Mega Event Transport 2013

MSA – Mastering Sports February 2013 1

Mega-event transport planning legacy and sustainability - I

Philippe Bovy

MSA Mastering Sports – February 2013

Honorary Professor / Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne / Switzerland IOC Transport Expert



Olympic Games... Since 1896, every four years (almost), the Summer Olympic Games unite the world through sports and fair competition Athletes of 204 nations compete in a free-access multi-media environment

Every two years (Summer+ Winter) “ONE” Olympic City hosts the sport world with tremendous media coverage

From Games to Games, the Olympic program is slightly adapted …….but cultural, historical, political, institutional, infrastructural, economical Host City speci!cities generate outstanding different Games

No two Games are the same!


A 116 year (1896-2012) case study

After IOC two-stage bidding process and selection, the winning Host City has “only” seven years to:

• built, extend or renovate all supporting sport, transport, accommodation, media and other urban basic infrastructures

• train and activate considerable human resources involved in Games support, from volunteers to event managers

• build and test all Olympic venues one to half year prior to Games opening

• deliver the Olympic and Paralympic Games

• conduct the Olympic Games debrie"ng to transfer knowledge to future Games organizers and potential bidders


Agenda 1.  What are mega-events?

2.  Mega-event structural organization

3.  Key Olympic numbers and evolution

4.  Transport and traffic management main challenges

5.  Olympic transport major progresses since 2000 – Sydney – Athens – Beijing – London – Rio de Janeiro

6.  Olympic transfer of knowledge

7.  Host City and Games vision, legacy and sustainability


1. What are mega-events ? No universal de!nition of mega-events

In this presentation mega-event imply “very substantial” temporary and durable changes in City transport and logistics

A 80’000 football match at Wembley/London or Maracana/Rio, both 8 million population Cities, “are not mega-events” in this sense. For Stadium and City transport operations this a “routine” weekly-monthly event!

The Olympics or the FIFA World Cup “are mega-events” implying “extraordinary” transport infrastructure build-up and extensive City traffic management to be deployed for these speci"c mega-events


1980 – 2020 induced behavioural changes from 95% by car to 95% by public transport!


Mega-event characteristics

•  TEMPORARY events in different locations lasting from 2-3 days to a maximum of 5 months for a World Expo like Shanghai 2010

•  Very strong pressures on CITY LOGISTICS such as transport, airports, accommodation, medical, security and police, power, utilities, global hospitality, City image and communication, etc…

•  Subject to intense WORLD MEDIA COVERAGE

•  Mega - event Cities become WORLD CITIES (Barcelona 1992)

•  Opening and Closing Ceremonies are WORLD EVENTS which cannot be postponed by 5 seconds!


Other world and major mega-events

Other very large sport mega-events :

FIFA-Football World Cup, UEFA-EURO Cup, Commonwealth Games, Pan American Games, South American Games, Asian Games, All-Africa Games, Youth Olympic Games, Mediterranean Games, Universiades, Continental Football Cups

Other multi or mono-sport mega- events can trigger City positive development impacts if a vision of “sustainable development and legacy” is integrated in mega-event planning from the beginning


2. Mega-event organization

•  The mega-event owner (1) •  The mega-event organizer (3) •  The mega-event product (4) : Olympic Games, EURO

football, World cups, etc

•  The “product” is the outcome of a complex organization designed to optimize expectations and minimize risks

•  Among organizational domains, only 18 main logistical domains (IOC has 34 functions) are shown on a simpli!ed presentation graph: competition venues, transport, accommodation, security, media+technology, marketing, communication, etc….



Mega-event organizational structure

The preceding graph is a much simpli!ed illustration of mega-event global organization

18 generic domains (34 functions in the case of the Olympics) are shown in three general categories:

•  Mega-event governance (6)

•  Public sector involvement (7)

•  Mega-event support functions (5)


Mega-event global governance

Six key generic elements:

•  Mega-event OWNER (1)

•  BIDDING PROCESS (2) to select a mega-event organizer

•  Mega-event ORGANIZER (3)

•  Mega-event SPORT PRODUCT (4)

•  Monitoring or COORDINATION COMMISSION (5) controlled by the OWNER to supervise and assist the ORGANIZER

•  TRANSFER-OF-KNOWLEDGE (18) by the mega-event OWNER


Public sector involvement

Organizing major mega- event requires strong and reliable public sector support and partnerships: • GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT (6): often massive infrastructure renovation and construction of new facilities, Games de!cit guarantee, labor regulations, visas

•  VENUE SPORT INFRASTRUCTURE (12+13) developments

•  Non Competition venues: Olympic Village, IBC/MPC, Media Village

•  AIRPORT (8) and City TRANSPORT (7) extensions and upgrades

•  SECURITY (9)/ Health / Medical

•  ENVIRONMENT and SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT(16)


Mega-event support functions

Many functions– only to mention the closest to TRANSPORT:

•  ACCOMMODATION for Olympic Family

•  ACCOMMODATION for general public, spectators, visitors

•  MEDIA Right holding broadcasters, Press, Photographers, new media and mega-event TECHNOLOGY

•  Mega-event MARKETING / ticketing

•  Mega-event FINANCES (OCOG and non-OCOG budgets)

)


3. Key Olympic numbers Summer Olympic Games = largest World mega multi-sport event = biggest transport challenge Very high traffic demands reaching 1,25 to 3.0 million journeys per day to be added to Host City background ordinary traffic

4 to 8 million ticketed spectators up to 500’000 per day + unknown number of NTV “non-ticketed visitors” in Host City during 16 days

Up to 200’000 logistic and service workforce, staff and volunteers to be transported every day (multiply by 2.5 to have “trips” or “journeys”)


Summer Olympic Games numbers

28 sport competition programs (26 in London +2 Rio) running simultaneously with their own schedules across 34 competition venues •  >600 competition sessions during 16 days

•  10’500 athletes, 5’800 team and 3’000 technical officials from 204 countries

•  5’000 Olympic officials and VIP

•  21’000 accredited media (TV and radio broadcasting, written press, photographers and new medias)

•  >30’000 sponsor guests

•  200’000 workforce including more than 70’000 volunteers

1

Olympic trends

Athens 1896 to Rio 2016 Olympic Summer Games key numbers

1.Nb 2.Nb 3.Nb 4.% 5.Nb 6.Nb 7.Nb 8.Nb 9.Total NOC. Events Comp. Female Medias Volunt Tickets TV.vw TV rights

1896 Athens 14 43 240 0 1924 Paris 44 126 3100 4 1936 Berlin 49 129 4000 8 1960 Rome 83 150 5300 12 1972 Munich 121 195 7100 15

1984 LOS ANGELES 140 221 6800 23 9200 28000 5.7 2.5 285 1988 Seoul 159 237 8500 26 11300 27000 3.3 --- 400 1992 BARCELONA 169 257 9400 29 13100 34000 3.0 --- 835 1996 Atlanta 197 271 10400 34 15100 47000 8.3 --- 900 2000 SYDNEY 200 300 10600 38 16000 47000 6.7 3.7 1330 2004 Athens 202 301 10600 42 21500 45000 3.8 3.9 1495 2008 BEIJING 204 302 10950 43 24600 70000 6.5 4.5 1730 2012 London(10.) 204 302 10500 44? 21000 70000 7.9 4.5 --?— 2016 RIO (Est.11,) 204 312? 10500 44? 21000 50000 8,0 4.5 --?---

1984/2012 growth (%)* 45 35 55 90 130 150 40 80 --?--

Legend 1. Number of NOC – nations /2. Number of competition events /3. Number of athletes (±50) 4. Percentage of female athletes (%) /5. Number of accredited medias, press and broadcasters (±100) 6. Number of volunteers (±1000) /7. Number of spectator tickets sold (±0,1million) 8. Number of world TV viewers (±0,1billion) /9. Total TV rights (±5 mio US$) / 10. To be checked /11.Tentative estimates

* 1984 to 2012, 8 Games or 28 year growth in percent (±5% or less) By / Feb 2013



4. Outstanding transport challenges

FIVE main transport challenges: 1.  Development and upgrade of Host City transport systems to

handle mega-event extraordinary traffic loads

2.  Managing traffic of three superimposed main client groups

3.  Providing high security seamless operations both for Olympic traffic and general public traffic

4.  Maintaining “close to normal metropolitan transport and traffic conditions” at Games time

5.  Promoting environmental quality and more sustainable mobility legacy


Main client groups priorities

1.  Athletes Highest security, punctuality and comfort

2.  Media/Press 24 hours per day service--medias of >200 countries

3.  Olympic Family Mostly on-demand transport /high security—travel reliability

4.  Sponsors Chartered bus systems

5.  Spectators Mass public transport with workforce and volunteers – Crowd management

6.  General public Transport “almost” as usual


Paralympic mobility enhancement

Paralympic Games (athletes with disabilities)

•  Take place 2 weeks after the Olympics, mostly in the same competition and training venues

•  Barrier free competition venues, !elds of play and Paralympic Village

•  General upgrade of Host City facilities for people with “reduced mobility” in particular rail and new road public transport system and stations, City sidewalks and urban public spaces

•  Important demonstration effect with strong legacy



Superimposed transport systems

Games transport is the superposition of 3 systems:

ONE “PERMANENT” upgraded Host City transport system handling all City background traffic

TWO “TEMPORARY” mega-event transport and traffic operations composed of:

•  dedicated transport system with priorities for Olympic Family and all accredited traffic

•  massively re-enforced public transport system to cope with extraordinary added travel demands of mega-event spectators and workforce, non-ticketed visitors



17 consecutive daily transport plans •  Complexity of Summer Games is like having 28 almost

simultaneous WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS with different competition schedules over 17 days

•  OG are 17 consecutive different transport plans with multiple AM, early PM and late PM competition sessions

•  Winter Olympics have only 7 sports // Summer Games have 4-5 times more events in the same 17 day period

•  Event postponements due to weather or other emergencies call for considerable transport management %exibility (particularly sensitive during Winter Games)



Transport budgets

Olympic Summer Games OCOG operating transport budget:

•  125 to 200 million US$ transport operations or about 5% of total Games operating budget

General NON-OCOG transport budget (outside Organizers operations):

• 2 to 20 billion US$ metropolitan transport accelerated infrastructure developments, justi!ed for long term transport build-up

• Games are catalysts for transport infrastructure developments and rehabilitation and for centralized traffic management


5. Transport progresses since Sydney After Atlanta 1996 transport logistical difficulties, Sydney 2000 marked a new “era” for Olympic transport:

• Sydney 2000 innovative policy of 100% spectator by public transport, free public transport for ticketed and accredited

• Athens 2004 Olympic lane invention for reliable OG travel

• Beijing 2008 40 % general traffic reduction during 60 days

• London 2012 superb convivial fully integrated public transport and $exible mobility management

• Rio 2016 to massively improve public transport in RIO


Sydney 2000



Sydney advanced transport policies

100% spectators, workforce and volunteers travel on re-enforced public transport

“Zero” parking within 1km of Olympic venues

24 hour free public transport for ticketed spectators + all Olympic officials, staff, workforce, volunteers

Sydney Olympic Park = access 77 % by rail, 15% by express bus, 3% by walking/biking and only 5% by car

Sydney Games were the most pre-tested Games to avoid Atlanta’s problems // outstanding “down-under” conviviality // “without car” mega-event new travel behaviour


Sydney special characteristics

Most famous Agricultural Fair of Australia moved from Sydney downtown to a new Olympic Park -- Homebush Bay-- a reclamation site 20km West of downtown

New Olympic Park served by rehabilitated high capacity rail and new Olympic Park station

Strongly re-enforced domestic and international Airport terminals with airport rail link to Sydney downtown

Other than the OP rail loop very little transport infrastructure developments for the Sydney 2000 Games


Athens 2004

…Marathon arrival in this Stadium on August 29th 2004, 108 years+ after the first modern Olympics


Athens transport developments

An often delayed, 25 year Athens regional Transport Plan implemented in 5-6 years :

• Urban motorway system completion (+40 km)

• Metropolitan arterial upgrade (about 80 km)

• Full modernization of 30 km of metro line N°1 and extensions of metro lines N° 2+3

• New suburban rail network connected to new Athens International airport and national rail

• New 23 km light rail /Athens centre to Sea Coast



Olympic lane: a“greek” invention

Athens 2004, "rst Olympic Games ever to have an Olympic traffic dedicated lane network:

• 160km network of Olympic priority lanes for all Olympic accredited vehicles + express bus lines

• Average Games bus speeds increased from an usual 12 - 20 km/h to a reliable average of 50-55 km/h….. at everybody surprise !...mostly the very critical foreign media!

• Road congestion--one of the biggest worry in Athens-- was replaced by the “fastest Games travel journeys”



Beijing 2008


Beijing fast growth challenges

China and particularly Beijing huge economic growth at double digit rates—many consecutive years above 10%

One of the world fastest motorization growth rate, about half million new cars in Beijing Capital every year since OG bid success in 2001

Almost full “disappearance” of bicycles due to better public transport and new car motorization but also large previous bicycle path elimination

Air pollution considerable growth due to fast motorized vehicle growth, poor vehicle and truck environmental standards and huge amount of construction and generated dust


Beijing 2008 major transport developments

Beijing 2008 invested > 20 billion US$ to cleanup the metropolitan environment + major vehicle $eet environmental upgrade (efforts without sufficient results)

Tripling Beijing Capital airport capacity with new terminal 3 (largest in the world--1 million sqm)

Tripling public transport system capacity in seven years of Games preparation, mostly the subway + Airport rail link

Considerable motorway and expressway extensions, Fifth Ring (108km) and part of Sixth ring (208km) and new expressways to airport + around Olympic Green


Beijing chaotic traffic conditions 1 year before the 2008 Olympic Games


Beijing metro expansion from 3 lines in 2001 to 8 lines for the Olympics


Beijing: largest“Olympic-lane”system

Adapting Athens experience, Beijing implemented the largest Olympic lane (O-lane) system ever on all Olympic inter-venue connections + Centre City + Airport

• More than 85% of the 300km Olympic-lane system was located in the median of more than 6-10 lane urban boulevards and motorways

• O-lanes marked with speci!c Olympic logo

• O-lane operations 10km test one-year prior to Games

• O-lanes very well operated, enforced and respected


Beijing 2008 competition venues all interconnected to a 300 km network of dedicated Olympic lanes


Beijing manually enforced Olympic priority lanes – Here on Tian’anmen Square


Beijing centrally controlled motorway median Olympic priority lanes


Beijing 2008 very fast traffic growth and massive Games car traffic reduction

•  Beijing had witnessed growth of 1000 cars per day during 7 years // tremendous congestion in 2007

•  Very severe August air pollution (hot and very humid month) cumulated with construction dust and vehicular traffic growth

•  4 day test in August 2007 of 40% car traffic reduction

•  Olympic-lane system ineffective without massive vehicular traffic reduction (impossibility to reach median lanes in large motorways)

•  For the 2008 Games, reduction of 35-40% of all registered motor vehicles allowed every day / odd-even license plates during 60 days

•  1,8 million cars “out of use” every day from 3.5 million total


Beijing most comprehensive City wide traffic control and command centre



London 2012


London 2012 Games concept

London 2012 Olympic Games concept: •  A tremendous catalyst for the largest urban industrial

waste land rehabilitation program in Europe to create the heart of the Games-- the Olympic Park in East London

•  Fully aligned on a massive “once in a century” rail transport improvement program mostly centered on East London to substantially upgrade public transport services

•  Also based on London Olympic venues optimally located to be accessed by more than one Tube/rail station

•  The most “public transport oriented Games concept” ever!


29 Summary of Report 4: ‘Interim Evaluation’

7.1 Transforming place

The transforming place sub-theme is focused on the legacy effects and impacts arising from the planning, remediation and physical development of the Olympic Park, coupled with improvements to public transport and the public realm, as well as wider private sector investment in the immediate surrounding area.

It is a suite of activity that has already made a significant contribution to the physical transformation of East London. Based on the evidence available it is apparent that:

• Without the Games the remediation and clean-up of 2.5 sq km of largely derelict, polluted and inaccessible land would not have occurred. This process included the undergrounding of 52 power pylons, the demolition of more than 200 buildings, the creation of 100 hectares of greenspace, the creation of a new utilities network and building 30 new bridges and connections;

• Without the Games the new Olympic venues would not have been constructed and the Olympic Park would not exist;

• The hosting of the Games has had a catalytic effect on a number of significant transport improvements at Stratford station and on the North London Line, to name but two, as well as a number of public realm improvements throughout the host boroughs;

• The Games also leveraged wider private sector benefits. The most notable is the role that the Games played in bringing forward the Westfield shopping centre at Stratford City – and all the employment and economic benefits associated with it – by between five and seven years.

As a result of this activity, parts of East London look, feel and function differently to how they did before London was awarded the right to host the Games and, more importantly, to how they otherwise would be had London not hosted the 2012 Games. An illustration of the contrast between 2012 and 2008 is given below.

Figure 7-1: The Olympic Park in 2012 and 2008

Source: Olympic Delivery Authority. 2012 photograph looks South from Eton Manor. 2008 photograph looks South West across the northern part of the Olympic Park.


“East London” rail developments

East London and Olympic Park served by higher capacity rail systems:

•  Two new and fully refurbished Stratford International and Stratford National stations at the edge of Olympic Park– future Queen Elisabeth Park—largest of East London

•  High Speed Javelin line serving Stratford-Olympic station during Games

•  Much improved and extended main East London special metro -- the DLR Dockland Railroad—also serving London City Airport and twice crossing the Thames

•  Capacity improvement of Jubilee Line—current strongest London tube carrier (before Crossrail opening in 2017)


London 2012: a public transport Games

Strategy – No parking for spectators – Maximised use of enhanced public transport for spectators, workforce, volunteers, visitors and as many Olympic Family as possible to relieve pressure on the road system Vision – An integrated approach between Games general transport, public transport and City development Sustainability – Legacy use and longer term accessibility needs integrated into Games planning


Venue accessibility from Tube/rail stations

RIO 2016 N°1 transport option is the build-up of a full high performance public transport ring interconnecting all sides of Tijuca National Forest

•  This concept is materialized by a mixed program of public transport projects composed of suburban rail system rehabilitation, metro capacity upgrade+ extension and 75km of high capacity BRT-Bus Rapid corridors

•  This integrated system shall be delivered in six years time

•  The High Performance PT Ring will help connect areas of very diverse socio-economic and urban characteristics


Fully integrated transport coordination Multiple planning, infrastructure, system and transport service delivery by two special temporary Olympic entities and TfL- Transport for London, the main transport organization :

ODA– Olympic Delivery Authority // delivering all new Olympic infrastructure and coordinating others LOCOG-Transport // delivering all Olympic Family transport services, bus and $eet, venue transport, most of Last mile traffic management TfL – Transport for London—Fully in charge of transport+ traffic planning / operations / traffic global management-TDM / Games transport and traffic command + control ( “LOCOG-Transport” means London Organizing Committee Transport Department or Branch)


Efficient and flexible ORN

Since Singapore 2005 bid victory , London 2012 organizers were under constant British media criticism : transport and traffic would never work properly for the Games. Criticism increased after successful BEIJING 2008 Games transport.

The bid promised 250km ORN—Olympic Route Network– was highly unpopular (undue advantage for VIP type users)

After detailed studies and multiple consultations, ORN was "nally implemented with: Games OL permanent core part // $exible sections activated dependent on traffic // sections without Olympic lanes but with Olympic route signage and appropriate priorities


Olympic Route Network & Olympic lanes RIO 2016 N°1 transport option is the build-up of a full high performance public transport ring interconnecting all sides of Tijuca National Forest

•  This concept is materialized by a mixed program of public transport projects composed of suburban rail system rehabilitation, metro capacity upgrade+ extension and 75km of high capacity BRT-Bus Rapid corridors

•  This integrated system shall be delivered in six years time

•  The High Performance PT Ring will help connect areas of very diverse socio-economic and urban characteristics





London 2012 successful TDM

TDM = Traffic Demand Management was !rst introduced for the Sydney 2000 Games. London 2012 promised a 25-30% traffic reduction

London TDM was planned and successfully used reduce traffic very signi!cantly during the Games.

Large array of traffic measures to hinder/reduce car use, shift from car to PT--public transport, increase work at home, increase out-of-London holidays, shift peak moving hours, shift freight traffic patterns, communicate on hotspots to be avoided, Public transport info massively improved for non-London and foreign visitors, more than 300’000 Oyster card distribution

TDM achieved “surprisingly” a 35% reduction in background traffic volumes in London critical “hotspots”


Last mile to venue integrated planning The “last mile” before getting into any competition venue (or non-competition) is critical in urban areas

London 2012 had a task force for each competition venue to produce, negociate and implement an integrated traffic/parking/load+ unload zone plan dealing with all concerned stakeholders and client groups:

•  Spectator and visitor access (from public transport stations)

•  Olympic family access (from ORN– Olympic lane network)

•  Logistical global accessibility requirements

•  24h/24h compatibility with local resident + business + other commercial and leisure activities


Last mile to venue integration plan

Last Mile

Look & Feel

Mayor’s Live Site

Mayor’s Ambassadors

Olympic Route Network

Venue

LOCOG

Transport for London

Mayor (London)

Public Transport

Other organisation

Hotels

Training venues

Local Parallel Event

NOC House

Security

Emergency Services Ambulance Fire Police

Local Area Traffic Management

One Plan – Overall

Local businesses & residents

Local government services

Local government

Advertising & street trading


Most successful public transport Games

London 2012 transport was much more successful than predicted by British media—plenty of capacity—$exible convivial management—generally excellent signage—transport helpful volunteers

Underground operated at capacities of up 30% more than the maximum ever recorded ( East London DLR was up 100%)

TDM achieved reduction of traffic demands of about 35% in hotspots allowing ORN system to work much better than expected

Signi"cant shift of users from dedicated Olympic transport to more efficient and faster rail public transport


Towards Rio 2016


RIO 2016 crucial transport problems

To overcome RIO extremely chaotic road traffic and public transport situation, RIO 2016 bid promised to deliver a substantially extended and rehabilitated metropolitan transport system

Olympic Games absolutely NOT possible without a robust new and well managed transport system

11 billion US$ (twice the bid amount) is currently being invested to develop a high performance public transport ring interconnecting all four Olympic zones surrounding Rio Tijuca National Forest


Rio four Games main Olympic zones and metropolitan transport concept


Games and Rio ambitious development plans

The four Olympic zones of Maracana – Copacabana – Barra – Deodoro to be strongly interconnected by a continuous high performance public transport system

A 11 billion US$ construction or rehabilitation program: •  New metro line 4 and metro lines 1+2 upgrades

•  Suburban rail lines massive capacity upgrades •  New 150km four BRT lines-- high performance bus system (one

of the world largest such new system)

•  Airport and Port upgrades and connections to public transport

•  A 20 Km, 4 line City Centre LRT (tramway) system


Rio renovated suburban rail + extended metro + 4 new BRT transport system


20 new interchange hubs to make ONE Rio high performance public transport system


BRT-Bus Rapid Transit – Articulated very high capacity bus systems –new bus

technology invented 39 years ago in Curitiba/Brazil


Rio Center of operations for transport, traffic, emergencies and logistics


Maracana Stadium in full renovation for Copa 2014 & Olympics 2016

In WCup 1950, 199’850 ticketed spect. / now 78’000! 500 million US$ Stadium upgrade


Optimize urban sport, multi-transport and security legacies

Rio efforts to deliver the 2016 Games are enormous in terms of urban sport facilities and transport system massive rehabilitation

If all planned and under-construction projects are delivered the Games legacy will be truly phenomenal—a quarter century projects in 7 years!

The most critical efforts are on system integration to optimize the global output and deliver most “happy and glorious Olympic Games” carioca style!


6. Systematic transfer-of-knowledge

Summer Olympic Games = most complex and largest temporary mega-event organization in the world

•  To improve Games quality, legacy and sustainability and to minimize risks , IOC invests in multiple “TOK-Transfer of Knowledge” or “Debrie!ng” programs from Cities pre-bidding phase to after-Games debrie!ng

•  “Olympic Games organization seminars” attendance at phases I + II essential to support bidding process and capture Games comprehensive vision, concept evolution and new mega-event management tools


Learning by observing •  Host Cities shall learn “live” by observing preceding

Games. Games progress made in most functions can be identi!ed / transferred and adapted if feasible

•  For example RIO 2016 could watch Beijing 2008 as candidate and also observe the three next Games 2010/2012/2014 as 2016 OG organizer

•  For RIO 2016, the most important observation reference was 2012 London Summer session

•  After any Games, IOC organizes a very comprehensive DEBRIEF or 4 day transfer-of-knowledge seminar



7. Host City and Games vision, legacy and sustainability

Investment of 2 - 3 billion US$ in Summer Olympic Games operational costs (generally fully covered by revenues) and 10 - 25 billion US$ in sport, transport and urban infrastructure developments cannot be only justi!ed by the political glory of having hosted the Olympic Games. Since Barcelona 1992 and mostly Sydney 2000, a particularly strong awareness of Olympic legacy is prevalent The Olympic Games concept shall be integrated in the City or metropolitan development vision. It shall be a “component of…” but not the main ”driver” of Host City development master planning


Not only legacy but sustainability

The 2009 Copenhagen Olympic Congress item N° 19 “The Olympic Movement fully embraces the importance of embedding the key values of environmental protection, development and sustainability within the Olympic ideals” “As part of this commitment…. the IOC should accelerate the integration of sustainability principles in the hosting of the Olympic Games…. to safeguard their status as a premier event”


Avoiding “White elephant” planning “White elephants” are large permanent facilities and infrastructures purposely build for a short duration mega-event but NOT or very little USED afterwards

In Olympics, it might happen for little practiced sports in the Host country. In that case “temporary structures” must be used.

In transport, risks of “white elephants” are rather small as mega-event Host City transport needs are most often considerable.

During the last two decades, Olympic transport schemes have played an increasingly central role in City legacy and sustainability development


City vision – Games concept -- Transport

London 2012 remarkable success was mainly due to the coherence and alignment of:

•  A City development vision—particularly East London

•  A London-made 2012 global and most attractive Games sport concept and organization

•  A City public transport optimal deployment combined with Games convivial and efficient traffic management


Olympic and mega-event transport 1997-2013

bibliography

and mega-event transport papers can be downloaded from:

www.mobility-bovy.ch