STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING

FOR TRACK AND FIELD: TOOLS

John M. Cissik

Human Performance Services, LLC

Overview

What they are Advantages/Disadvantages How they are used Training for goals

Tools

Olympic lifts Powerlifts Assistance exercises Kettlebells Heavy ropes Suspension training

Olympic Lifts

Exercises that are variations of the snatch, clean, and jerk.

Barbell moves at 2-4 meters/second, elite lifters are generating 31-50 watts of power/kg of body weight.

Olympic Lifting: Advantages Little eccentric phase in these lifts, can

be done daily. Uses most of the muscles in the body. Triple extension of hips, knees, and

ankles. Done very quickly, develops power.

Olympic Lifting: Cautions

Very fast, not forgiving of mistakes Requires specialized equipment Requires specialized instruction Very technical, takes a long time to learn

Olympic Lifting: CautionsDistance (m)

Release Velocity (m/s)

Discus, Men 67.648 24.46Discus, Women 63.704 23.64Hammer, Men 78.094 27.68Hammer, Women 75.18 27.42Javelin, Men 84.648 29.46Javelin, Women 65.726 25.3Shot Put, Men 21.54 13.98

2009 IAAF World Championships, top five performances in each event. From New Studies in Athletics (2010), volume 25(3/4)

Olympic Lifting: Cautions

Bar velocity of 2-4 meters/second. 100 meter sprinter may be moving at 10-12 meters/second.

2nd Pull Snatch/Clean & Drive Phase of Jerk: Power output of 31-50 watts/kg of body weight (Garhammer, 1981)

100 meter sprinting: Power output of 60 watts/kg of body weight (Majumdar and Robergs, 2011)

Powerlifts Exercises meant to increase strength on the

squat, bench press, and deadlift. Possible to work up to very heavy weights

(International Powerlifting Federation world records as of 8/22/13):Squat: 465 kilograms (1023 pounds); Andrey

Konovalov Bench Press: 360 kilograms (792 pounds);

Viktor TestsovDeadlift: 397.5 kilograms (874.5 pounds); Brad

Gillingham

Kettlebells Weighted metal

balls with handles. If an exercise can be

done with a barbell or dumbbell, it can be done with a kettlebell.

Kettlebells

Most free weight exercises can be done with kettlebells

Many kettlebell specific exercises:SwingsOverhead squatsGet upsWindmills

Kettlebells: Programing Guidelines Depends upon goal.

Strength/power: Mirror programming guidelines for Olympic lifts or powerlifts

Endurance/conditioning: Generally done for time (i.e. swing for 40 seconds, rest for 20) or circuit-style

Kettlebells: Advantages

Kettlebell has mass, so it can increase hypertrophy, strength, and power.

Requires each side of the body to work independently.

Variety, fun.

Kettlebells: Cautions

Cost between US$1.40 and $3.00/kilogram

A lot of bad information out there, marketing/hype vs. substance.

Requires a lot of equipment to use for track and field athletes.

Skill component, takes awhile to learn many of these exercises.

Not conducive to some exercises (snatch)

Kettlebells: Cautions

A lot of anecdotal information, no research foundation:Farrar, et al (2010): Swinging a 16kg

kettlebell for 12 minutes increases heart rate and oxygen consumption…

Manocchia et al (2010): A 10 week, 2x/week program increases 3-RM barbell bench press (9%), 3-RM barbell clean and jerk (25%), and low back endurance (20%). Untrained population…

Heavy Ropes AKA battle ropes,

training ropes 30-200 feet of thick

rope. Used for total body

conditioning. Exercises are often

variations of slams, woodchoppers, and oblique movements.

Heavy Ropes: Programming Guidelines Approached as a conditioning or warm-

up tool, so exercises are done for time. 40 seconds on, 20 seconds off most

common approach. Can be done circuit-style. Can be tailored to individual needs. Can be combined with other exercises

(for example: slam for 60 seconds, kettlebell swing for 60 seconds)

Heavy Ropes: Advantages Fun. Great warm-up exercise. Good tool for absolute beginners.

Heavy Ropes: Cautions

Cost US$100-$400 each if you purchase the premium equipment.

Home improvement store ropes: $20… Very limited overload potential. Zero research.

Suspension Training Bodyweight

exercises where part of the body is suspended in the air.