1. By: Shubha N. Bhambhani Akhilesh Singh Rawat Harish Kumar Pushpendra Kumar Singh MDI , GURGAON

2. Idealist Hope to minimize conflict and maximize cooperation among nations Focus attention on legal-formal aspects of international relations, such as international law and international organizations Also focus on moral concerns such as human rights 3. Idealist As early as the 14th Century the Italian poet Dante wrote of the universality of man and envisioned a unified world state Immanuel Kant argued that doing good was an end unto itself rather than a means to some other end 4. Realist While realists are just as interested as idealists in conflict management, realists are less optimistic about the effectiveness of international law and organization and about the extent of international cooperation that is possible Realists view international relations almost exclusively as a struggle for power among competing nation-states States, like human beings, have an innate desire to dominate others 5. Realist The ultimate goal of all countries is security in a hostile, anarchic environment Realist policies are determined by power calculations in pursuit of national security Countries satisfied with their situation tend to pursue the status quo Countries that are dissatisfied tend to be expansionist Alliances are made and broken based on the requirements of realpolitik 6. Realist Realists focus on military strategy, the elements of national power, and the nature of national interests more so than international law and organization From WWII they learned that the way to prevent future wars was a balance of power capable of deterring would-be aggressors or on a concert of powers willing to police the world 7. Realist In the 16th Century Machiavelli had argued in The Prince that: it is far better to be feared than loved he ought not to quit good courses if he can help it, but should know how to follow evil courses if he must he will prosper most whose mode of acting best adapts itself to the character of the times; and conversely that he will be unprosperous, with whose mode of acting the times do not accord 8. Political structure of late Middle Ages Italy and its unusual social climate allowed the emergence of a rare cultural change. Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early modern period. Instead, it was divided into smaller city states and territories Kingdom of Naples controlled south, Republic of Florence & Papal States center Milanese & Genoese to the north & west Venetians east.Fifteenth-century Italy was one of the most urbanised areas in Social and political structures in Italy 15th cen 9. By 15th Century France, Spain (monastic), rest under Church. Italys exit from Feudalism...City states. Oligarchic system. Church and Empire at bay. Society based on merchants and commerce. Venice as great trading centres made them intellectual crossroads Linked to this was anti-monarchical thinking, with tilt towards the virtues of liberty, fairness, justice, republicanism and good administration. .....Social and political structures in Italy Starting from 12th century 10. Classical political theory accepts morality in political law. In contrast, Machiavelli argues that political action must always be considered in light of its practical consequences rather than some lofty ideal Machiavellis underlying view is that - lofty ideals translate into bad government. for a prince to act in accordance with virtue is often detrimental to the state 11. Unlike other political literature The Prince is far less theoretical and relies on highly practical considerations. Unlike earlier thinkers Machiavelli presents historical evidence pragmatically to ground The Prince in real situations vaporising the hypothetical notions of ideal states. The Prince the political context 12. Earlier treatises assumed that a prince needed above all to be good, virtuous - in traditional sense. Machiavelian virtue is in contemporary reality He challenges the civilization by saying Prince could not be constrained by the demands of normal morality if he hoped to do his job properly. Tenets of traditional morality would not produce an effective ruler. Politics must have its own rules. The Prince the political context 13. The Prince the political context In insisting that no single quality could be identified as Virtue and pursued in every situation, Machiavelli became the political teacher of Europe. Generations learned from him to make political decisions with a hard new realism and sense that some form of deceit are not to be avoided by any ruler who hopes to survive. His teachings contributed to the core of the doctrines of reason of state that became the basic political education of modern Europe. 14. Machiavellian Prince - Summary Machiavelli elaborates the doctrine of Raison D Etat. End justifies the Means State is sovereign, autonomus and non-religious A prince must combine the qualities of a lion and a fox Use a double standard of morality Favour despotic rule Maintain strong army Human nature is low and ungrateful, so Prince must consider this nature of man He should win the popularity of his people must not touch the property of the people A prince must have council of wise men and not of flatterers Separate politics from religion Remain free from emotions. 15. Raison D Etat Reason of state. Actions and policies promoting safety and security of the state. Because the state must preserve itself before it promotes the welfare of its people. For preserving and safeguarding itself all means adopted by the state are justified by Machiavelli. According to him in politics, one is guided by the harsh realities of political life which is a struggle for power and survival. Independent, self-sufficient and well ordered and well maintained state, all means adopted by the state are justified Prince should give priority to power. Morality and ethics have different spheres. It cannot be mingled with the reason of the state. To a prince power of state is of supreme importance. 16. End justifies the Means It is a very famous statement of Machiavelli which he justified for the Reason of state He assumed that state is highest form of human association. State is to be worshipped like a deity even by sacrificing the individual A ruler must remember that whatever brings success and power is virtuous even cunningness, shrewdness is justified Politics is the most precarious game. It can never be played in a decent and orderly manner The state has some primary objectives and responsibilities like protection of life, maintenance of law and order and looking after wellbeing of its members. Hence state must have adequate means at its disposal. 17. THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS: REALISM NOT IDEALISM If an underlying principle is to be determined from Machiavellis ostensibly realist and practical text, it might be that the end can justify the means. That is to say, its OK to do bad things if its for a good reason. The problem here is that there is a very particular person who is to be the one to decide what the good reason is: the prince. This practical and rational (rather than idealistic) method of dealing with politics is communicated through the short text in aphoristic statements such as: Men have imagined republics and principalities that never really existed at all. Yet the way men live is so far removed from the way they ought to live that anyone who abandons what is for what should be pursues his downfall rather than his preservation; for a man who strives after goodness in all his acts is sure to come to ruin, since there are so many men who are not good. (Machiavelli, XV) 18. THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS: REALISM NOT IDEALISM - contd The answer is that one would like to be both the one and the other [feared and loved]; but because it is difficult to combine them, it is far safer to be feared than loved if you cannot be both. (Machiavelli, XVII) Therefore it is unnecessary for a prince to have all the good qualities I have enumerated, but it is very necessary to appear to have them. And I shall dare to say this also, that to have them and always to observe them is injurious, and that to appear to have them is useful; to appear merciful, faithful, humane, religious, upright, and to be so, but with a mind so framed that should you require not to be so, you may be able and know how to change to the opposite. (Machiavelli, XVIII) 19. THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS: REALISM NOT IDEALISM - contd Machiavellis logic is that being cruel, frightening or deceitful when necessary is better than being merciful, loved and honest because people will be more likely to obey you, therefore allowing you to maintain power and achieve the ends you feel to be most significant. However, despite this, a Prince must appear to be honest and good or else his people will not support him. This is again a matter of using the means of diplomacy with ones people so as to be able to do what one wishes behind the scenes. 20. CONCERNING CRUELTY AND CLEMENCY If the ruler wants to keep hold of his new possessions, he must bear two things in mind: first, that the family of old prince be destroyed; next..... Every prince ought to desire to be considered clement and not cruel. Nevertheless he ought to take care not to misuse this clemency (XVII) 21. WHETHER IT IS BETTER TO BE LOVED THAN FEARED whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. (XVII) 22. WHETHER IT IS BETTER TO BE LOVED THAN FEARED - contd Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women. But when it is necessary for him to proceed against the life of someone, he must do it on proper justification and for manifest cause, but above all things he must keep his hands off the property of others, because men more quickly forget the death of their father than the loss of their patrimony. 23. WHETHER IT IS BETTER TO BE LOVED THAN FEARED - contd Besides, pretexts for taking away the property are never wanting; for he who has once begun to live by robbery will always find pretexts for seizing what belongs to others; but reasons for taking life, on the contrary, are more difficult to find and sooner lapse. But when a prince is with his army, and has under control a multitude of soldiers, then it is quite necessary for him to disregard the reputation of cruelty, for without it he would never hold his army united or disposed to its duties.(XVII) 24. State is sovereign, autonomus and non-religious State is superior to all associations in the human society. It is sovereign and is autonomous. Moral and religious considerations cannot bind the prince. He is above and outside the morality. He can use religion to realize his ends. Religion cannot influence politics and the church cannot control the state Sovereign state enjoys absolute power over all individuals and institutions divorced politics from theology and government from religion Did not view the state as having a moral end and purpose but gave importance to mans worldly life Politics is an independent activity with its own principles and laws. 25. A prince must combine the qualities of a lion and a fox Advised the prince he should imitate the qualities of fox and lion A fox might have shrewdness and foresight, but he is powerless without necessary force of a lion. Similarly a lion without shrewdness and prudence of a fox would be reckless Hence a ruler who wants to be very successful must combine in himself the qualities of both fox and lion. He must possess bravery of lion and cunningness of fox Physical force is necessary when there is anarchy and indiscipline. But law and morality is essential to check selfishness of people and to generate civic virtues 26. Use double standard of politics One for the ruler and another for his subjects. Morality is not necessary for the ruler. He is creator of law and morality hence prince is above the both. A ruler has primary duty of preserving the state. For this purpose he may use instruments of lie, conspiracy, killings and massacre etc. Insisted that morality is essential for people. Only moral citizens willingly obey laws of the state and sacrifice their lives for their nation. It cultivate civic sense and patriotic spirit. 27. Favoured despotic ruler Did not recommend the republican form of Government, because republican form requires virtuous, honest and patriotic citizens. Machiavelli says that the government is founded upon the weakness and insufficient capacity of men. If in a society men are corrupt and selfish and the law is powerless, then normal administration is not possible at all. A superior power is essential for bringing the society into order. The government with absolute power stop the excessive desires and control the behaviour of the people. 28. Maintain strong army Recommended constant military preparedness for the preservation of the state. Prince should organize a strong army to meet any internal and external threat to his power. Strong and regular army was must for a state for its own defense. The state try to build up its own independent, regular and faithful army. Such an army should consist of its own citizens and be prepared not only to defend its national borders but also to expand. The citizens must be trained for army service and there should be compulsory military training for all able persons. 29. Human nature is low and ungrateful, so prince must consider this nature of man Viewed men to be a compound of weakness, ungrateful, fear, lust for power and assumed all men are bad. Prominent traits of human nature are There is no limit to human desires. He is selfish and aggressive. The masses are interested in security. They realize that only laws of the state can ensure security hence they co-operate with the state and obey the laws. People must be restrained by force because force breeds fear. Only force and repression can keep control and check on the evil tendencies in man. Hence the method of government should be force and not persuasion. By nature every human being is ambitious and remains unsatisfied. No human being is content with his position. Thus human nature is selfish, power hungry, quarrelsome and guided by materialistic considerations. Only fear of punishment is a powerful bond and it never fails. 30. Should try to win popularity of his people Prince should try to win popularity, goodwill and affection of his people. He should keep his subjects materially contented by not taxing them. The prince should not interfere in age old customs and traditions of his people because by nature people are conservative. He should not have craving for wealth and women of his own subjects. He should keep a watchful eye on his dissidents. 31. A prince must have council of wise men and not of flatterers Only way to safeguard yourself against flatterers is by letting people understand that you are not offended by the truth. However if everyone can speak the truth then you lose respect. A shrewd prince should adopt a middle way, choosing wise men for his government and allowing only those the freedom to speak the truth to him and only concerning matters on which he asks their opinion. The prince should also question these wise men thoroughly and listen to what they say before making up his own mind. 32. Separate politics from religion Religion cannot influence politics and the church cannot control the state. In fact the sovereign state enjoys absolute power over all individuals and institutions. As such the church is subordinate to the state State is the highest form of social organisation and the most necessary of all institutions. It stands on a wholly different footing and must therefore be judged by different standards He said politics is an independent activity with its own principles and laws. State is non-religious and secular. It has its own rules of conduct to follow. Machiavelli sanctioned the use of immoral mans by the ruler whenever it was necessary to do so to save the state. Thus the separation of politics from ethics is the essence of Machiavellian. 33. How princes should honour their word Praiseworthy to be straightforward rather than crafty however for achieving great results cunningness is required Combination of a lion and a fox succeeds. Lion to frighten off wolves and fox to recognize traps. Prince should know how to colour his actions and to be a great liar and deceiver. The deceiver will always find someone ready to be deceived. What appears to be is more important because people in general judge by their eyes rather than by their hands. 34. Prince must be free from emotions Prince should exploit emotions of his people for the purpose of the state. He should be cool, calculating and opportunist. His suggestion is that a prince must know how to act as a beast. 35. choice of force against subjects Men must be either pampered or crushed, because they can get revenge for small injuries but not for grievous ones. So any injury a prince does a man should be of such kind that there is no fear of revenge. 36. On Political disorders As doctors say of a wasting desease, to start with it is easy to cure but difficult to diagnose; after a time, unless it has been diagnosd and treated at the outset, it becomes easy to diagnose but difficult to cure. So it is in politics. Political disorders can be quickly healed if they are seen well advance ...only a prudent ruler has such foresight 37. On Statecraft .....When the Cardinal of Rouen said to me that the Italians did not understand war, I retorted that the French did not understand statecraft, Because , if they understood it, then they would not let the Church become so great The course of events in Italy has shown that how the greatness of the church and of Spain has been caused by France, and how the ruin of France has been caused by them. Machiavelli derives Whoever is responsible for anothers becoming powerful ruins himself. 38. On Fortune Chapter 25: For my part I consider that it is better to be adventurous than cautious, because fortune is a woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill-use her; and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly. She is, therefore, always, woman-like, a lover of young men, because they are less cautious, more violent, and with more audacity command her. For Machiavelli politics is masculine, it is power and control; fortune is feminine, it is anarchy. If not under control, it will be unpredictable and dangerous. I wont get into various feminist responses to this, but as you can imagine, the view Machiavelli has on human nature and how people must behave can be questioned. Yet given his time, what was happening in Italy, and what he experienced, his perspective can certainly be understood. His influence, however, reaches far beyond Italy in the 16th century, and remains with us today in how we study and understand the world of international relations.