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Managing currents of work: Multi-taskingamong multiple collaborations
Victor M.Gonzalez, Gloria MarkECSCW 2005
UX Lab-meeting 2012.04.12 �c| <t
Thursday, April 12, 12
Introduction CSCW Perspective
● Q.Þ��XÔCÊ :¢�3 Ю ) .` ã^Í Ī°CË ®K �bĠ)�?
“How people manage transitions among activities
and how they maintain continuity when their activities
are fragmented.”
● Þ� �XÔÍ Ī°Ë ÎĥĠ)�ÜÍ �ĭ
9d /ÆÍ Ī°(Sole Collab.)
Ī°Í :¢� ´�(Colloc/Distribute)
Ġ Î�Í Ī°(Multiple Collab.)
Ī°Í :¢.z�(Simultaneously)
Collaboration =Ġ Í ĔÞ �ĨÎ ©-, �ı³ HL .` Ī°C� iMË ÆÿĠ) ÐWÍ
�Þ
= Ongoing stream of multiple activities
● kÏ�Þ:�ÏCÊ jĕĉ ćË �bĠ) ĔÞġ ÛQË ð¿.
Thursday, April 12, 12
Related Work Increase of multiple collaboration in workspace
● âê �âÍ �ęĭ, ė ç¦Í °s�b, ÞÚÏ °s �1³� Ƕġ °s į�ÉXÍ �ĭ ( DiMaggio,2001)
● �` �8Í °s �ĭ, .ġ İ:, °sÍ ��ĭ, é�ÚÏ �sÔ� �īÕ¿ÉX Ĕí;) �� top-level h,ÙÍ µĢÎ Ûõ âêÉX Į� ( Mintzberg,1973)
● ÎRġ Ƕġ °sį�ÉXÍ �ĭX ÏĠ´ ¹ĸU Þ��XÔCÊ °s ç� ½�ÚÏ ¾�(.` :\,.` �°)³� Õ°Í ç/Ë �Ĩ ( Conaill and Frohlich 1995)
● Þ��XÔCÎ .` ã^Í İ:CË �bĠ) {£³ 3ġ ¶�) wķ - jĕĉ ćÊ ¢�,¶MË ä y�,t�,ubÚÏ �� E .ġ üm� ¶�<..(Belloti et al,2003) - �ÏÎ ®J ÛQË �ĊĠ À��Ƴ ?)é³ 3ĥ� ) Į¥Ġé ª..
�°âê
°sį�Í Ç¶ĭ
�XÔÍjĕĉ ć
�XÔÍÕ°ç/�È
Thursday, April 12, 12
Related Concept Collaborations and working sphere
● Definition. of working sphere
● Working sphere & Collaboration
Õ° ·µ(Working Sphere)ÎN?
1) � �ÏÎ Ð��ݳ� ù�Ġ ,ôÑË é Ó) Õ°CË ��Ġ) /ÆX�,
2) �ÏÍ Çġ ¢� ĞTÑ� ĔÞ Ī°�âa �ë, ĔÞ pÚË 0�Ġ� Æĥ â�< Õ°Í /Æ.(Gonzales and Mark,2004)
ÞÍ
¸¢/��Í �°(�ĞēÅ® �Ĝ þ�, ]ĖÉX x�;) ÎkÐ,¶M °s..) / Ö�� �° ( �³ �XÁ ÏĞL ß�)
Collaboration = ∑Working spheres
W.S1 W.S2 W.S3 W.S4
�ÏÊ �� .` 1) pÚ, 2) ¢� ĞTÑ 3) Ī°{£(�â)a �ë Õ° ·µCË :¢.zÚÉX �bġ..
● Not just managing the track of WS. but also the collaborations related to WS.
Thursday, April 12, 12
Research Method In situ Systematic Observation
● Objective: �XÔCÎ ġ � Î�Í Õ°İ:CË �bĠ) jĕĉ ć ÛQË ��
● Interest: .` êã �,âê # ³�Í .` µĢ(ė), �°³ đÒ;) �å(ê�)³ HL .ġ ýƳ� �ñ,��Ë ¢8
● ÷ 36nÍ �XÔ, 2�Í IJ�, 1Ï2 ę� 26¢�(÷ 920¢�) �ñ
�E 8 � 8 �Y �H
ITSJEB �(14) o9 PO� za
ITSAUG �(10) �s �2 za
Venture �V� �(12) g/ GCO[ ��! SW M0Jt�
● .` êã,âê # ė³ HL (÷ 36n)
● .` ê�³ HL (÷ 36n)
{� @ vE�F{� @ vE�F5�p �(11) S.W. �<{�(8)
�-u� 2� �(3) S.W. \z�W(3)
U�2O�(9) Ijy �2(2)
Thursday, April 12, 12
Method In situ direct observation
● Observation Technique
● Shadowing & Interview ġ �O 2 ø� 3Ð Î�Í �ñ� Ï7 Ïċ� ¥¢.
1) �sÔCË HL.,m� jĕĉ ć Ħĉa �ñ,�Y (�°, 3ĭÍ äß, �¿ġ t�,Ē...)
E9S 1
Worker
E9S 2Researcher
WorkerWS2WS1
2) Ð�� �! ĵ, �Y< Ħ: ç Ð�a 3�³ êÝ u® ØĮÏ
� 6Îċ : &ēĘ@» ĈÑÃþX �Yġ �ñ 6Îċ, Ïċ� 'ûY, ğ@ &ē, �ë, �Ĉ t� EE
Thursday, April 12, 12
Scenario Characteristic of multi-tasking
● Work Fragmentation Constant switch his plans or WS with changing circumstances
ITS DavidÍ Ġ]: 1) ¸�,¸�Ġé rġ Õ°·µ�Í é�ÚÏ Æþ� z� (Degree of fragmentation and constant transitioning)
●Normal : Urgent Central : Peripheral
Normal(11)
Urgent(3)
Õ°Í ��ģ³
HL
Central(9)
Peripheral(5)
�´Í Þ8³ HL
÷ 14�Í WS ç
Thursday, April 12, 12
Scenario Characteristic of multi-tasking
ITS DavidÍ Ġ]: 2) Ġ Í Õ°·µÊ ��ĭ; ïÊ é�¢�Í Ħ:CÍ ¶�ÉX ��>
● Each WS = ∑ Brief segments of chains of actions
● WS : avg 6mins 32 sec BS : avg 1min 29sec )
W.S1 W.S2 W.S3 W.S4
Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4
WSJob task
Actions
Thursday, April 12, 12
Result Characteristic of multi-tasking ● Õ°·µÍ jĕĉ ćÊ .` :\C�Í Ī°³ ÍĠ´ Þ<..
● jĕĉ ćÊ è�Ú ğ¾³ Íĥ ¸�þ rġ �ÞÎ x�<..
● Ī°Í jĕĉ ćÊ ¢�³ HL ��8� ._..
Some collaboration with same people more than one WS.ĩØ ´R�é °sa :¢³ Ī°Ġ Ó) David� PhilÊĠ Í WS³� ×Ê Æþ� z�Ġ >.
W.S2 W.S3
on-going agenda unexpected agendaÀ��Æ 1
À��Æ 1À��Æ 2
Ûį ÎÛÛį Îĵ�[ EÖĠ) Õ°·µË �bĠl, À��Æ» ä¾ ©á.a �ѱΠ�Þ, ØÞÍĠ>.
¢�
��8 ��8= f (level of involvement,time frame, outcome, collaboration structure)
WS
●Three characteristics ofmulti-tasking1) defined by collaboration with others2) spontaneity3) process evolve ∞ the level of maturation
Thursday, April 12, 12
Result Continual switching of WS
● Summary- avg. 12 WS/Day- avg. Time of WS = 10.29- “Along the stream”
* Avg. number of WS and segment durations (Bold=Means, Normal=SD)
● “ Along the stream” analogy:jF[G Stream of WS 1 4%� b� �,h jA*(� �_��.:D4T�( Stream of WS[ �� js Nwg iQawareness� x_ (Xt nYf Ob�, W' WS[G }x� z1 �s�� b�])
W.S1 W.S2 W.S3 W.S4
�0 �� 12�g WS Central : 9
Peripheral : 3
Normal : 11
Urgent : 1~2
Thursday, April 12, 12
Result Fundamental processes involved in multi-tasking
●Continual renewal of overview
WS) ¢Õ/�³) w�Ġéf ¢�Î é l �ÞÎ zÛ>³ HL ¼�;®�..
WS) �Ï � ©,L Ī°Ġ) äõCÍ ·ħË ą y)..
WS
past Present Future time
level of development●Maintaining flexible
window of focus
●Managing of transition
Thursday, April 12, 12
Strat. 1 Continual renewal of overviews
● ĩØ Ô¤CÎ Õ°Ġ Ó) WS OverviewÍ é�ÚÏ °6Îēa ġ..
● Overview : WSÍ }Æ» pÚ, ¢�ÚÏ ß¬, zÛ /�, .Ì ď³ 3ġ �ijEË Ěģġ..: ÎS ¹|�a Đĥ “a state of preparedness”a Ĥ� ÇéĢ � Ó� It. äX Ġ]Í ¢Õ� ģ� �OCÊ ¹|�a õąģ.
● äX �¿;) �� ÛQ1) &ē�Î ĭÎē�@,ÎkÐË �¢X õą(self-report)2) :\CÍ 8ÂË ¯®(face-to-face)3) āv,ĂÎ� ó$Ë İ¿(online communication)
Ġéf, jĕĉ ćÉX Ïĥ �XÁ WS� C®¹� , é�çÎ5 WS� ç/= �À� g©ÎRġ ¹|�� �� °6Îē� ;®« “å�< �
ĉ”a ÇéĢ � Ó..
Thursday, April 12, 12
Strat. 1 Continual renewal of overviews
● Local vs. Globalperspectives
● The level of aggregation of WS : Local vs. Global
1) Local : day-to-day things (to-do list,calendar) ¹* #Ð Ģ ÐC(Ûĭ��,� � å�...)Ë &ē�³ Ú®?) Ħ:C..
2) Global : “The big picture of things I’m supposed to be working on”�s¥ ô�Í ĭÎē�@³ Ú®?) Ö�ÚÏ }Ƴ�Í �ijC.
● The role of collaboration ● overview) Ī°�ıÍ �ĭ³ ą ·ħË y)..
�OCÊ Ô¤Í ÐË 9dÚÉX ùëĥ �) xm(to-do listî�,¢�ě fC�) ģ� ÐĠ) �Þ³� é�ÚÉX �Þ, �ĭ.Meeting “on the same page” both with formal and informal way.
Thursday, April 12, 12
Strat. 2 Maintaining a flexible window of focus
● Active vs. PotentialWS
● ĔÞ WS³ qÒĢ � Ó) :¢³ .` WS³8 ¶�= � Ó8Y ǶģË �ì � Ó) +V.E)%e $ WS1 >�T �7 P[ ��l� cz�+� �,��.
● flexible window1 cz�� �e Lqd- ;�g }� �[ �� ~�f ^� l� F�1 �_- ���, �AB �:��hJ ~�f �� Y�h�#.
Active WS: ĩØ qÒĠ Ó) Ð
Potential WS: é�Ê ¸Þ³ ±éf, ��Á wP³ Ю" � Ó) Ð
Thursday, April 12, 12
Strat. 3 Management of Transition
● Natural vs. Forced transitions
● �XÔCÎ Ġ Í WS³� .` WSX º� I �X ¢ÕĠ) ÐË öëĠ� Æġ ÛQ
● E)%e 1) mRh �P jf Pn� N l� Nw[G Yf x�� N l�. ��3f _�f ��� 2) �m� jh x�" &[� �O�kh� ��1 �� 6�Z� nY%f qW�� E`�� =?f E`�] r�g � 1 �K��+� �.
Natural Transition : ĩØÍ WS³� Ĕ�ġ Ħ:±Î Ю ) Ûį(ÎkÐÎ Ûĭa �.b�.)
Forced transitions: ½�ÚÏ {ĥ¾Ï³ Íĥ Õ°Î ç/.(:\,�XÁ WS...)
Thursday, April 12, 12
Discussions
● Using different strategies by individual
● Challenges to support multi-tasking in WS
● �OCÊ 1)Ô¤Í �ī, 2)ê° Ĕ�, 3)ÔÄÍ Ý��³ HL �� .` {£Í jĕĉ ć ÛQË �¿ġ..(eg.1) to-dob ē³ Ú� vs. ÎkÐX �#�(eg.2) ĞXàē b4) .` �OC�. �īÕ¿�Î Ķ¨ ą Õ¿(eg.3) IM ĒË Đĥ �X ¶MË ä y) � vs. �8³� CU¹) �ba B) �.
● WS Overviewa Local/Global �ܳ� o? � � � Ó8Y.Local(to-do,Āc4) ��Á �³ Æþ¢ă beÏGvs. Global perspective(Ö��ij)Ê ĭÎē�@,�³ �®( beÏG
● Flexible window of focus over different WS�ÏÎ oA Î~ēa o,ċĠ) �³) ġ�� Ó� It³ Îa ��ÚÉX �ĚēĢ I ĩØÍ Ð� w] Ó) ÐË ģ� ß�ĥæ � Ó®« ģ.
● Make transitions beneficial for users..` WSÍ ÛįÊ �Ěē� ;é ªÌ. Ûį� Õ° ç/Ë æÎU) &V�.8 ÛįË ĴÈÚÉX Ģ � Ó8Y PendingÎ�a ĥĢ � Ó) ĒÎ ğ¾ģ
Thursday, April 12, 12
Questions
● ubÚ Õ° į�³�Í jĕĉ ć {£� Féč į�³�Í jĕĉ ć {£Ê ®J ÜÎ �¡Ġ , .`�?
● Þ�Ú 6Îċ³ 3ġ ��ġ ĄG, ĝ�ġ �%ĭ >> ĆLÀ@ į�³�Í jĕĉ ć³8 Ú¿Ģ � ÓË�
● jĕĉ ć Ħ:Ë �ñĢ I �¿ĘČË �ÉX§ ¢ ĎË �¿Ġ) �¿Ô �ĨÍ tßa ò)6 �ÞÚÏ ��Ê s²Ï�? ‘~ġ ĒÎ ğ¾Ġ.’L) ZÉX ú�ġ�?
● .ġ ê° �, ê� �X Ĉ ) jĕĉ ć ĘČÍ ðÎ) �3ÚÉX �Ĭĸ .]®ë D.
Thursday, April 12, 12