¿∂v AXn\p ]≤-Xn-I-fp-≠m-t°-≠-Xm-

Wv. ]pdsa ImWp∂ \ndwaß¬, s]mcn-™n-f-I¬,

am™p-t]m-I¬, hn≠p-Io-d¬, AS¿∂p-am-d¬,

]q∏¬ F∂n-h-tb-°mƒ amc-I-am-bn-cn°pw `nØn-

bv°p-≈n¬ _m[n-®-h. AXp-I-s≠-Øp-hm≥ ]co-

£W \nco-£-W-ß-fm-h-iy-am-Wv. hnZ-Kv[-cpsS

tkh-\-amWv AXn-\m-h-iyw. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn Xpd∂

{]X-e-Øn¬, Im‰pw agbpw a™pw shbn-ep-ta‰v

\ne-\n¬°p∂ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ hkvXp-°-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-

°-s∏´ Cu Iem-ss]-Xr-I-ß-sf, cmk-h-kvXp-°-

fm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-amb \nd-ß-fmepw cmk-{]-tbm-K-

Ømepw kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v A{X-I≠p hniz-kn-

t°-≠. Bfl-kw-b-a-\-tØm-sS-bp≈ kao-]-\hpw

£a-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw t£{X-Øn-se-

Øp∂ F√m t]cp-sSbpw kl-I-c-Whpw Ch-bpsS

\ne-\n-¬]n\v Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXv c£m-{]-h¿Ø-

\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°pw \S-Øn-∏p-Im¿°pw

\n¿_-‘-hp-am-Wv. kpJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂-Xn-\¿∞w

am‰n hc-bv°p-I-sb-∂-√. Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn NnIn-

’n®v tcmKw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xn-t\-°mƒ NnIn-’n-

°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv DNn-Xw. Iem-ss]-Xr-I-

ß-fpsS imkv{Xob kwc-£W {]h¿Ø\ coXn-

Iƒ s]mXp-hmbn {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v KpW-

tØ-°m-tfsd tZmjw sNøp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu

teJ\w ChnsS Npcp-°p-∂p.

{KŸ-kqNn

1. Z£nW `mcX Ncn{Xw

sI.-G. \oe-I-WvT-imkv{Xn Fw.-F.

2. C¥y-bpsS Bflmhv

sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥

3. tIc-f-N-cn{Xw

G. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥

4. tIc-f-Ønse Npa¿ Nn-{X-ßƒ

Fw.-Pn. iin-`q-j¨

5. tZh-Zm-kn-Iƒ

Sn.-Un.-sI. apgp-∏n-e-ßmSv

6. `mc-Xob hniz-I¿Ω-P¿

tkma-\m-Y≥

7. h¿Æ-t_m[w ae-bmf Imev]-\nI Ihn-I-fn¬

tUm. tPmfn k°-dnb

8. {]nk¿th-j≥ Hm v̂ B¿ v́ B‚v sse{_ddn sa‰o-cn-b¬kv

H.]n. AK¿hmƒ

9. ss]Xr-I-ßƒ ˛ hnZym-cwKw {]kn-≤o-I-cWw

Fkv. Hma-\-°p-´≥

133............................................................................................... ..........

Nn{X-I-e-bpsS {KŸ-]p-cmWwsI.-bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿

`mc-Xob Nn{X-I-e-sb-°p-dn®pw {]m[m-\y-sØ-

°p-dn®pw Ah-bpsS kmt¶-XnI coXn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw

hnh-cn-°p∂ At\Iw Aaq-ey-K-Ÿ-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-

bn-́ p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂Xpw

aqeyw I¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb {KŸ-amWv "hnjvWp-

[¿tΩm-Ø-c-]p-cmWw'. Nn{X-I-e-sb-°p-dn®v khn-

kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn® BZy-{K-Ÿw-Iq-Sn-bmWv hnjvWp-

[¿tΩm-Ø-cw. Nn{X-I-e, kwKo-Xw, kmln-Xyw,

in¬]w, hmkvXp-in¬]w, \mS-Iw, X¿°w XpS-ßn-

b-h-sb-°p-dn-s®√mw hnjvWp [¿tΩm-Ø-c-Øn¬

hnhn[ A≤ym-b-ß-fn-embn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

Nn{X-kq{Xw

AP-¥m-Kp-lm-Nn-{X-ß-fpsS Ime-L-́ -tØm-fw-

Xs∂ ]g°w I¬]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ {KŸ-amWv

"hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Ø-cw'. Cu {KŸw cNn-®Xv Bcm-

sW∂v hy‡-a-√. hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Ø-c-Øn¬

`mc-Xob Nn{X-I-em-]m-c-º-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v khn-

kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ A≤ym-b-amWv Nn{X-kq-

{Xw. hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Ø-c-Ønse 43-˛mw A≤ym-b-

amb Nn{X-kq-{X-Øn¬ Nn{X-I-e-bpsS hnhn[ {]m[m-

\y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kmt¶-Xn-I-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw

Nn{Xo-I-c-W-hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Nn{X-Im-cs‚ IS-

a-I-sf-°p-dn®pw khn-kvXcw hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

F.-Un. 2˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t`mP-cm-Pm-hn-\m¬

cNn-°-s∏´ "ka-cmw-K-\-kq-{X-[mc' F∂ {KŸ-

Ønse "ck-Zr-jvSn-e-£W' F∂ 82-˛mw A≤ym-bw,

12-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Nmeq-Iy-cm-Pm-hmb tkmta-iz-c≥

cNn® "A`n-e-jn-Xm¿∞ Nn¥m-aWn' AYhm "am\-

tkm-√m-kw, 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {ioIp-am-c≥ cNn®

in¬]-c-Xv\w, `ph-\-tZ-h≥ cNn® A]-cm-PnX

{]⁄, \mc-Z-in¬]-im-kv{Xw, Imiy-]o-bw, kp[m-

te-]-hn-Xm\w, hr≤-km-e-]-RvPn-I, cmam-b-Ww,

135............................................................................................... ..........

alm-̀ m-c-Xw, Ima-kq-{Xw, \mSy-im-kv{Xw, aqe-I¬]w,

B -́¶m-en-\n, \f-Imw]q XpS-ßnb {]mNo\ kwkvIr-

X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se√mw Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-sb-°p-dn®v khn-

kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.

in¬]-c-Xv\w, Nn{X-e-£Ww

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ a≤y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-

cp∂p F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ {ioIp-am-c≥ F∂

kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X≥ cNn® "in¬]-cXv\w' F∂

{KŸ-Øn¬ tIc-fob Npa¿ Nn{X-I-em-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-

dn®pw Ah-bpsS kmt¶-XnI Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-

amWv h¿Æn-°p-∂-Xv. in¬]-c-Xv\-Øn¬ "Nn{X-e-

£Ww' F∂p-t]cv \¬Inb A≤ym-b-Øn-emWv

Npa¿Nn-{X-I-em-k-{º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®pw a‰pw hnh-

cn-°p-∂Xv. Nn{X-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw, {]X-e-k-÷o-I-c-

W-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, {]m[m-\yw,

kmt¶-Xn-I-co-Xn-Iƒ h¿Æ-\n¿Ωm-Ww, h¿Æ-hn-[n-

Iƒ, Nn{Xo-I-c-W-hn-j-b-ßƒ, {_jv\n¿ΩmWw

F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-s®√mw Nn{X-e-£-W-Øn¬ hni-

Zo-I-cn-®n-́ p-≠v.

""Xnc-am-e-I-tf-bpw, Xo÷zm-e-I-tf-bpw, ]pI-

]-S-e-ßfpw Acp-hn-Ifpw `wKn-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-

hm-\pw, sNdnb Im‰ns‚ hyXym-k-Øn\-\p-k-cn®v

Ah-bp-sS-sb√mw am‰-ßƒ IrXy-ambpw ̀ wKn-bmbpw

Nn{Xo-I-cn-°phm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-\m-bn-cn-°Ww Hcp

\√ Nn{X-Im-c≥''.

Xcw-Km-·n-in-J-[qaw

sshP-b¥yw h¿≤nIw

hmbp-KX entJ-XykvXp

hnPvt\-b-kvXp Nn{X-hnXv

kp]vXw N tNX-\-bp‡w

arXw ssNX\yh¿PnXw Xw

hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Øcw aq∂mw `mK-Ønse

43-̨ mw A≤ym-b-Ønse 28, 29 t«mI-ßfpw Ah-bpsS

kmcmw-i-hp-amWv ta¬ D≤-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-

Øn-ep≈ At\Iw h¿Æ-\-I-fm¬ kº-∂-amWv

"Nn{X-kq{Xw' F∂ A≤ymbw. Nn{X-kq-{X-Ønse

Xs∂ as‰mcp {][m-\-s∏-´Xpw {]i-kvX-hp-amb

t«mI-am-Wv.

bYm kptacp {]h-cn-\-Km\mw

bYm-WvU-Pm\mw KcpU{][m\w

bYm-\-cm\mw {]h-c-£n-Xo-i-ÿXm

Iem-\m-anl Nn{X¬]

]¿Δ-X-ß-fn¬sh®v kpta-cp-hn-s\-t∏m-sebpw

]£n-Ifn¬ sh®v Kcp-U-s\-t∏m-sebpw a\p-jy-

cn¬sh®v cmPm-hn -s\-t∏m-se-bp-amWv Ie-I-

fn¬sh®v Nn{X-I-e.

jUw-K-ßƒ

hm’ym-b-\-a-l¿jn cNn® "Ima-kq{Xw'

F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Nn{X-I-e-bnse jUw-K-ß-sf-°p-

dn®v t«mI-Øn-eqsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

cq]-t`Z {]am-Wm\n

`mh-em-hWy tbmP\w

kmZriyw hm¿Æn-Im-`wKnw

CXn-Nn{Xw jUw-KIw

˛ Ima-kq{Xw

Nn{X-Im-c≥ Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠Xpw Nn{Xo-I-

c-W-hn-j-b-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xp-amb Bdv

{][m\ Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv hm’ym-b-\≥

DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `mc-Xob ck-kn-≤m-¥-

Ønepw emh-Wy-im-kv{X-Ønepw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-

°p-∂-h-bmWv Cu jUw-K-ßƒ.

cq]-t -̀Zw, {]am-Ww, ̀ mhw, emh-Wy-tbm-P-\w,

kmZr-iyw, h¿Æ-`wKn F∂n-ßs\ Bdv {][m\

Imcy-ßƒ Hcp Nn{X-Øn¬ k∂n-th-in-∏n-®mte B

Nn{Xw Hcp \√ Nn{X-amIq F∂v jUw-K-kn-≤m-¥-

Øn-eqsS \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°mw.

Nn{X-ßƒ s]mXpth \mev Xc-Øn-ep-≈-h-

bm-sW∂v Nn{X-kq-{X-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

1. kXyw (b-Ym¿∞-am-b-Xv)

2. sshWnIw (`m-hm-fl-I-̨ -Xm-fm-flI kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xv)

3. \mKcw (Po-hn-X-kv]¿in-bm-b-Xv)

4. an{Xw (ta¬∏-d-™h F√mw tN¿∂-Xv)

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

sI. bp. Ir-jvW-Ip-am¿ : Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZh-kz-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Npa¿Nn-

{X-Iem ]T-\-tI-{μ-Ønse BZy _m®v hnZym¿∞n. Ct∏mƒ {]kvXpX tI{μ-Ønse

{]n≥kn-∏mƒ. \nc-h[n t£{X-ß-fn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-®n-´p-≠v. \nc-h[n teJ-\-

ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

137............................................................................................... ..........

tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS\thm-∞m\w

tIc-fob Npa¿Nn{X-I-e-bpsS \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v Imc-W-amb {][m\ ÿm]-\-amWv

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZh-kz-Øns‚ Iogn¬ 1989-˛¬ Bcw-`n® Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI{μw

]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn

tIc-fob kwkv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw ss]Xr-I-Øn-

s‚bpw A`n-am-\-am-bn-cp∂ Npa¿Nn-{X-I-em-]m-c-

ºcyw 1980˛I-fn¬ A\yw-\n-∂p-t]m-hp-sa∂ Ah-

ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-N-b-k-º-∂-cmb Nn{X-Im-c-

∑m¿ hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p Cu ka-b-Øv. 1970-˛¬

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{X {iotIm-hn-en-ep-≠mb A·n-

_m-[, {iotIm-hn¬®pa-cp-I-fn¬ hc-®n-cn-°p∂ ]gb

Npa¿Nn-{X-ßsf°qSn _m[n-®p. Ah ]q¿Æ-am-bpw

\in-®p. ]n∂oSv tZhkzw A[n-Ir-X¿ CXns‚ ]p\-

cm-te-J-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Btem-Nn-®-t∏m-gmWv

Cu cN-\m-k-{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bpw, hfsc

Ipd-®p-t]¿°p am{Xta CXn¬ {]mho-Wy-ap≈q F∂v

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv.

Cu Hcp Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv 1989-˛¬ Kpcp-hm-

bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI{μw F∂

ÿm]\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. \jvS-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p∂ Cu Nn{X-c-N-\m-coXn kwc-£n-°pI, ]p\-cp-

≤-cn-°pI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv Cu ÿm]\w

Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw ̀ c-W-k-anXn

AwKhpw Iem-kvt\-lnbpw kmwkv°m-cnI

{]h¿Ø-I-\p-amb {io. sI.-F. N{μ-lm-k≥ F∂

al-Xvhy-‡n-bmWv Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ XpS-°-

Øn\v Gsd Xm¬∏-cy-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. Cu kwcw-̀ -Øn\v

]q¿Æ ]n¥pWtbInbhcmWv Npa¿Nn{X Iem-

Nm-cy≥ {io. aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ipń-\m-bcpw

Npa¿Nn-{X-I-em-K-th-j-I\pw A[ym-]-I\pw Fgp-Øp-

Im-c-\p-amb tUm. Fw.-Pn. iin-̀ q-j¨ aΩn-bq-cns‚

kplrØpw kl-]m-Tnbpw Npa¿Nn-{X-Im-c-\p-amb

]´mºn IrjvW-hm-cycpw F√m-hn[ ]n¥p-Wbpw

\¬In.

1989-̨ -emWv Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI{μw Bcw-̀ n-°p-

∂-Xv. _\m-dkv lnμp-k¿Δ-I-em-im-e Nn{X-I-em

hn-̀ mKw Uo≥ s{]m^. Fw.-hn. IrjvWs‚ t\Xr-Xz-

Øn¬ tImgvkn\v kne-_kv Xøm-dm-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

s{]m^ sI.-hn. lcn-Zm-k≥, s{]m^. Fw.-hn. tZh≥

tIcf efnXIem A°m-Zan sNb¿am≥ B¿ńÃv

\ºq-Xn-cn, tUm. Fw.-Pn. iin-̀ q-j¨, aΩn-bq¿ F∂n-

h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]co-£-Iƒ, A`n-apJw F∂n-

h-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS 10 hnZym¿∞n-Isf BZy-

_m-®n-te-°mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.

1989-˛¬ HIvtSm_-¿ amk-Øn¬ hnP-b-Z-ian

\mfn¬ {io. aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ip-́ n-\m-b¿ {]n≥kn-

∏mfpw tUm. Fw.-Pn. iin-̀ q-j¨ tImgvkv tIm¿Un-

t\-‰-dp-ambn ]T-\-tI{μw Bcw-`n-®p. B¿ńÃv

\ºq-Xn-cn-bmWv ]p-∂-Øq¿ tIm´-bn¬ Bcw-`n®

Npa¿Nn-{X-]-T\tI{μ-Øns‚ D¬Lm-S\ I¿Ωw

`{Z-Zo]w sImfpØn \n¿Δ-ln-®-Xv.

{io. aΩn-bq¿, tUm. iin-̀ q-j¨ F∂n-h-cpsS

hnim-e-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw {io. N{μ-lm-ks‚ ]n¥p-

Wbpw ]T-\-tI-{μ-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v Gsd klm-

b -I -ambn. hfsc Ipd -™- Im -e -b -f -hn -\p -

≈n¬Øs∂ tZiob {i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂-X-c-

Øn¬ ÿm]\w hf¿∂p. kztZ-in-bcpw hntZ-in-

b-cp-ambn [mcmfw hy‡n-Iƒ ]T-\-tI-{μ-Øn¬

FØn-Øp-S-ßn. [mcmfw Iem-K-th-j-Icpw Iem-

hn-Zym¿∞n-Ifpw temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw

Cu Iesb°pdn-®-dn-bm≥ Kpcp-hm-bq-cn¬ FØn-

s°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

A©p-h¿jsØ \mj-W¬ Untπmam

tImgvkv BWv ]T-\-tI-{μ-Øn¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. 1990-

˛¬ Cu tImgvkn\v Kh¿sa‚ v AwKo-Imcw \¬In.

kne-_kv ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Nn{X-I-c-N-\-bpsS

{]mcw` ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\p]pdsa h¿Æ-\n¿Ωm-Ww,

{]X-e-k-÷o-I-c-Ww, Npa¿Nn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS kmt¶-

XnI coXn-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]cn-io-

en-°p-∂p. Iem-N-cn{Xw kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw F∂o

hnj-b-ßfpw kne-_kv {]Imcw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.

12-˛-Hmfw _m®p-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ ]T\w Ign™v

]pd-Øn-d-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. tZio-b-X-e-Ønepw A¥¿tZ-

io-b-X-e-Ønepw [mcmfw Iymºp-Ifpw {]Z¿i-\-

ßfpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. Kpcp-

hm-bq¿ Npa¿Nn-{X-]-T\ tI{μ-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-

Ønepw [mcmfw Iymºp-Iƒ skan-\m-dp-Iƒ, Nn{X-

{]-Z¿i-\-ßƒ F∂nh kwL-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.

Cu h¿jw 25-˛mw h¿jw ]q¿Øn-bm-hp∂

Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI-{μ-Øns‚ ÿm\w `mc-Xob

Nn{X-Iem Ncn-{X-Øn¬Øs∂ kph¿Æ en]n-I-

fm¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ H∂mWv. Iem-kzm-Z\Øns‚bpw

`mc-Xob Iem-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ ta∑-I-sfbpw Gsd

ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]T-\-tI-{μ-Øn\v

km[n-®p. BZy-_m-®n¬ ]Tn-®n-d-ßnb hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ C∂v hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

Cu cwKØv kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. 10 t]cmWv BZy-_m-®n¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

kptcjv apXp -Ipfw (A-[ym-]-I≥, hmkvXp -

hn-Zym-Kp-cp-Ipew), kptcjv sI. \mb¿ (A-kn.

s{]m^-k¿, Nn{X-Iem hn`m-Kw, _\m-dkv lnμp

k¿Δ-I-em-im-e), sI.-bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ ({]n≥kn-

∏mƒ, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI-{μw,

FIvkn-Iyq-́ ohv AwKw, tIcf efnXIem -A-°m-Z-an),

kmPp Xpcp-Øn¬ (A-kn. s{]m^-k¿ Nn{X-Iem

hn`m-Kw, {ioi¶cmNmcy kwkvIrX k¿Δ-I-em-im-e,

Ime-Sn), APn-X≥ ]pXp-a\ (e-IvN-d¿, {ioi¶-cm-

Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, Ime-Sn), _m_p

sI. B¿. (A-[ym-]-I≥, ae-bmf Iem-{Km-aw, amln),

]n. - sI. kZm-\-μ≥ (kz-X{¥ Nn{X-Im-c≥),

IrjvW≥ a√n-t»cn (A-[ym-]-I≥), _k¥v

s]cn -tßm´v (kn -\nam Iem-kw-hn -[m -b-I≥,

Nn{X-Im-c≥), tKm]n tNhm-bq¿ (Nn-{X-Im-c≥) F∂n-

h-cmWv, 1989-˛1994 Ime-b-f-hn¬ BZy-_m-®n¬

aΩn-bq -cns‚ injy-∑m-cmbn ]T\w ]q¿Øn-

bm-°n-b-Xv.

{io. aΩn -bq¿ IrjvW≥Ipń -\m -b¿,

tUm. Fw.- Pn. iin-̀ q-j¨, {io. sI.- F. N{μ-lm-k≥

F∂n-h-tcm-sSm∏w Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ayqkn-b-Ønse

{][m\ Nn{X-Im-c-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ Pn. Agn-t°m-Sv,

Fkv. Hma-\-°p-́ ≥, s{]m^. Im´q¿ \mcm-b-W-∏n≈

({]n≥kn-∏mƒ, tImtfPv Hm^v ss^≥ B¿´vkv,

Xncp -h -\-¥-]p -cw), {io. hn. A®yp -X≥Ipń

(kwkvIrXw A[ym-]-I≥), tZhkzw `c-W-k-anXn

AwKw {io. sI. -]n. Icp-Wm-I-c≥ F∂n-h-sc√mw

]T-\- tI-{μ-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v Gsd bXv\n-®-h-cm-Wv.

]n∂oSv 1990-̨ -I-fpsS a[y-Øn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie

]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]e ÿm]-\-ßfpw Bcw-`n-°p-

I-bp-≠m-bn. tIcf kmwkv°m-cnI hIp-∏ns‚

Iogn¬ Bd≥ap-f-bn¬ hmkvXp-hn-Zym-Kp-cp-Ipew,

ImeSn {ioi¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿Δ-I-em-ime

F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw amln tI{μ-am°n {]h¿Øn-

°p∂ ae-bmf Iem-{Kmaw F∂ ÿm]-\-Ønepw

Npa¿Nn-{X-c-N\ ]Tn-∏n-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.


139............................................................................................... ..........

Nn{Xhpw Nn{X-Im-c\pwDÆokv Fw. aWn BNmcn

hnUvVn-s]-ń-bnse hnUvVn-]-c-º-c-I-fn¬

an∂n-a-d-bp∂ ]pcmW kpμco IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS

apJ-sØ-gpØv I≠v hrYm sXmgp-Xn-cn-°p∂ hr≤-

`-‡cpw Iuam-c-°mcpw \nd™ tIc-f-Øn-emWv

\Ωƒ Ct∏mƒ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. hf¿∂p hcp∂ Cfw

Xe-ap-d-bpsS t]mepw Ipcp-∂p-`m-h-\-I-fn¬ hnjw

IpØn-sh-°p∂ CØcw ImgvN-I-fn-te°v \ΩpsS

Ipń-Isf \bn-°-cp-Xv. Ah¿ I≠p-h-f-tc-≠Xv ip≤-

amb Ie Bkz-Zn-®p-sIm-≠m-h-s´. Cßs\ hf-cp∂

Xe-ap-d-bn-eqsS \Ωƒ ssIamdn h∂ ss]Xr-Ihpw

kwkvIm-chpw IqSp-X¬ Xnf-°-tØmsS F∂pw

hnfßn \n¬°pw.

tIc-f-Ønse ]mc-ºcyw Dƒs°m≠v hf¿∂v

]¥-en® tIc-fob Nph¿ Nn{X-I-e-bnepw ]cn-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ kw -̀hn®p F∂p-X-s∂-]-d-bmw. A`n-am-\n-°m-

hp∂ am‰-ßfpw ]T-\-ßfpw \S-°p-∂p-≠v. tIc-fob

Nph¿ Nn{X-ssien Iem-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ hyXym-khpw

hnim-e-hp-amb Hcp kXy-amb I¿Ω-ta-J-e-bm-Wv.

hy‡-amb N -́Iq-Sn-\p-≈n¬ IrXy-amb ]mc-º-cyhpw

[ym\-t«m-I-ßfpw ]©-h¿Æ I¬∏-\-Ifpw ktΩ-

fn-°p-tºmƒ h{I-X-bpw, Hgp°pw, Xmf-hp-ap≈ Idp∏v

tcJ-Iƒ Nn{X-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ angn-th-Ip-∂p.

]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv tIc-f-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw

t£{X-ß-fpw, ]≈n-I-fpw, sIm´m-c-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p

Nph¿ Nn{X-ß-fpsS {][m\ kt¶-X-ßƒ. D∂-X-

Ip-e-Pm-X¿°v am{Xw Bcm-[n-°p-hm\pw Bkz-Zn-°p-

hm\pw am{Xw tbmK-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Cu Nn{X-ssien

]n∂oSv km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-te°v

t]mepw hym]n®p hf-cp-∂Xv \ap°v I≠-dn-bm-hp∂

Imcy-am-Wv. ka-Im-en-I-amb kn\n-a-I-fn¬, ]c-ky-

ß-fn¬, hkv{X-ß-fn¬, B`c-W-ß-fn¬, ]m{X-ß-

fn¬ F√mw Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fpsS kmao]yw ImWp-

hm≥ Ign-bpw. Cu ]ptcm-K-a\ ]cn-jv°m-c-Øns‚

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Nn{X-Im-c-∑mcpw ]pXnb `mhw

ssI-h -cn®psh∂v ]d -bmw. ]≠p -Im -eØv

Nph¿Nn{Xw hc®v {]Z¿in-∏n®v kºm-Zn® Nph¿

Nn{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS IY Hcp Ncn-{X-Ønepw C√.

ImcWw AXv Ah¿°v Hcp sXmgn¬ F∂-Xn-ep-

]cn al-Ømb Hcp D]mk\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

C∂v Cu Nph¿Nn-{X-Ie Hcp h≥ hyh-kmbw Bbn

amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hc-°p∂ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ FÆ-

Øn¬ Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw AXns‚ ]Xn-∑-S-ßmWv

Nn{X-ßƒ hmßn-a-dn®p hn¬°p∂ CS-\n-e-°m-cpsS

FÆw. Iem-Im-c≥t]mepw a\- n¬ hnNm-cn-°mØ

IY-Ifpw apdn hnZybpw hnfºn Ch¿ Iem-kzm-Z-

Isc he-bn-em-°p-∂p. Hmtcm C©v hcbv°pw

IW°v ]d™p Imip-hmßn BUw-̀ -c-ß-fpsS ]c-

tam-∂-Xn-bn-se-Øm≥ a’-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-

ep≈ hº-∑m¿°nS-bn¬ hfsc Npcp°w Nne Nn{X-

Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS krjvSn-Iƒ°v am\y-amb Hcp

hne ]d-™m¬ kaqlw Ahsc hne Ipd™ Nn{X-

Im-c-∑m-cmbn ap{Z-Ip-Øp-∂p.

C\n as‰mcp Imcyw; Nne Iem-kzm-Z-I¿

Nph¿Nn-{X-Im-c-∑msc ImWp-∂Xv tIh-e-samcp ambm-

Pmew am{Xw \S-Øp-∂-h-cm-bn-́ m-Wv. 6 X 4 ASn NXp-

c{i hen-∏-ap≈ Hcp Nph¿Nn{Xw Hcp amkw-sIm≠v

hc-®p-Xo¿°mw. CtX Nn{Xw {]K-¤-cmb Nne¿ 6

Znh-kw-sIm≠pw ]q¿Øn-bm-°pw. CXn\pw hne ]d-

bp-tºmƒ hmßp-∂-hs‚ a\- n¬ ]p—-c-k-am-Wv.

Nn{XsØ°pdn-t®m, ]mc-º-cy-sØ-°p-dnt®m hy‡-

amb ImgvN-∏m-Sn-√mØ CØcw Iq´¿ BUw-_-c-

Øn-s‚bpw {]uUn-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-am-bn-´mWv

kz¥w amfn-I-bn¬ Hcp ImgvN hkvXp-hmbn I≠v

Al-¶-cn-°p-hm-\mWv CØcw Nn{X-ßƒ hmßn-°q-

´p-∂-Xv. Nn{X-ßƒ hc-°p∂ thf-bn¬ a‰p-≈-hs‚

hnIm-c-ß-fmb hni∏pw Zmlhpw Dd-°hpw a‰p euIo-

I-Im-cy-ßƒ hsc Nn{X-Øn-\p-th≠n \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bXv Bcpw Hm¿°m-dn-√. C{Xbpw thK-X-bn¬ hy‡-

X-tNm¿∂v t]mImsX hc-°p-hm≥ h¿j-ß-tfmfw

ImTn-\y-ta-dnb am\- n-Ihpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb km[-

\-Iƒ sNbvX-h-\mWv {]kvXpX Nn{X-Im-c≥

F∂Xpw hnkva-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

{]Xn-êw hne-t]in Ipd-®n-´v, {]iw-k-

Iƒ°v Afhv Iq´p∂ Hcp {]h-W-X-bmWv C∂v

I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. {]iw-k-sIm≠v Hcn°epw hni-∏-S-

°p-hm-t\m, acp-∂v hmßp-hmt\m F¥n\v H∂p

]Wbw sh°m≥t]mepw Ign-hns-√-∂Xv as‰mcp

Xam-i-bmWv! Nn{X-am-bmepw a‰v k¿§m-flI krjvSn-

bm-bmepw AXns‚ cN\m thf-bn¬ Nn{X-Im-cs‚

am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ°pw hy‡-amb {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v.

{]]©wt]mse hym]n®p InS-°p∂ `mh-\-Isf

Npcp-ßnb ka-bw-sIm≠v {`m¥-amb Bth-i-

tØmsS Iym≥hm-kn-te°v hen-s®-dn-bp-∂-Xp-

t]mse Ffp-∏-a√ Nph¿Nn-{X-c-N-\m-co-Xn. adn®v

Bflo-b-X-bpsS ip≤-amb {]Xn-cq-]-ß-sfbpw

{]IrXn kuμ-cy-sØbpw cq]-ß-sfbpw, Ncn-{X-

Ønse GSp-I-sf-bpw, kqjva-ambn a\- n¬ [ym\n-

®v Nn{X-X-e-Øn-te°v hy‡-ambn kmh-[m-\-Øn¬

k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v

Xs∂ Cu Nn{X-ssi-en-bn¬ XncptØm am‰-s∏-Sp-

Øtem D≠m-bn-ń-√-Xm-\pw. ASp°pw Nn´-bp-ap≈

hm°p-IƒsIm≠v A¿∞w tNm¿∂p-t]m-ImsX

Xmfhpw CuWhpw {]mkhpw tN¿Øv Xøm-dm-

°p∂ Hcp alm-Imhyw Xs∂-bmWv Nph¿Nn-{X-I-

e. CXn¬ hm°p-Iƒ°p-]-Icw h¿W-ßfpw, hc-

Ifpw BsW∂v am{Xw.

]co-£W Kth-j-W-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Nph¿

Nn{X-I-e-bn¬ hcp-Ønb Nne am‰-ßƒ {]iwk

]nSn-®p-]-‰n-sb-¶nepw Cu cwKØv Nne sshIr-X-

ßfpw D≠m-bn-h-cp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ hc-°p∂ coXn

Xs∂ CXn\v DØa DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ̀ ‡n-bpsSbpw

ip≤n-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-ambn Bkzm-Z-Icpw Nn{X-Im-

c-∑mcpw hmgvØns°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-

fnse tZho,-tZ-h-∑m¿ kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{X-ß-fn¬

BWv hc-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.... Nph¿Nn-{X-Ønse

F{Xtbm arK-am-em, ]£n-am-em, h\-ame Unssk-

\p-Iƒ CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hfsc

{i≤-tbmsS ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ I¬∏n®v hoSp-I-fn-epw

t£{X-ß-fnepw ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ KW-]-Xn,

inh≥, tZho-cq-]-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv CØ-c-

Øn¬ DSp-Xp-Wn-bn¬ hc-bv°-s∏´v Ah-tl-fn-°-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ChnsS \Ωƒ kzbw Xcw XmgvØ-s∏-

Sp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

A\y-a-X-kvX-cm-b, Km\-K-‘¿Δ≥ sI.-sP.

tbip-Zm-kv, Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hmb bqk-ên tIt®-

cn, IY-Ifn hmbv]m-´p-Im-c-\mb Iem-a-WvUew

sslZ-cmen XpS-ßnb {]apJ {]Xn-`-Iƒ sslμ-h-

kw-kv°m-c-Øn\v ka-{K-kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb

tIc-f-Øn¬ tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cn¬

Nnecpw, Ah-cpsS injy-]-c-º-c-bn¬s∏´ kv{XoIƒ

AS-°-ap≈ a‰p Nne-cp-amWv CØ-c-Øn¬ ssZh-

ßsf DSp-Xp-Wn-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n®v Ah-tl-fn-°p-

∂-Xv. hnizm-kn-I-fpw, kmwkvIm-cnI t{]an-Ifpw Cu

tami-amb {]h-WX I≠n-s√∂v \Sn-°p-∂-Xv hfsc

tJZ-I-c-am-Wv.

Bh¿Ø\ hnc-k-Xbpw Nne-t∏mƒ Nne

Bkzm-Z-I¿ ]d-™p-tI-ń-´p-≠v. tZho-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS

Inco-S-Ønepw B`-c-W-ß-fnepw sNdnb sNdnb

hyXym-k-ßƒ Ds≠-∂p-≈-X-√msX {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

D≠m-°m≥ Nn{X-Im-c\v Ign-bm-dn-√-t{X..... CØcw

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ah¿°p≈ adp-]-Sn-bp-am-bn v́ ]pXp-

X-e-ap-d-bnse \nc-h[n Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ cwKØph∂p.

]pcm-W-ßƒ am{X-a-√mØ Ncn-{X-hpw, IY-I-fpw, Ihn-

X-I-fp-sa√mw Nph¿ Nn{X-ssi-en-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-

®p-sIm≠v Ah¿ {i≤-]n-Sn-®p-]-‰n.


kXy-Øn¬ F\n°pw Nph¿Nn-{X-Im-c≥

F∂p≈ \ne°v Hcp ImeØv hfsc aSp-∏v tXm-

∂n-bn-cp-∂p. B Ah-k-c-Øn-emWv sIm®n-bnse

tXhc im¥n \K-dn¬ D≈ tIcf t^mIvtem¿

ayqkn-b-Øn¬ Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-°p-hm≥ Ah-

kcw e`n-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS ]pcmW IYm-]m-{X-ßsf

IqSmsX tIc-f-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cyhpw kwkv°m-chpw

Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ \nc-h[n hnj-b-ßƒ Nph¿Nn-

{X-ssi-en-bn¬ Rm\pw Fs‚ kplr-Ømb {ioIp-

am¿. sI. \ºymcpw tN¿∂v hc-®p. tX°n≥ ]e-I-

bn¬ {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb {]X-e-Øn-emWv Cu

Nn{X-ßƒ hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse sXøw,

Xnd, ]S-b-Wn, ]pen-I-fn, IY-I-fn, tamln-\n-bm-´w,

h≈w-Ifn XpS-ßnb F√m Iem-cq-]-ßfpw hc-°p-

hm≥ Ign-™p. Nph¿ Nn{X-ssi-en-bn-emWv hc-®-

sX-¶nepw sXøw, IY-I-fn, XpS-ßnb cq]-ß-fpsS

apJ-sØ-gpØv hsc hfsc IrXy-ambn ]Tn®p Xs∂-

bmWv Nn{X-c-N\ \S-Øn-b-Xv. IqSmsX tIc-f-

Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-I-fmb ]m{X-\n¿Ωm-

Ww, Bbp[ \n¿Ωm-Ww, B`-cW \n¿Ωm-Ww,

Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn, I®-hSw hsc hnj-b-ß-fm-bn.

sIm®n -bnse tXh-c -bn -ep≈ tIcf

t^mIvtem¿ lukv, hmb-\-°m¿°v kμ¿in-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Nmƒkv cmP-Ip-am-c\pw Ubm\ cmP-

Ip-am-cnbpw tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ BZy-ambn

kμ¿in® ÿehpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. aWn-°q-dp-

I-tfmfw Nn{X-ß-fn-te°v t\m°n\n∂ Ch¿ tIcf

t^mIvtem¿ lukns‚ Ub-d-IvS-dmb tPm¿÷v sP.

Xfn-b-Øn-t\mSv Imcy-ßƒ tNmZn®p Xm¬]-cy-

tØmsS a\- n-em-°p∂ cwKw Cu teJ-I≥

kt¥m-j-tØmsS kvacn-°-s´.

`mhn-bpsS hmKvZm-\-ß-fmb sIm®p-Ip-ń-

Iƒ°p-th≠n InUvkv ayqd¬ F∂ Hcp ssien°v

cq]w sImSp-°m≥ F\n°pw {ioIp-am¿ sI. \ºym-

dn\pw Ign™p F∂p-≈Xv as‰mcp kt¥m-j-am-Wv.

Ah¿ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ IYm-]m-{X-ß-sf-bpw, arK-ß-

sf-bpw, ]£n-I-sfbpw Ah¿°v Bkz-Zn-°m-hp∂

coXn-bn¬ Hcp tImanIv ssien-bn¬ hc-°p-I-bpw,

Nph¿ Nn{X-ß-fnse ac-ßfpw ]q°fpw Iqń-t®¿°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv CXv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv.

IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse Fcaw {Kma-]-©m-b-Ønse

A©v AwK≥hm-Sn -I-fn-emWv InUvkv ayqd¬

sNøm≥I-gn-™-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Ba-bp-

sSbpw apb-en-s‚bpw IY, Ipc-ßn-s‚bpw apX-e-bp-

sSbpw IY XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n IY-Ifpw B\, ISp-

h, ]cp¥v XpS-ßnb F√m ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Ifpw CXn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. CØcw Nn{X-ßƒ hc-°p-tºmƒ {Iqc

arK-ßƒ°pt]mepw \njvI-f-¶-X-bpsS ̀ mhw sImSp-

°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ°v AXmWv Gsd CjvS-

hpw...... CØcw Nn{X-ßƒ I≠v hf-cp∂ Hcp Ipń°v

`mhn-bn¬ k¶o¿Æ-ß-fmb hnj-b-ßƒ D≈

Nph¿Nn{X-ßƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-hm\pw hc-°p-hm\pw Hcp

]t£ Ffp-∏-am-bn-cn°pw F∂ Hcp Nn¥bpw Cu

Nn{X-ssien D≠m-°p-hm-\p≈ {]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. ]c-

º-cm-KX ayqd¬ Nn{X-I-esb {]W-bn-°p-∂-h¿ s\‰n

Npfn-°p-sa-¶nepw hy‡-amb ]T-\-ßfpw \nco-£-

W-ßfpw \S-Øn-bm¬ am{Xta thdn v́ k©-cn-°m≥

Ign-bq. BS-bm-̀ -c-W-ßƒ°pw apJ-sØ-gp-Øn\pw

Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap≈ sXø-ßƒ Nph¿Nn-{X-Øn-te°v

hc-°p-hm≥ IÆq-cnse sXøw Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS

IqsS Pohn-®p. IW-°p-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw kzmb-Ø-

am-°m≥ {KŸ-ßsf B{i-bn-®p. tamln-\n-bm-´-

Ønse 24 ap{Z-Iƒ, Ik-hns‚ X\na XpS-ßnb ̀ mK-

ßƒ Gsd ]Wn-s∏-́ -Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

h¿Æ kpμ-c-hpw, kº-Zvk-ar-≤n-bp-amb Nph¿

Nn{X cN\m taJ-e-I-fn-te°v Nhn-´p-]Sn Ib-dp∂

hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ Xe-ap-d-bnse IemhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ

Adn-™n-cn-°m≥ C{Xbpw ]d-™p-sh∂p am{Xw.

ImcWw temI-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ GXv Iem-kr-

jvSn-bpsS ]n∂nepw \nc-h[n Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS hyY-

I-fpsS Bcpw tIƒ°mØ IY-Iƒ D≠v. Hcp Imcyw

kt¥m-j-tØmsS ]d™v Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-s´.

hm°p-I-fn¬ ]d™p ImWn-°p-hm-\p-≈-X√ Nn{X-

ßƒ. adn®v Bkzm-Z-I≥ At±-l-Øns‚ a\- ns‚

`mh-\-bn-eqsSthWw Bkzm-Z\w \S-Øp-hm≥....

Nn{X-Im-c≥ Nn{X-Øns\°pdn®v IqSp-X¬ hmNm-e-

\m-th≠ kml-N-cyw hcp-tºmƒ, {]kvXpX Nn{Xw

km[m-c-W-°m-c\v Bkz-Zn -°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n√

F∂ sXfn -hmWv {]Xy-£-am-hp -∂-Xv. hcpw

Xe-ap-d°v \ΩpsS \mSns‚ kwkv°m-chpw ss]Xr-

Ihpw tNm¿∂p -t]m -ImØ coXn -bn¬ B

Nph¿Nn{X Iesb \ap°v Bflm¿∞-ambn

]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°mw.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

DÆokv Fw. aWn BNmcn : Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e- Kl-\-ambn ImWp∂ Nn{X-Im-c≥.

InUvkvayqd¬ F∂ ]pXnb hn`mKw Npa¿Nn{X Ie-bn¬ Bcw-`n-®p.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................


D’-hm-iw-k-Iƒ

SREELAKSHMI TRADERS(SINCE 2000)

RAVIPURAM, KOCHIPh : 2356312, Mob: 9345375799, (Radhika Rajendran) 85940 29940

Prox:

OFFICE STATIONARY SUPPLIERSSister Concern : SREELAKSHMI FOODS (Since 2008)

143............................................................................................... ..........

[ym\-t«m-I-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpwsI. bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿

]pcm-W-I-Y-I-tfbpw [ym\-t«m-I-ß-sfbpw

ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse Npa¿Nn-{X-

ßƒ cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. [ym\-t«m-I-ßfpw Nn{X-hp-

am-bp≈ _‘w AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hne-s∏-́ -Xm-Wv.

cmam -b -Ww, alm -`m -c -Xw, `mK -h -Xw,

tZho]pcmWw, inh-]p-cmWw XpS-ßnb ]pcm-W

I-Y-I-fn¬ \n∂pw IYmkμ¿ -̀ßƒ FSp-Øp-sIm≠v,

Nn{X-Im-c≥ Xt‚-Xmb kuμ-cy-k¶-¬∏-ßfneqsS

Nn{X-c-N\ \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn \ap°v a\- n-em-°mw.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v cmacmhW-bp≤w IY-Iƒ, alm-̀ m-cX

IYm-cw-K-ßƒ, Incm-Xm-¿÷p-\obw IY, {ioIr-jvW-

eo-e-Iƒ, cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, hrμm-h-\-cw-K-ßƒ

XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ambn tIc-fob

t£{XsIm´m-c -Np-a-cp-I-fn¬ hc-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

_nw_m-flI kz`m-h-tØmsS hc-bv°p∂tZho tZh≥amsc ]q¿Æ-ambpw [ym\-t«m-IsØASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv hc-bv°p-∂-Xv. [ym\-t«m-IØnse hnh-c-Whpw k¶-ev]-hp-a-\p-k-cn-®v Nn{X-Im -c≥ Xt‚-Xmb ssien -bn -eqsS cN\\n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p. tZhn-bpsS As√-¶n¬ tZhs‚s]mXp-hn-h-c-W-amWv [ym\-t«m-I-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn -°p -∂-Xv . Ah-cpsS Inco -Sw, IpWvU-ew,B`-c-W-ßƒ, apJ-`m-Kw, Ae-¶m-cw, hkv{Xw,Bbp-[-ßƒ, ssII-fpsS FÆw, ico-c-`m-j, tZl-Øns‚ \ndw, hkv{X-Øns‚ \ndw, Ccn-°p-I-bmtWm \n¬°p-I-bmtWm F∂-sXms° [ym\-t«m-I-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Cu hnh-cWw {i≤-tbmsS a\- n-em°n Nn{X-Im-c≥ bp‡n D]-tbm-Kn®v

Nn{X-c-N\ \S-Øp-∂p.

145............................................................................................... ..........

hyXykvX k¶¬∏-Øn-ep≈ tZho-tZ-h≥am-

cpsS ssII-fn¬ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Bbp-[-ßƒ

hc-bv°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ kμ¿`-Øn-\-v

A\p-k-cn®v ssII-fpsS FÆhpw Iq´p-∂p. ssih

sshjvWh Nn{X -ßfpw tZho Nn{X -ßfpw

Xncn-®-dn -bp-∂-Xn\v ssII-fnse Bbp-[-ßƒ

t\m°n-bm¬ aXn-bm-hpw. inhk¶-¬∏-Øn-ep≈

Nn{X-ß-fn¬ s]mXpsh am\pw agphpw D≠m-hpw.

{]tZmjaq¿Øn-bpsS ]Xn-\mdp ssII-fn¬ am≥,

aWn, hoW, h -́I, I]mew, ]miw, CjvSn, \μn-[z-Pw,

h\-am-e, A¶p-iw, Xriq-ew, A`bap{Z XpS-ßnb-h-

bmWv D≈-Xv. alm-hn-jvWp-hn\v iwJv, N{Iw, KZ,

]flw, XpS-ßnb Bbp-[-ß-fmWv {][m-\-am-bp-≈-

Xv. {_“m-hns\ hc-bv°p-tºmƒ ssII-fn¬ cp{Zm-

£-am-e, In≠n, tbmK-Z-WvUv, Xmac F∂n-h-bmWv

hc-bv°m-dp-≈-Xv. kc-kzXo tZhnsb hc-bv°p-tºmƒ

hoWbpw cp{Zm-£-am-ebpw Aar-X-Ipw-̀ hpw {KŸhpw hc-

bv°m-dp-≠v. KW-]-Xn-bpsS ssII-fn¬ s]mXpsh

Ibdv, tXmń, cp{Zm-£- ame As√-¶n¬ tamZIw

F∂nh hc-bv°p-∂p. [ym\-t«m-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬

hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.

KW-]Xn

knμq-cm`w {Xnt\{Xw ]rYp-X-c-P-Tcw

lkvX-]-Zvssa¿±-[m\w

Z¥w ]mim-¶p-siu kzw lypcp-I-c˛

hne-k-Zv_o-P-]q-cm-̀ n-cmaw

_mteμptZymX-sauenw KP-]-Xn-h-Z\w

Zm\-]q-cm¿{Z-KWvUw

t`mKo-{μm-_-≤-̀ qjw ̀ PX

KW-]Xnw c‡-h-kv{Xmw-K-cmKw

knμp-c-h¿Æw, aq∂p IÆp-Iƒ, henb hb-dv, \mep ssII-

fn¬ {Iaw sImºv, Ib-dv, tXmń, \mc-ß, inc- n¬ N{μ-I-em-̀ -

c-Ww, apJw, aZ-Pew {]h-ln-°p∂ IhnƒØ-Sw, k¿∏m-ew-

IrX ico-cw, Nph∂ hkv{X-ßƒ Ipdn-°p-´p≈v Ch- sIm≠v

`qjn-X-amb tZhs\ C{]-Im-c-ap≈ KW-]-Xnsb ̀ Pn-®m-epw.

i‡n-]-©m-£cn

aqte-I-ev]-{Zp-aky {ZpX-I-\-I-\n`w

Nmcp-]-flm-k-\ÿw

hmam-¶m-cq-V-sKuco\n-_n-U-Ip-N-̀ -cm˛

t`mK-Km-tVm-]-KqVw

k¿Δm-e-¶m-c-Im¥w hc-]-c-ip-ar-Km˛

òXn-_mlpw {Xnt\{Xw

htμ-_m-te-μp-sauenw Kpl-K-P-h-Z\n

`ymap-]m-«n-jvS-]m¿izw

Iev]-hr-£-Øns‚ Nphń¬ at\m-l-c-amb Xma-c-∏q-hn¬ ÿnXn-

sN-øp-∂h\pw Dcp-°nb kz¿Æw-t]mse tZl-Im-¥n-tbm-Sp-Iq-

Sn-bh\pw CSsØ XpS-bn-en-cn-°p∂ {io]m¿Δ-Xn-bpsS taZp-c-

amb IpN-Ipw-`-ß-fpsS {]Km-Vm-enw-K-\-kpJw A\p-`-hn-°p-

∂hpw \m\m{]Im-c-Øn¬ Aew-Ir-X\pw A`-b-h-c-Z-ßfpw

am\pw shä-gphpw [cn-®-Xp-amb \mev ssII-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bh\pw

ap°-Æ\pw N{μ-°-em-[m-cnbpw kp{_-“-Wys‚bpw KW-]-Xn-

bp-sSbpw \Sp-hn¬ \n¬°p-∂-h-\p-amb inhs\ Rm≥ hμn-°p-∂p.

Kmb{Xn

t[ybx kZm khn-Xr-a-WvU-e-a-≤y-h¿Øo

\mcm-bWx kc-kn-Pm-k-\-k-∂n-hnjvSx

tIbq-c-hm≥ aI-c-Ip-WvU-e-hm≥ IncoSo

lmco lnc-◊-b-h-]p-¿≤r-X-iw-J-N{Ix

kqcyaWvU-e-a-≤y-Øn¬ ]Zvam-k-\-Øn¬ Ccn-bv°p-∂-h-\pw,

tXmƒh-f-Iƒ aI-c-Ip-WvU-e-ßƒ IncoSw apØp-ame F∂n-h-

tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\pw, iwJ-N-{I-ßsf [cn-bv°p-∂-h-\pw, kz¿Æ-

\n-d-amb ico-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\p-amb \mcm-b-W≥ (a-lm-hn-

jvWp) F√m-bvt∏mgpw [ym\n-bv°-s∏-tS-≠-h-\m-Ip-∂p.

thWp-tKm-]mew

Awkmew-_n-X-hm-a-IpWvUe-bqXw

atμm-∂-X-{`q-eXmw

In©nXv Ip©nX tImafmw[-c-]pSw

kzman {]Nm-tc-£Ww

Btem-emw-Kp-en-]-√hw apcfn

Imam]q-c-b¥w apZm

aqte Iev]-X-tcm-kv{Xn-̀ wKn efnXw

[ymtb PK-t∑m-l-\w.

CS-Xp-sN-hn-bnse IpWvUew tXmfn¬ Dcp-Ωp-amdp Xe

Ipds™m∂p Ncn®pw ]pcn-I-ßƒ teiw hf®pw BI¿j-I-

amb A[-csØ Aev]w Npfn®pw t\m´w Ncn®pw ssIh-c-ep-

Iƒ Nen-∏n®pw Iev]I hr£- Np-h-ń¬ \n∂v HmS-°p-g¬

DuXp-∂p. temI-tam-l-\-kz-cq-]-\mb thWptKm]m-e-aq¿Ønsb

Rm≥ [ym\n-°p-∂p.

Z£n-Wm-aq¿Øn

ssIem-km-{Zn-\n`w iim-¶-i-I-e˛

kv̂ q¿÷-÷-Sm-a-WvUnXw

\mkm-tem-I-\XXv]cw {Xn\-b\w

hocm-k-\m-≤ym-kn\w

ap{Zm-S-¶-Ip-cw-K-Pm-\p-hn-e-k-Xv̨

]mWow {]k-∂m-\\w

I£m-_-≤-̀ p-Pw-Kaw ap\n-hrXw

htμ atliw ]cw

ssIem-k-]¿ΔXw t]mse shfpØ ico-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw

N{μ-°-e-sIm≠v tim`n-bv°p∂ PSm-÷q-S-tØmSv IqSn-b-h\pw

\mkm-{K-Øn¬ ZØ-Zr-jvSnbpw ap°-Æ\pw hocm-k-\-Øn-en-cn-

bv°p-∂-h\pw ⁄m\-ap-{Z, S¶w (I-√p-fn), am≥ Ch aq∂pw

ssII-fn¬ [cn®v Hcp ssI Im¬ap-ń-t∑¬ sh®n-cn-bv°p-∂-

h\pw {]k-∂-ap-J\pw k¿t∏m-Ø-cobw [cn-®-h\pw ap\n-I-fm¬

Np‰-s∏-́ -h-\p-amb Z£n-Wm-aq¿Ønsb Rm≥ \a-kvI-cn-bv°p-∂p.

(1) Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√

1. s\øm-‰n≥Ic {ioIr-jvW-kzm-an- t£{Xw

2. Ipi-t°mSv inh-t£{Xw

3. Im¥-fq¿ inh-t£{Xw

4. Icp-th-e-∏p-c-am-fnI

5. an{Xm-\-μ-]pcw t£{Xw

6. {io]-Zva-\m-`-kzman t£{Xw

7. B‰n-ß¬ sIm´mcw

8. B‰n-ß¬ hnjvWp t£{Xw

9. {Xnhn-{I-a-aw-Kew t£{Xw

10. Iogvt∏cq¿ Xr∏m¬°-S¬ t£{Xw

(2) sIm√w Pn√

11. shfnbw ]©-aq¿Øn t£{Xw

12. ]mhpºm inh-t£{Xw

(3) Be-∏pg Pn√

13. IrjvW-]pcw sIm´mcw

14. Nmen-\m-cm-b-W-t£{Xw

15. \ncWw ap∂q-‰n-aw-Kew \c-knw-l-t£{Xw

16. hntTm-_m-t£{Xw (Im-bw-Ip-fw)

17. lcn-∏mSv IogvXr-t°m-hn¬

18. Xr°p-∂-∏pg imkvXm-t£{Xw

19. A\-¥-e£vao\mcm-b-W-]pcw t£{Xw

(B-e-∏p-g)

20. XÆo¿ap°w i¶c\mcm-bW t£{Xw

21. aÆ-t©cn inh-t£{Xw

22. acp-tØm¿h´w [\z-¥-cn-t£{Xw

23. Xpd-hq¿ t£{Xw

24. ssX°m-´p-t»cn t£{Xw

25. thtfm¿h´w t£{Xw

26. H‰∏p-∂-I-S-hn¬ `K-h-Xn-t£{Xw

27. Aº-e-∏pg {ioIr-jvW-kzman t£{Xw

(4) ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√

28. ]\-b-∂m¿Imhv (]-cp-a-e)

29. Xpº-a¨ kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

30. a√-∏≈n B\n-°mSv `K-h-Xn-t£{Xw

31. Xncp-h√m {ioh-√-`-t£{Xw

32. XpI-e-t»cn inh-t£{Xw

33. ]¥fw Aø-∏-t£{Xw

tIc-fob Nph¿®n{X kt¶-X-ßƒ({]-[m-\-s∏-´-h)

IS-∏mSv: tIc-fØnse Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ ˛ tUm. Fw. Pn. iin-`q-j≥34. \ncWw ap∂q-‰n-aw-Kew \c-knw-l-t£{Xw

35. Ipf-°S t]m‰n-aTw t£{Xw

36. sImSp-a¨ sshIp-WvT-]pcw t£{Xw

37. Bd-∑pf ]m¿Y-km-c-Yn-t£{Xw

(5) tIm´bw Pn√

38. s]cp∂ kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

39. Xncp-\-°c inh-t£{Xw

40. Xfn-bn¬ inh-t£{Xw

41. Xrs°m-Sn-Øm\w hnjvWp-t£{Xw

42. ]mWvUhw imkvXm-t£{Xw

43. XrKu-X-a-]pcw hnjvWp-t£{Xw

44. hmkp-tZ-h-]pcw t£{Xw

45. B¿∏p-°c kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

46. Ipam-c-\-√q¿ `K-h-Xn-t£{Xw

47. Xncp-h-©q¿ kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

48. amßm\w \c-knw-l-t£{Xw

49. ]mºmSn ssIX-a‰w t£{Xw

50. B\-°p-f-ßc (`-K-h-Xn-t£-{Xw), ]mem

51. ]pWvU-co-I-]pcw hnjvWp-t£{Xw

52. ssh°w alm-tZ-h-t£{Xw

53. DZ-b-\m-]pcw kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

54. IpS-h-®q¿ hnjvWp-t£{Xw

55. apf-°pfw e£va-W-kzm-an-t£{Xw

56. InS-ßq¿ kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

(6) Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√

57. a´m-t©cn sIm´mcw

58. tNcm-\-√q¿ `K-h-Xn-t£{Xw

59. Ff-¶p-∂-∏pg kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

60. ]mgq¿ inh-t£{Xw

61. cma-aw-Kew t£{Xw

62. Xncp-\m-b-tØmSv t£{Xw

63. Duc-a\ \c-knw-l-t£{Xw

64. ]menbw IrjvW-t£{Xw

65. Be-ßmSv \c-knw-l-t£{Xw

66. Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd U®v]m-ekv

(_w-•mhv ]me-kv)

(7) CSp°n Pn√

67. HmW-°q¿ t£{Xw


(8) Xriq¿ Pn√

68. Acn-I-∂n-bq¿ `K-h-Xn-t£{Xw

69. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{Xw

70. aΩn-bq¿ inh-t£{Xw

71. sNΩ≥Xn´ inh-t£{Xw

72. Føm¬ `K-h-Xn-t£{Xw

73. hS-°p-∂m-Y-t£{Xw

74. s]cp-a\w t£{Xw

75. tN¿∏v `K-h-Xn-t£{Xw

76. Xncp-h-©n-°pfw inh-t£{Xw

77. Xr{]-bm¿ {iocm-a-t£{Xw

78. t]cm-aw-Kew t£{Xw

79. ]≈n-aÆ inh-t£{Xw

80. XrN-{I-]pcw hnjvWp-t£{Xw

81. Xtem¿ inh-t£{Xw

(9) ae-∏pdw Pn√

82. C¥y∂q¿ inh-t£{Xw

83. Xr°-So-cn-t£{Xw

84. Aßm-Sn-∏pdw `Kh-Xn-t£{Xw

85. Icn-°mSv kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw (a-t©-cn)

86. \ne-ºq¿ hncm-Sq¿ inh-t£{Xw

87. Xr{]-tßmSv inh-t£{Xw

88. awKew t£{Xw

89. Be-Øn-bq¿ {iocm-a-t£{Xw

90. tIm´-°¬ inh-t£{Xw

91. ]I-cm-hq¿ inh-t£{Xw (aq-°p-X-e)

92. hmf-°pfw t£{Xw

93. Nμ-\-°mhv hnjvWp-t£{Xw

94. hnf-b¬ \c-knw-l-aq¿Øn t£{Xw

95. awKew inh-t£{Xw

96. hmf-a-cp-Øq¿ `K-h-Xn-t£{Xw

97. h´w-Ipfw inh-t£{Xw

98. Be-tßm´p \c-knw-l-t£{Xw

(10) ]me-°mSv Pn√

99. ]≈n-°p-dp∏v t£{Xw

100. ]m™mƒ Aø-∏≥Imhv

101. ]m™mƒ hnjvWp-t£{Xw

102. In≈n-°p-dn-»n-aw-Kew inh-t£{Xw

103. Xncp-th-K-∏pd t£{Xw

104. Xr°-tßmSv t£{Xw

105. Xncp-an-‰-t°mSv t£{Xw

106. Im®mw-Ip-dn»n hnjvWp-t£{Xw

107. Xr∏m-fq¿ inh-t£{Xw

108. aÆq¿ inh-t£{Xw

109. AS-bv°m-]p-Øq¿ inh-t£{Xw

110. AS-bv°m-]p-Øq¿ hnjvWp-t£{Xw

111. NpSp-hm-e-Øq¿ inh-t£{Xw

112. sNdp-Im-´p-Ipew inh-t£{Xw

113. s\√mb hnjvWp-t£{Xw (]-I-cm-hq¿)

114. Icn-ºpg {iocm-a-t£{Xw

115. Im¥-≈q¿ hnjvWp-t£{Xw (sh-≈n-t\-gn)

116. ]pXp-t°mSv inh-t£{Xw

(11) tImgn-t°mSv Pn√

117. tImgn-t°m´v Xfn-t£{Xw

118. am¶mhv sIm´mcw

119. sIm√w hnjm-cn-Imhv

120. tNtdmSv tN∂-aw-Kew inh-t£{Xw

121. Ifn-bmw-]≈n `K-h-Xn-t£{Xw

122. _mep-t»cn th´-bvs°m-cp-a-I≥ t£{Xw

123. ]pd-tacn ]c-tZ-h-Xm-t£{Xw

124. Imcm´p IrjvW-t£{Xw

125. temI-\m¿Imhv

126. Iogq¿ inh-t£{Xw

127. NmØ-aw-Kew tImt´m¬ t£{Xw

128. aWn-bq¿ inh-t£{Xw (h-S-I-c)

129. FS-t®cn inh-t£{Xw

130. Ip‰n-∏pdw inh-t£{Xw

131. Ip‰ymSn \o´q¿ inh-t£{Xw

132. Ff-a-c-¶p-f-ßc {̀Z-Im-fn-t£{Xw (t]-cm-{º)

(12) IÆq¿ Pn√

133. A\-t¥-izcw ]fl-\m-`-t£{Xw

134. sXmSo-°fw inh-t£{Xw

135. Xr®w-_cw hnjvWp-t£{Xw

136. Xfn-∏-dºv inh-t£{Xw

137. at{Icn kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

138. Im™n-c-tßmSv inh-t£{Xw

139. samdmg inh-t£{Xw

140. sNdp-Ip∂v A∂-]q¿tW-iz-cn-t£{Xw

141. aSn-b≥Iqtemw Imf-cm-{Xn-t£{Xw

142. amWn-bq¿ kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

143. ]p√q¿ sImSm-hew hnjvWp-t£{Xw

144. ]cn-bmcw kp{_-“-Wy-t£{Xw

145. ]mW-∏pg hnjvWp-t£{Xw

(13) I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√ (X-an-gv\m-Sv)

146. tIc-f-]pcw inh-t£{Xw

147. ]fl-\m-`-]pcw sIm´mcw

148. Xncp-\-¥n-°c Kplm-t£{Xw

149. Xncp-h-´m¿ BZn-tI-i-h-t£{Xw

150. ipNo{μw ÿmWp-am-e-b-s]-cp-amƒ t£{Xw

151. NnX-dm¬ t£{Xw

152. ]m¿Yn-h-]pcw t£{Xw

147............................................................................................... ..........

ho≠pw ̀ K-hm≥ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚ aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmjw! aI-c-tPymXn ]Xn-aq∂mw ]Xn-∏ns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\pw

ka-b-am-bn. Kl-\-amb hnj-b-ßƒ kmam\y P\-ßƒ°v a\- n-emhp-∂- co-Xn-bn-emWv F√m-h¿jhpw aI-c-tPym-Xn-bnse teJ-\-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-

cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\p-apºv B\, tafw, IY-I-fn, kwKoXw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ, AXv Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v th≠-co-Xn-bn¬

Ahbv°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-hm≥ ]e t£{X kan-Xn-Ifpw Xøm-dm-b-Xn¬ Aø∏ tkhm kan-Xn°v Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-ap-≠v.

Cu h¿jw aI-c-tPym-Xn-bnse hnjbw ""tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie'' BWv. AXn¬Øs∂ t£{X-ßfpw sIm´m-c-ß-fp-amWv Cu

]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.

""Hcp Nn{Xw Bbncw hm°p-I-fm¬ kºp-jvS-amWv '' F∂mWv {]am-Ww. CXv kXyw Xs∂! Cu ]Xn-∏ns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-t\m-

S-\p-_-‘n®v \S-Ønb bm{X-I-fnepw N¿®-I-fnepw Npa¿Nn{Xw F∂Xv tIhew Hcp Nn{Xw am{X-a√ F∂pw `K-hZv[ym\ {]Xo-I-ß-fm-

sW∂pw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n-®p. F∂m¬ F√m hnj-b-ß-fnepw F∂ t]mse, ]ucm-WnI Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw aqey-

tim-jWw \S-∂p-hcp∂p. Cu kμ¿`-Øn-emWv \ΩpsS kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ `mK-amb Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-t_m[w P\n-∏n-

°p-hm≥ Cu ]Xn∏v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p- apºv Bte-J\w sNø-s∏-ń-´p≈ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ Imem-Xn-h¿Øn-bmbn Hfn-

a-ßmsX \ne-\n¬°pI F∂Xv ]q¿Δ-kq-cn-I-fpsS Iemss\]p-Wy-Øn\v ZrjvSm-¥-am-Wv. ]s£ Cu ASp-Ø- Im-eØv Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw

aßn-tbm, amt™m t]mIp-∂Xv Xo¿®-bmbpw Aaqey Iem-kr-jvSn-I-tfm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS kao-]\coXn sIm≠mWv-. t£{X-Øns‚ Npa-cp-I-

fn¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ Cu h¿Æ hnkva-b-ßƒ I≠m-kz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw AXn¬ \nc-¥cw kv]¿in®pw s\‰n-ØSw apń®pw, I¿∏m-

cm-cXn ImWn®pw Nμ\w tX®pw AanX `‡n {]I-Sn-∏n®v Cu Nn{X-ß-fpsS Bbp v Ipd-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Nne-cm-Is´ \njvI-cpWw

Cu at\m-lc Zriy-ßƒ°p-ta¬ ]pXnb Nn{X-th-e-Iƒ sNbvtXm, IpΩmbw ]qintbm \in-∏n-°p-∂p. C\n-sb-¶nepw CØcw ]Xn-hp-Iƒ

\¿Øn _m°n-bp≈ Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-sf-¶nepw hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°mbn kq£n-®p-sh-bvt°-≠Xv \ΩpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv.

tUm. Fw. Pn. iin-`q-j-sWt∏m-ep≈ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑-cpsS ka-tbm-Nn-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Cu Npa¿Nn{X-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-

Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn-´p≠v F∂Xv Bizm-k-I-c-am-Wv AXn\v klm-b-I-ambn Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd \nhm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ Znhw-K-X-\mb N{μ-lm-k≥

Ah¿I-fpsS A{im¥ ]cn-{i-a-Øm¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZh-kz-w 1989¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-Iem ]T-\-tI-{μw Bcw-`n-®p. CXn¬ Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

\nhm-kn -Iƒ°v Xo¿®-bmbpw A`n -am -\n -°mw. Cu ]Xn -∏n¬ ss[j-Wn-I-ß-fmb teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xnb alZvhy‡n-Iƒ

Npa¿Nn-{X-I-ebpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\pw D∂-a-\-Øn\pwth≠n {]h¿Øn-®p-h-cp-∂p. Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm kan-Xnbpw Cu Ah-k-c-

Øn¬ sNdn-sbmcp ]¶v hln-°-s´.

{]uV-Kw-ò-c-amb teJ-\-ßƒ FgpXn Cu kvac-Wn-Isb tXP- p-‰-Xm-°nb F√m ss[j-Wn-I¿°pw, ]c-ky-ßƒ \¬In

Rß-tfmSv kl-I-cn® ÿm]-\-ßƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°pw, F√m `‡-P-\-ßƒ°pw, Cu kvac-Wn-I-bp-tSbpw aI-c-hn-f°v

D’-h-Øn-t‚bpw hnP-b-Øn-\mbn A£oWw {]h¿Øn°p∂ F√m {]h¿Ø-I¿°pw F√m-hn[ Bbp-cm-tcm-Ky-ku-Jy-ßfpw D≠m-It´

F∂v Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn-t\mSpw {io]q¿W-{X-bo-i-t\mSpw Bflm¿∞-ambn {]m¿∞n®psIm≈p-∂p.

""aI-c-tPymXn 2015'' kvac-Wn-I-bnse teJ-\-ßƒ AXmXp teJ-I-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ambn IW-°m-t°≠-Xm-Wv. Xma-c-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm

kan-Xn-bpsS tcJm-aq-e-amb A\p-a-Xn-bn-√msX Cu kvac-Wn-I-bnse teJ-\-ßƒ H∂pwXs∂ ]p\x{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p.

ic-W-tLm-j-tØm-sS,

]{Xm-[n]kan-Xn-°p- th≠n

IrjvW-\mYv sh¶ćm-a≥

apJy ]{Xm-[n-]¿

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmj kvac-WnI 2015aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmj IΩn‰n, Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm kan-Xn, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

Published by : Krishnanath Venkataraman, Chief Editor, Makarajyothi on behalf of Thamaramkulangara Ayyappa Seva SamithyMakaravilakku Celebrations Committee - 2015 and Printed at : Matha Offset Printers, Cochin - 682 018

]{Xm-[n] kanXn AwK-ßƒ: {io. Acp¨ Fkv., {io. inh-Zm-kv h¿Ω, {io. ]n. cmPvIp-am¿, {ioa-Xn. Fw. Fkv. e£van ip`

ap-Jy -D-]-tZ-jvSmhv : {io. sI. bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿, {]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Npa¿Nn{X ]T-\-tI-{μw, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw

IS-∏mSv: Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T\tI{μw, ]pWvU-cn-I-]pcw t£{Xw ̀ mc-hm-ln-Iƒ

Nn{X-ßƒ: kcnX ÃpUn-tbm, Kpcp-hm-bq¿, tUm. F. Sn. taml≥cm-Pv, sI. bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd Szn≥ sFbvkv ÃpUntbm

tcJm-Nn-{X-ßƒ: sI. bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿

apJ-Nn{Xw: ]pWvU-cn-I-]pcw alm-hn-jvWp-t£-{X-Ønse {iocma ]´m-`n-tjIw Nph¿Nn{Xw

]Xn-aq∂mw ]Xn∏v

aìùlX lùéfùy§ùMr. hgnfãÿtq

kp{_-“-Wy≥ vêtlfjfh¥eëx

aìùlX acwMeéf{_-“-{io. IqS-∏pg i¶-c≥\-ºq-Xncn

aìùlX krBxMeéf{_-“-{io. Kpcp-{]-kmZv ̀ ´v

t£{Xw ̨ ASn-b-¥ncw{io. apt≠-ºn≈n _me-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

t£{Xw ̨ IgIw{io. A\ojv hmcy¿

aìùlX Gdjeäz{_-“-{io. samc-bv°m-e-a\

\mc-bW≥ \ºq-Xncn

t£{Xw ̨ Poh-\-°m¿{io. KtW-i≥ \mcm-b-W≥ {ioaXn. ao\m£n tKmhn-μ≥

149............................................................................................... ..........

smùköJf

lecjXkgä~j DÖh¥ambemcflflecjXkgä~j, lôh¥tCfègJ - 682 301, SJCekgäX pfnâ,

Ph : 9847717097 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thamara.net

aìùlmXyÀceã ktëglw bfbj~WTx yÀsh¥aëç bfnemX :

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏tkhmkanXnbpsS 2014˛2015

h¿jsØ {]h¿ØI kanXn AwKßƒ

1 {io. s{]m^. ]n.- F-kv. tim`≥ {]kn-U‚ v 9447573372

2 {io. AUz. B¿. APnØvIpam¿ h¿Ω sshkv {]kn-U‚ v 9847057075

3. {io. Fkv. Acp¨ sk{I-´dn 9847717097

4. {io. IrjvW-\mYv sh¶-´-cm-a≥ tPm. sk{I-´dn 9995544495

5. {io. ]n. cmPvIp-am¿ {Sj-d¿ 9847058128

6. {io. Fkv. lcn I¨ho-\¿ aI-c-hn-f°mtLmjw 9061000115

7. {io. Sn.- hn. kp{_-“-Wy≥ {]h¿ØI kanXn AwKw 9633013750

8. Ipamcn hn. efnX ” 9495764107

9. {io. ]n. Pb-N-{μ≥ ” 9895189101

10. {io. hn. DÆn-°r-jvW≥ ” 9846802852

11. {io. inh-Zmkv h¿Ω ” 94475 73788

12. {io. ]n. DÆn-°r-jvW≥ ” 8129471902

13. {io. Sn. hn. N´-\m-Y≥ {Sj-d¿ aI-c-hn-f°mtLmjw 9746155646

DÿoevùhYgabû MjCcÖh¥e!DÿoevX cueoevX

F√m h¿jhpw hr›nI amk-Øn¬ imkvXmw-]m-ń-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®pw

ss]¶p\n D{Xw \mfnepw \S-Øp∂ ""A∂-Zm\w'' ̂ ≠n-te°v DZm-c-ambn

kw`m-h\ sNøp-I. kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ̀ ‡-P-\-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ F≥tUm-

hvsa‚mbpw Aø∏ tkhm -k-an-XnbpsS ]°¬ G¬∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

i\n-bm-gvN-tXm-dp-ap≈ \ma-k-¶o¿Ø-\-Øn¬]s¶-Sp-°p-hm≥ F√m ̀ ‡-P-\-ß-tfmSpw A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p.


P\p-hcn 11 1190 [\p 27 D’hw sImSn-tb‰v

P\p-hcn 15 1190 aIcw 1 aI-c-hn-f°v

P\p-hcn 16 1190 aIcw 2 D’hw Bdm v́

s^{_p-hcn 14 1190 Ipw`w 2 {io]q¿Æ{Xboi t£{XØnse ]d Fgps∂≈n∏v

am¿®v 23 1190 ao\w 9 ao\`cWn

am¿®v 27 1190 ao\w 13 [zP-{]-XnjvTmZn\w

G{]n¬ 3 1190 ao\w 20 ]¶p\n D{Xw, \nth-Zy-kZy

G{]n¬ 15 1190 taSw 1 hnjp , alm-K-W-]-Xn-tlmaw

G{]n¬ 26 1190 taSw 12 k¿∏-_en

Pqsse 17 1190 I¿°n-SIw 1 cmam-b-W-amkw Bcw`w

BKÃv 16 1190 I¿°n-SIw 31 I¿°n-SI \nd-ame, X{¥n-]qP

BKÃv 18 1191 Nnßw 2 hn\m-bI NXp¿∞n, alm-K-W-]Xn tlmaw

BKÃv 28 1191 Nnßw 12 Xncp-thmW ]q°fw

HIvtSm_¿ 3,4,5,6 1191 Xpemw 3,4,5,6 \h-cm{Xn D’hw

\hw-_¿ 17 1191 hr›nIw 1 aWvU-e-Imew Bcw-̀ w

\hw-_¿ 20 1191 hr›nIw 4 `K-h-Xn°v If-sa-gpØpw ]m´pw

\hw_¿ 21 1191 hr›nIw 5 imkvXmw]m v́ , \nthZykZy

Unkw-_¿ 27 1191 [\p 11 aWvU-e-]q-P, BZw-]n-≈n-°mhv ̀ K-h-Xn-bpsS

hnf-°n-s\-gp-∂-≈n∏v

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io[¿Ω imkvXm t£{XØnse

2015 h¿j-Ønse hntij-Zn-h-k-ßƒ

MvfãeBxòªaleJgcgú vfJcen, bfäTgbãxh¥xSÿfb vëègbez Y©pv~ägsë

mueãmukjC~W ùhlrìfòªg skeúgÿg.

151............................................................................................... ..........

t£{XØnse {][m\ hgn]mSpIƒGoãem£cvhtp

meìew òùcböèx Mem£ebfszÜ mVjthceãlecjXkgä~j ùMrOqîMem£ebx cue ssboõvgX,ìfùhùhmeofãgX ECx. mqbªajeiMcvèfvgXGÑfóxSkejõmeíõèfvgX aìùlèfw Goãem£cvhtp vëègÿlx Hnùhocsùl. DvgYbÆq hJ-åJfåx Fah¥eW aìùlèfw OejeäX ahqGoãem£cvhtp bBfheëeãf vëèfbjgÿg.

iChlf auecX

ùMr bfIxavMVj ùhrlfTeãf aìùlèfw SnâeofbmbgX cgë~esl jebfsn iChlf auecXbBfheëeãf vëèf bjgÿg. ktëglw Y©pv~WFd bBfheëx vëègbez cgaÿeöx bjCscÿxDYõqÓfTgÿg.

Yiblf amb

Snâe sbúfãeBxòãgX cgë~esl Fd bBfheëxvëèCscÿx mcflfTeùiucgçx. Y©pv~Wl~ägsë bkãeãf Flg vëègbez cgaÿeögb-jCscÿx DYõqÓfTgÿg.

vflõvfoevX

aìùlèfsn vflõhtp, vfaboõX F∂nh \nXy-

\n-Zm-\-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂g. OejeäX Y©pv~WDbjbjgaëãgX yÀgpv~ägaëãgX p|vìùl~äfw Fd bBfheëx vëèfbjgÿg.

vfJcen bfäTgbãxh¥x

aìùlèfw ofbmbgX “vfJcenãgX bfäTgbãxh¥gX”vëèCscÿx mcflfTeùiucgsçRfngXmeêèfk hjfcflfkW ctnX Snâe MvfãeBxòkäfngXcJÜx bfaMóofbm~äfngX ceùlX Flx cgëTXktëesl vëèfbjgÿg. Y©pv~W bBfheëeãfFlx vëègbez cgaÿeögbjCscÿx DYõqÓfTgÿg.

bebghtp, EãfnõXhtp

Snâe cem~äfngX bebghtpãgX, EãfnõX vì-ùlèfw mqh¥èfvx EãfnõXhtpãgX, vtJgXhengX Dqh¥fTngX GçeãfjfTgÿleCx.Y©pv~ägsë bBfheëeãeCx Fd htpkWvëèfbjgÿlx.

vfaboõX

ùMrOqîMem£ebfvx FóØ vfaboõ~äeã SúgheãmX, Dh¥X vfaboõX SÿfbãgX, iChlfTxZJÜãh¥X vfaboõbgX Y©pv~W bBfheëeãfvëèfbjgÿg.

lgneYejX, aòeJtCx

ùMr OqîMem£ebfszÜ cgêfw DYróØmfífTeãflgneYejX, aòeJtCx Sÿfb vëègbevgúmdkjõbgX mcflf ZjgTfãfögçx.

D’-h-Zn-hk-ß-fn¬ {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn\v

\nth-Zn® A∏w, Ac-h-W,

aI-c-hn-f°v Znhkw KW-]-Xn°v \nth-Zn® tamZIw

F∂nh Iu≠-dn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.


1128-˛mw B≠v NnßamkØnse aIbocw \£{XØn¬ (1953

sk]v‰w_¿ amkw 1-̨ mw XobXn) tNm‰m\n°c FtfSØvamcmØv

{io ]capamcmcpsSbpw FdWmIpfw ssh‰ne Imt´Øv

amcmØv {ioaXn koXmamcmkymcpsSbpw A©v a°fn¬

\memasØ aI\mbn tNm‰m\n°cbn¬, \μ\≥ F∂

\μ∏amcm¿ P\n®p.

\t∂ sNdp-∏-Ønse AΩsb \jvS-s∏´ \μ-∏-am-cm¿°v F√mw

Xs∂ At±-l-Øns‚ A—-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS \t∂

sNdp-∏-Øn¬Øs∂ tkm]m\ kwKoXw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈

ASn-b-¥c Imcy-ß-fneqsS tNm‰m-\n-°c `K-h-Xnsb D]m-kn-®v

Xp-S-ßn. Kpcp-\m-Y-\mb ]nXm-hns‚ A\p-{K-l-tØm-Sp-IqSn

]Ømw -h-b- n¬ D]m-k\ aq¿Øn-bpsS Xncp-\-S-bn¬ h®v Xnane

Ac-tß‰w Ipdn-®p. XpS¿∂v Fkv. Fkv. F¬. kn. ]co£

hnP-bn -® -Xn -\p -tijw b»:ico -c -\mb tNm‰m -\n -°c

\mcm-bWamcm-cpsS in£WØn¬ ]©-hm-Zy-Øn¬ ]cm-fl-

ebw kzmb-Ø-am°n \nc-h[n thZn-I-fn¬ Kpcp-\m-Y-s‚-IqsS

]©-hm-Zy-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXm-sSm∏w

Xs∂ tPyjvTktlm-Z-c-\mb {io. tNm‰m-\n-°c hnP-b≥

am-cm-cn¬ \n∂pw Xmb-ºI A`y-kn-°p-Ibpw tNm‰m-\n-°c

Iogv°m-hn-e-Ω-bpsS Xncp-\-S-bn¬ Ac-tß‰w \S-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ]pIƒs∏‰ ]qc-ßƒ°pw, D’-h-ßƒ°pw, the-

Iƒ°pw ]©-hm-Zy-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØp hcp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn\v

]pdØpw hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ ]©-hm-Zyhpw Xmb-º-Ibpw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. hnhn[ t£{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Bkzm-ZI

kan-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kph¿Æ ap{Z-Iƒ t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v.

jjvSy_vZ-]q¿Øn BtLm-j-th-f-bn¬ AJn-e-tI-cf ]©-hm-Zy

Bkzm-ZI kwLw kph¿Æ [nane \¬In At±-lsØ

BZ-cn-®p.

tIm´bw Pn√bn¬ Ipdn™n {KmaØnse sNdph≈namcmØv

IpamcnbmWv kl[¿ΩnWn. a°ƒ {]Zo]v Ipam¿, {]ho¨

Ipam¿ F∂nhtcmSpw IqSn tNm‰m\n°c {io\μ\Øn¬

Xmakn®v hcp∂p. GIktlmZcn {ioaXn cm[maWn.

ktlmZc∑m¿ hmZyIemImc∑mcmb {io tNm‰m\n°c

IrjvW≥Ipń amcm¿, Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc ]©-hm-Zy -Øns‚

{]amWn {io tNm‰m\n°c hnPb≥ amcm¿, {io tNm‰m\n°c

apcfo[camcm¿.

{io. tNm‰m -\n -°c \μ-∏-am -cm -tcbpw At± -l-Øns‚

IpSpw_mwKß-tfbpw `K-hm≥ Xma -cw -Ip -f -ßc

{io [¿ΩimkvXmhpw {io ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-i\pw F√m-hn[

Bbq-cm-tcmKykuJy-ß-fpw \¬In A\p-{K-ln-°-s´-sb∂v

Bflm¿∞-ambn {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm≠v Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-

im-kvXm-]p-c-kvImcw At±-l-Øn\v ic-W-tLm-j-tØmsS

ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm kanXn

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-imkvXm ]pc-kvImcw

{io. tNm‰m\n°c \μ∏amcm¿°v

153............................................................................................... ..........

hmZy-I-e-I-sf-t∏mse Xs∂ hmZy-I-em-Im-c-∑m-scbpw kvt\ln-®v,

AIm-e-Øn¬ \sΩ hn´p-]n-cn™ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø-∏-

tkhm kan-Xn-bpsS ap≥ sk{I-´-dn-- hn\-bs‚ kvac-W-°mbn

Ign™ A©v h¿j-ß-fmbn kan-Xnbpw, kplr-Øp-°fpw tN¿∂v

Hcp Io¿Øn-ap{Z A¿l-X-s∏´ Hcp hmZy-I-em-Im-c\v \¬In

h-cp-∂p. "hmZy-I-em-Im-c-∑msc kmam\ya\p-jy-cmbn I≠v Ah-cpsS

ZpxJ-\-jvS-ßsf kz¥w ZpxJ\jvS-ß-fmbn Icp-Xn-t∏m∂ hn\-b≥

Hcp Iem-kzm-Z-I-s\∂Xn-ep-]cn Hcp XnI™ Iem-Im-c-

kvt\-ln-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. GsXmcp hmZy-I-em-Im-cs‚ ap∂nepw

At±-l-Øns‚ Krl-hm-Xn¬ Xpd∂p InS-∂n-cp-∂p. hn\-bs‚

Hm¿Ω-Ifpw Nn¥-Ifpw kanXn {]h¿Ø-I¿°v F°m-eØpw henb

{]tNm-Z\w Xs∂-bm-Wv. hn\-bs‚ kvacW \Ω-fn¬ Gh-cnepw

\ne-\n¬°-Ø°hÆw G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb ""hn\-b≥ kvamcI

Io¿Øn-ap{Z''bv°v Cu h¿jw A¿l-\m-bXv amb-∂q¿

cma-Ir-jvW≥ \mb-cmWv. At±-l-Øn\pw At±-l-Øns‚

IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ°pw k¿Δ-B-bp-cm-tcmKykuJy-ßfpw \¬In

{io ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-i-\pw {io [¿Ω-im-kvXmhpw A\p-{K-ln-°s´ F∂v

Bflm¿∞-ambn {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

XmacwIp-f-ßc Aø-∏-tk-hm-k-anXn

hn\-b≥ kvamcI Io¿Ønap{Z


mVecf MjCXD’h Znhkßfn¬ ùMrakebfnfvgúf¬ svÖxbfäTgkW

ceùlceCx släfãfTgÿlx. FlfvebMõceãsvÖx Y©pv~WTx bBfheëeãf Dqh¥fTebgÿleCx.

H∂mw Znhkw ˛ 2015 P\p-hcn 11 (1190 [\p 27) Rmb¿sshIo´v 5.00 \v : A£c t«mI kZ v ˛ If-a-t»cn A£c t«mI kanXn

6.00 \v : \ma-k-¶o¿Ø\w A-\-¥-e£van kp{_-“-Wy\pw kwLhpw

7.30 \v : sImSntb‰w

cm{Xn 8.00 \v : IY-Ifn

IY: IptN-e-hrØw]pd-∏mSv : {ioaXnam¿ iyma cmP-tKm-]m¬ & cP\n lcn

IptN-e≥ : {io. s\teymSv hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn

{ioIr-jvW≥ : {io. ^mIvSv ]fl-\m-̀ ≥,

cpIvanWn : {ioa-Xn. lcn-{]nbm \ºq-Xn-cn

]m´v : {io. tIm -́bv°¬ a[p, {io. Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd A¿Pp≥ cmPv

sN≠ : {io. tKm]o-IrjvW≥ Xºp-cm≥

a±fw : {io. Iem-a-WvUew hn\oXv

Npń : {io. at\mPv Gcq¿

Ifn-tbmKw : {io`hm-\o-izc Ifn-tbmKw Gcq¿

10.00 \v : hnf°ns\-gp-∂-≈n∏v ̨ ]©m-cn-tafw

{io. B¿.-F¬.-hn. atl-jvIp-am¿

c≠mw Znhkw ˛ 2015 P\p-hcn 12 (1190 [\p 28) Xn¶ƒ

cmhnse : hnti-jm¬]qP-Iƒ, A`n-tj-I-ßƒ, KW-]-Xn-tlmaw

7.00 \v : D’-h-_en

9.30 \v : D’-h-_-en-Z¿i\w

D®bv°v 3.00 \v : ]d-bvs°-gp-∂-≈n∏v

(tamc-bv°m-e-a-\, sXm≠n-∏-dºv sebn≥, sF.-F≥. tat\m≥ sebn≥,

t]cq¿ sebn≥, sabn≥ tdmUv hgn t£{X-Øn-te-°v)

sshIo´v 7.00 \v : tamln-\n-bm-́ w {ioaXn ARvPen hn\oXv

[z\n kvIqƒ Hm^v ss^≥ B¿´vkv, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

cm{Xn 8.00 \v : Xmb-ºI {io. Xr{]-tßmSv ]c-ta-iz-c-am-cm¿

10.00 \v : hnf-°n-s\-gp-∂-≈n∏v ̨ tIfn, sImºv]-‰v, Ipg¬]-‰v, ]©m-cn-tafw

{io. Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd lcn-{]-kmZv

155............................................................................................... ..........

aq∂mw Znhkw -̨ 2015 P\p-hcn 13 (1190 [\p 29) sNmΔ

cmhnse : hnti-jm¬]qP-Iƒ, A`n-tj-I-ßƒ, KW-]-Xn-tlmaw

9.00 \v : iothen ˛ ]©m-cn-tafw ˛ {io. B¿.-F¬.-hn. atl-jvIp-am¿

D®bv°v 3.00 \v : ]d-bvs°-gp-∂-≈n∏v

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ß-c CS-h-gn, hnImkv \K¿, B\-®m¬ tdmUv, Aºn-fn- \-K¿,

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc sabn≥ tdmUv

sshIo´v 5.00 \v : `P≥ k‘y Ip-amcnam¿ ]hn{X & [\y

6.00 \v : kwKo-Xm¿®\ Ip-amcn {ioc-RvPn\n apc-fn, tNm‰m-\n-°-c

cm{Xn 7.30 \v : XØz-akn (A-h-X-cWw : {io. sI.-sP. N{I-]m-Wn)

Z-£n-Wm-aq¿Øn-kzm-an, Pb-hn-P-b, Sn.-F-kv. cm[m-Ir-jvW-Pn, tZh-cm-P≥amjv

XpS -ßnb {]K-¤¿ kwKo -X -kw -hn -[m\w \n¿Δ-ln® ]g-bIme

`‡n-Km-\-ßƒ cmK-ssh-in-jvSy-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p

10.00 \v : hnf-°n-s\-gp-∂-≈n∏v ˛ ]©m-cn-tafw ˛ {io. B¿.-F¬.-hn. atljvIpam¿

\memw Znhkw -̨ 2015 P\p-hcn 14 (1190 [\p 30) _p[≥

sNdnb hnf°vcmhnse : hnti-jm¬]qP-Iƒ, A`n-tj-I-ßƒ, KW-]-Xn-tlmaw

9.00 \v : iothen ˛ ]©m-cn-tafw ˛ {io. B¿.-F¬.-hn. atl-jvIp-am¿

]cn-j-hmZyw

sshIo´v 5.00 \v : `P≥kv kXy-kmbn `P≥ kan-Xn, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

6.00 \v : kwKo-X-I-t®cn

thm°¬: am-Ã¿ kRvPbv kptc-jv

hb-en≥ : {io. Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd atljv

arZwKw : {io. Isse-\m-Y≥

7.00 \v : ]©-h-b-en≥ ka-\zbwhb-en≥ : Isse-am-aWn Ipamcn F. I\ym-Ip-am-cn

{io. Fw. cmPohv

{ioa-Xn. ssh°w ]fl Ir-jvW≥

{ioa-Xn. ]m¿ΔXn sh¶n-Sm-New

{io. {_“-Z-Ø≥

arZwKw : {io. ]{Zn kXojvLSw : {io. Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd cm[m-Ir-jvW≥

K©nd : {io. A\-¥-Ir-jvW≥

cm{Xn 10.30 \v : hnf-°n-s\-gp-∂-≈n∏v ̨ ]©m-cn-tafw

{io. B¿.-F¬.-hn. atljvIpam¿


A©mw Znhkw -̨ 2015 P\p-hcn 15 (1190 aIcw 1) hymgw

henb hnf°v ˛ aI-c-hn-f°v atlm-’hw

shfp-∏n\v 4.00 \v : \n¿ΩmeyZ¿i\w

cmhnse 6.00 \v : A`n-tj-I-ßƒ

`‡n-Km-\-kp[ : Km\-̀ q-jWw Pb-e£van sshZy-\m-Y≥, im¥m lcn-l-c≥, imen-\n,

aoc {]km-Zv, IÆΩ kºØv Ipam¿, ao\, hnPb e£van, Pb-e-£van, eX B\μv

7.30 \v : Iq -́shSnIq -́shSnIq -́shSnIq -́shSnIq -́shSn

9.00 \v : iothen --]fl-{io s]cp-h\w Ip´≥am-cm-cpsS {]am-W-Øn¬ ""]©m-cn-tafw''

D®bv°v 1.00 \v : B\-bq´v

sshIo´v 3.30 \v : ]I¬∏qcw ˛ ""Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc ]©-hmZyw''

k¿Δ{io. tNm‰m-\n-°c hnP-b≥amcm¿, Ip\n-t»cn N{μ≥am-cm¿ F∂n-h¿ \bn-°p∂p

6.30 \v : Iq -́shSn

7.30 \v : Ia-\obamb ]pjv]m-e-¶m-cw, Zo]m-e-¶m-cw, I¿∏qcZo]-°m-gvN, Zo]m-cm-[\

h¿Æ-i-_-f-amb Icn-a-cp∂p {]tbmKw

XpS¿∂v : N°w-Ip-f-ßc `P\ kan-Xn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

\ma-k-¶o¿Ø-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn Iq´-i-b\{]Z-£nWw

cm{Xn 10.00 \v : hnf-°v]fl-{io. s]cp-h\w Ip´≥am-cm-cpsS {]am-W-Øn¬ ""]m≠ntafw''

ImWn-bv°-bn-S¬ {][m\w

Bdmw Znhkw -̨ 2015 P\p-hcn 16 (1190 aIcw 2) sh≈n

cmhnse 8.30 \v : Bdm´v

mqbªcXiäoeãkav MjCcÖh¥!ImWn°bnS¬ {][m\w

SnâebqóbgX ckjbfäTgofbmX ceùlceCx lecjXkgä~j ùMrOqîMem£ebfsvjeùlfãfw aìùlèfvg hgJaèsTBgÿgúfTgÿlx . DnRejYtóflveãipbrjszÜ cgkäfw beoõaIeó~ägsë Dkêëfaãesë SBgÿúgÿ YibevxkeCfãxTãqh¥fTgÿlx GÑfóxë kejõmeíõèfvx Gèccsùl. SBgÿúfh¥ xaìùlèfvkèx ùhabMfTgaêeW Y©pv~WTx keCfãxTãqh¥fTgbevgúmdkjõX GçeãfjfTgÿleCx. mqbªenRejYtóflveãf SBgÿúgÿ YibesvkQkgäfqsT oqMfòªx keCfãxTãqh¥fòªx mdYeiõX avëgbez Y©pv~WTxbqóèfsnejg ùhebMõX ceùlX kfögÿ DbmjceCflx.

157............................................................................................... ..........

sN≠ : ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ{io. ]fl-{io. s]cp-h\w Ip´≥am-cm¿tNcm-s\-√q¿ i¶-c≥Ipńamcm¿]gp-hn¬ cLp-amcm¿sNmΔ-√q¿ taml-\≥sNmΔ-√q¿ kp\n¬]mgq¿ cmtPjvs]cp-h\w A\n¬R L V atljv Ipam¿A¥n-°mSv cma-N-{μ≥Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd lcn{]kmZvIdp-Ip‰n Pb≥A¥n-°mSv aWn-°p-´≥]pXn-b-Imhv cXojv

he-¥e: –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ{io. ]cn-bm-cØv DÆn-\m-b¿s]cp-h\w tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥]≈n-∏pdw Pb≥A¥n-°mSv ]fl-\m-`≥A¥n-°mSv jmPnA¥n-°mSv {]kmZvXncp-hm-¶pfw kXo-i≥Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd sh¶n-tSjv apX¬t]¿

Ce-Ømfw: ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ{io. tN¿∏v aWnt]cmawKew _me≥

s]cph\w apcfn

tNm‰m-\n-°c kp\n¬

Imhn¬ Pb≥ hmcy¿

tNm‰m-\n-°c thWp

apt≠-ºn≈n IrjvW-Ip-am¿

Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd Zneo]v apX¬t]¿

sImºv : ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ{io. HmS-°men apcfn

hc-hq¿ `mkvI-c≥

]p√p-hgn sd\n apX¬t]¿

Ipg¬ : ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ-{io. Iogq´v \μ-\≥

DucIw A\n¬

C©-aqSv lcn-l-c≥

]ń-°mSv tKm]≥ apX¬ t]¿

iwJv : ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ-{io. apt≠-ºn≈n _me-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

Xnane : –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ-{io. tNm‰m-\n-°c hnP-b≥am-cm¿

ssh°w N{μ≥am-cm¿

tNm‰m-\n-°c \μ-∏≥am-cm¿

]√-»\ apcfn[cam-cm¿

Duc-a\ APn-X≥am-cm¿

a‰q¿ thWpam-cm¿

hmc-s∏ń N{μ≥am-cm¿

Imhn¬ kpμ-c≥am-cm¿

DZ-b-\m-]pcw lcn

159............................................................................................... ..........

sImSp-¥-c-∏n≈n at\mPvIem-a-WvUew {]Zo]vIem-a-WvUew hn\-b≥s]cp-hmcw PnjvWpamcm¿a‰q¿ hnjvWp-am-cm¿tNm‰m-\n-°c Kncojvamcm¿

a±fw : –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ-{io. Ip\n-t»cn N{μ≥tNm‰m\n°c kptc{μ≥Iem-a-WvUew Ipń \mcmbW≥ssIen-bmSv aWn-I-WvT≥Iem-a-WvUew {]Im-i≥Acp¨tZhv hmcy¿cma-aw-Kew {ioIp-am¿sh∂n-ae A\pIem-a-WvUew thWps\√q-hmbv kPojv

Ce-Ømfw : (]-©-hm-Zyw) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ-{io. tN¿∏v aWn

tNc-°c kqcy≥

t]cmawKew _me≥

s]cph\w apcfn

]≈n-∏pdw Pb≥

tNm‰m-\n-°c kp\n¬

tNm‰m-\n-°c thWp

Imhn¬ Pb≥ hm-cy¿

apcn-b-aw-Kew cmPp

DZ-b-\m-]pcw DÆnIrjvW≥

CSbv° : ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ-{io. tNμ-aw-Kew DÆnIrjvW-am-cm¿

Imhn¬ DÆn-IrjvWhmcy¿

Imhn¬ AP-b≥am-cm¿

\nXy-io-then tafw ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

k¿Δ-{io : B¿.F¬hn. atljvIpam¿

Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd lcn{]kmZv

Idp-Ip-‰n Pb≥

Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd sh¶ntSjv

Xncp-hm-¶pfw kXo-i≥

tNm‰m-\n-°c thWp

Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd Zneo]v

Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd {ioem¬

apt≠-ºn≈n IrjvW-Ip-am¿

apt≠-ºn≈n cma≥

DucIw Pnt\jv

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc emep ]njm-cSn

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc lcojv

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc hna¬ tat\m≥

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc DÆn-Ir-jvW≥

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc a\p

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc A∏p

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Acp¨ tat\m≥

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {ioe£van hn\-b≥

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc A`n-emjv

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc kqcPv IrjvW≥

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Inj≥

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ ]n. ]n.

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc lcn-Ir-jvW≥

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc hna¬ Ipam¿

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc i_cn

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Ip´≥

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc IrjvW≥

apX¬t]¿

EvãtöxckjbfäTx ofbmX GòªTx Zjg cCfTx aìùlvëãfwbòªx EvãtöxGçeãfjfTgÿleCx. Evkägsë FóØbfYb~äeã hBX, kjfêx a‰vê-h¿§-ßƒ F∂n-h-bmWv vwkgÿlx. Evãtöfw hRgaòjezEùiufTgÿbq DÖh¥ambemcflfãgceãf yÀsh¥aëçleCx.


Fgp-∂-≈n-∏n-\p≈ B\-Iƒ (aI-c-hn-f°v Znh-kw) :

]mºmSn cmP≥Cucm-‰p-t]´ Aø-∏≥a[p-c-∏pdw IÆ≥Inc-ßm´v a\ tKm]m-e≥

ap≈Øv KW-]Xn

\nXy-io-then°p≈ B\ :

tXm´-bv°m´v IÆ≥

B\-Isf G¿∏mSv sNbvXp-X-∂Xv :

bph-P\ {Kq∏v, ]g™n

amcn-an-‰Øv _me-N-{μ-ta-t\m≥

Inc-ßm´v a\ hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

Xpd-hq¿ cmtPjv

kptcjv, sImc-ń-°c hnjvWp ̀ K-hXn t£{Xw

{io. atljv, Ipºfw

{iotIm-hn¬ Ae-¶mcw, tImew Ae-¶mcw:

{io. {ioIm¥v DÆn, acSv

\nth-Zyw :

{io. inh-Zmk≥ F{ºm-¥ncn, tNm‰m-\n-°c

t£{Xw hI IXn-\-Iƒ hmS-Ibv°v \¬Ip-∂p.

_‘-s∏-SpI : t^m¨ ˛ 9656463626

B\-∏pdw :

{io. aWnIWvT≥, tNm‰m\n°c

B\-®-abw :

]md-ta-°mhv tZh-kzw, Xr»nht]cq¿

shSn-s°´v :

{io. Ip≠-∂q¿ kpμ-cm-£≥, Xr»nht]cq¿

{io. sPbvk¨ A¶-amen

{io. X¶-∏≥ tN¿Øe

i_vZw :

{io. A\n¬, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

shfn®w :

S.K.S. Xr∏qWn-Øpd

]pjv]m-e-¶mcw :

{io. ̀ {Z ̂ vfh¿ sU°-td-j≥, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

Ae¶mcw :

sF. sI. B¿. sU°-td-j≥, Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd

]¥w-]nSn :

{io. taml-\≥, Gcq¿

161............................................................................................... ..........

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm- k-anXn, AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ac-\q-‰m≠v XnI-®-t∏mƒ \Ωfn¬ ]ecpw Adn-™ncp∂n√,

AXv `K-hms‚ Xncp-ap-ºn¬ \mZ-ss\-thZyw ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ kZ\w Znhm-I-c-am-cm-cpsS Iem-Po-hn-XØn¬ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc

tXh¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ 50-˛mw h¿j-am-sW-∂v!

Hcm\bpw ]©-hm-Zy-hp-ambn H‰ Znh-ksØ aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmjw apX¬ C∂v ImWp∂ {]uV-Kw-ò-c-amb

[zPmZn D’-h-amb Bdv Znh-ksØ aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLm-j-Ønse ]©m-cn-ta-f-Øns‚ {]am-W-°m-c-\mbn

amdp-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Znhm-I-c-am-cm-cpsS Iem-Po-hn-Xhpw Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXmhpw XΩn¬

Cg-]n-cn-bv°m-\m-hmØ Bfl-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Hcp Znh-ksØ aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmjw \S∂ ImeØv kZ\w Znhm-I-c-am-cm¿, IY-I-fn°v IrjvW≥

\mb-cm-ims‚ thj-Øn\v ]n∂-Wn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v A∂sØ kwLm-S-I-cn¬ Hcmfm-bn-cp∂

tImbn-°¬ -a-T-Ønse cma-h¿Ω Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂p. A∂v apX¬ F.-Un. 2014 aI-c-hn-f-°n\v

]©m-cn -tafw {]am -Wn®Xphscbp≈ Znhm -I -camcmcpsS A¿∏W _p≤nbpw

Bflm¿∞-Xbpw tZh\v ap∂n-ep≈ \mtZm-]m-k-\-bn¬ {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]Xn-̂ ew F∂

GsXmcp Iem-Im-c-s‚bpw D¬°WvT Hcn°epw Znhm-I-c-am-cm¿ ImWn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]Icw

Ft∏m-sgms° t£{X-Øn¬ hcpt∂m, At∏m-sg√mw AXmXp ]qPm-th-f-bn¬ sImń-

∏mSn tkh-\-SØn Xs‚ \mZ-ss\-thZyw tZh\v ap≥]n¬ ImWn-°-bmbn ka¿∏nt®

Bim≥ aS -ßm-dp≈q. t£{X-Øn¬ GXp-hn -ti -jm¬ NSßp

\S-°p-tºmgpw, AXns\√mw Bims‚ km∂n≤yw thW-sa∂v At±lw F∂pw

B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p.

ssh°w t£{X Iem]oTw Ign-™m¬ Hcp ]s£ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ß-c-bn-embncn°mw

Gsd-°mew Znhm-I-c-\m-im≥ ]Tn-∏n-®n-´p-≠m-hp-I. ]n∂oSv kanXn t£{XhmZy-

I-em-tI{μw XpS-ßn-b-t∏mgpw Du¿÷-kz-e-\mbn Bim≥ AXn\v t\XrXzw

\¬Ip-Ibpw, tkm]m\ kwKo-Xhpw CS-bv°bpw ]Tn-∏n-°pIbpw sNbvXp.

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc t£{X- Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hcp hne-s∏´ A≤ym-b-ambn amdnb

kZ\w Znhm-I-c-am-cm¿, Xs‚ \mtZm-]m-k-\-bn-eqsS `K-hXv]mZmc-hn-μ-ß-sf

{]m]n-®p.

F¶nepw, IY-Ifn sImń-eq-sS-bpw ]©m-cn-ta-f-Øn-eq-sSbpw tkm]m\

kwKo-X-Øn-eq-sSbpw k¿tΔm-]cn hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√mØ BNm-cy-\mbpw B

al-\ob hy‡nXzw F√m Xma -cw -Ip -f -ß-c -°m -cpsSbpw a‰ v

Iem --kzm-Z-I-cp-sSbpw kvac-W-bn¬ F∂pw \nd-™p-\n¬°pw.

kZ\w Znhm-I-c-am-cm¿Ac-\q-‰m-≠n-tesd Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc tXhsc D]m-kn® hmZy-Ip-e-]Xn

163............................................................................................... ..........

{io Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd lcn-{]-km-Zns‚ in£-W-Øn¬ \nc-h[n hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ

t£{XhmZy-amb sN≠ A`y-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p.

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø-∏ -tkhm kan-Xn-bpsS ta¬t\m´-Øn¬ \S-∂p -h-cp∂

Cu t£{Xhm-Zy -I-em-tI-{μ-Øn¬ sN≠ A`y-kn-°p-hm≥

Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-h¿ Iem-tI-{μ-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

kzman- i-cWw

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc t£{X-hmZy Iem-tI{μw

sk{I-́ dn

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm kanXn

t^m¨ : 98477 17097, 98470 58128

{io. t__n Fw. amcm¿ {io. amS-bv°m-∏n≈n _me-Ir-jvW≥ {io. Iogq¿ a[p-kq-Z-\-Ip-dp∏v

{io. ]pXp-t»cn cmtPjv Ipdp∏v {io. sIm´mcw kwKoXv amcm¿ {io. Imhn¬ DÆn-IrjvWhmcy¿

sN≠ c≠mw _m®ns‚ Ac-tß‰w

b»x-i-co-c-\mb hmZy-Ip-e-]Xn kZ\w Znhm-Ic amcm-cpsS kvac-W-bn¬

t£{XhmZy Iem-tI{μw kwL-Sn-∏n® tkm]m\ kwKo-tXm-’hw

Znhm-Ic tkm]m\w

aI-c-hn-f°v 2014aI-c-hn-f°v 2014aI-c-hn-f°v 2014aI-c-hn-f°v 2014aI-c-hn-f°v 2014

sIm-Sn-tb‰w

{io. CutdmUv cmPm-aWn

t£{X hmZy Iem-tI{μw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ

D’h_en

]©m-cn-tafw hnf°v tImem-e-¶mcw

B\-®-abw

{io. ssakq¿ a©p-\m-Yv, \mK-cmPv

{io. Fw. i¶-c≥ \ºq-Xncn

{io. t]mcq¿ DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ & {io Iev]mØn _me-Ir-jvW≥

{io [¿ΩimkvXm ]pc-kvImc ka¿∏Ww

aI-c-hn-f°v 2014aI-c-hn-f°v 2014aI-c-hn-f°v 2014aI-c-hn-f°v 2014aI-c-hn-f°v 2014

cmam-bW amkm-N-cWw

Zo]-°mgvN

Xncp-thmW ]q°fw

`P-t\m-’hw

Sm v Zn\m-tLmjw

D{Xw Xncp-\mƒ kwKo-Xm¿®\ hn\m-bI NXp¿∞n KW-]Xn tlmaw

k¿∏-_en

Ifw-]m´v

tUm. F≥. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ {io. {ioh-’≥ sP. tat\m≥ {io. kwK-ta-i≥ Xºp-cm≥ {io. F¬. Kncojv Ipam¿

✣ aìùleòej~W kqMvceãf henfaTçleCx.

✣ aìùlclfwsköfvkèx hgkbnfTgbeave, coõhfòªx ùhabMfTgbeave, heojìkW Ghaãeif-Tgbeave DvgbofTgÿlnâ.

✣ ofbamv vëlgJÿfjfTgÿ mcã~äfw skeëfTw hJ vfJãxTebgÿleCx. (aI-c-hn-f°v

Znhkw ]I¬∏q-c-Øns‚ kabw HgnsI)

✣ hJãgsë vfjTgkW: svnâx - 60k., cnq - 50k., Djf - 100 k., F≈v ̨ 150I., DãxxxxxêJ 500k.

✣ ckjbfäTg ofbmX jebfsn 4.00 cCfTx vëlgJTgÿleCx. 6 cCfTx DYfaók~WBcw-`n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw.

✣ kîJÜfãgsë ãg©evgmjCX hjfheëfkäfw aYoilfkW bjgèebgÿleCx.

{iolcnlcmflPm„IwujfbjemvX bfMVaceuvXujfoOrMVjX EjeOõheogkXDjfbfcqÑvX vflõvqèvXujfujeÎpX aobceùMaãMjCcÖh¥ mVecf MjCcÖh¥MjCcÖh¥ mVecf MjCcÖh¥

MjCkrqèvX M©cevmXYjCanenghX vqèvenmXDjgCYemgjX YtlveãkXujfujeÎpX aobceùMaã (MjCcÖh¥)

ùhCãmlõkX ùheCveãkXùhClkwh¥kX mgùhYeÂxpflXùhCbcÌfjX krqèvùhfãXujfujeÎpX aobceùMaã (MjCcÖh¥)

lgjibeuvX mgÌjevvXbjioeãgOX aobbqCÛflXigjgkôhekjX krqèvùhfãXujfujeÎpX aobceùMaã (MjCcÖh¥)

ùlfYgbveqòªflX aoblelxckXùlfvãvXùhYgX ofbõaoMfkXùlfoMhtpflX òféflùhoXujfujeÎpX aobceùMaã (MjCcÖh¥)

YbYãehuX YebgkebuXYgbvaceuvX YtlfYtóCXObäbeuvX ofbõbejCXujfujeÎpX aobceùMaã (MjCcÖh¥)

käcôogm¤flX mgÌjevvXkäYakecäX ieùlaceuvXkäYakmjf bepfbeuvXujfujeÎpX aobceùMaã (MjCcÖh¥)

ùMflpvùhfãX òféflùhoXùMglfbfYtóCX meOgprbvXùMglf caveujX irlnenmXujfujeÎpX aobceùMaãMjCcÖh¥ mVecf MjCcÖh¥MjCcÖh¥ mVecf MjCcÖh¥

iChlf auecX bBfheëeãf vëègÿbq jebfsn 7.00 cCfTx aMóbgX, tImeme¶mcw,

B\ G°w, Zo]kvXw`w, vfJcen bfäTgsbãx∏ x, Hcp ]m´ FÆ, Zjg ofbmsè htp,hgó¥enRejX, ]pjv]m-`n-tj-Iw, {iotIm-hn¬ Ae-¶mcw Sÿr bBfheëgkW vëègÿbqorhejeOvãxTgaMóbgX, aìùlèfw bÿx ùhmeoX -kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

ip`wip`wip`wip`wip`wkzmantb ic-W-a-ø∏kzmantb ic-W-a-ø∏kzmantb ic-W-a-ø∏kzmantb ic-W-a-ø∏kzmantb ic-W-a-ø∏

169............................................................................................... ..........

Spiritual

Makarajyothi 2015