Presented by: Norman UphoffPresented at: Institute of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn
- 1. SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES WITHTHE SYSTEM OF
RICE INTENSIFICATION(SRI) Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD Cornell University,
USAInstitute of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn October 6,
2005
2. SRI is anew kind of intensification -- not based on external
inputs
- Initially = intensification oflabor -- but this is a transitory
effect
- Intensification of management
- With also an intensification of knowledge and skill - and
mostly
- Intensification of BIOLOGICAL PROCESSESIN THE SOIL
3. Ms. Im Sarim,Cambodia, withrice plant grown from a single
seed of traditional varietyusing SRI methods -- yield of 6.72 t/ha
4. SRI plant grown from a single seed Nepal, 2005 5. Field of
SRIBasmati rice -- Sri Lanka, 2005 6. SRI plot at Sapu Research
Station -- The Gambia, 2001 7. Madagascar SRI field, 2003 8. SRI
story starts in Madagascar
- Thanks to the lifes work ofFr. Henri de Laulani , SJ
fascinating, serendipitous story
-
- SRI was assembled over 20 yrs
-
- Synthesized in 1983-84(Laulani, 1993)
-
- Association Tefy Sainain 1990
-
- CIIFAD involvement since 1994
9. Fr. de Laulani making field visit 10. Sebastien Rafaralahy
and Justin Rabenandrasana, Association Tefy Saina 11. Different
Paradigms of Production
- GREEN REVOLUTION strategy was to:
- (a) Change thegenetic potentialof plants, and
- (b) Increase theuse of external inputs--more water, fertilizer,
insecticides, etc.
- SRI changesneither-- only themanagement of plants, soil, water,
nutrientsin ways that
-
- Promotethe growth of root systems ,
-
- Increase theabundance and diversityof soil organisms
- This reduceswater use and costs of production
12. What is System of Rice Intensification?
- Start withyoung seedlings 8-12 days old ( cold
temperatures
- Wider spacing> crowding of roots/canopy
- More illumination>shading of plants
- Ample nutrients in soil >nutrient deficits
- Soil penetrability> compaction of soil
- Sufficient moisture> drought conditions
- Sufficient oxygen>hypoxic soil conditions
50. Agronomic Benefits of SRI Methods
- SEED Initiative Award 2005
51. 52. Agronomic Benefits of SRI Methods
- Application to other crops
- Finger millet (ragi) in India
- Cotton and vegetables in TN?
53. Guli VidhanaMethod (Millet)
- Yields in Karnataka State, India: 500-600 kg/ha, maximum is
1,500 kg/ha
- Guli VidhanaMethod:average yield of 1,800-2,000 kg/ha -- up to
2,500 kg/ha
- Plant in square pattern (18 x 18 in.)
- Abuseyoung millet plants at 25 days induce profuse tillering
and root growth, with tripled yield (farmer innovation)
54. Increase in Finger Millet Yield withGuli VidhanaMethod, as
reported by Green Foundation, Bangalore Methods: Broadcast - Drill
sowing - Close transplant -Guli Vidhana 55. SRI RAGI (FINGER
MILLET), Rabi 2004-05 60 days after sowing Varieties 762 and 708 VR
762 VR 708 10 15 21* *Age at which seedlings were transplanted from
nursery Results of trials being being done by ANGRAU 56. 57. Sugar
Cane Adaptation
- Andhra Pradesh State, India:Farmer adaptation based on SRI
experience
- Instead of planting 8-12 sets in rows 3 apart -- incubate 3
sets (with one bud each) in plastic bags and compost, in warm,
humid environment for 45 days; plant 1 apart in rows 5-6 apart
--reduce material by 85%
- Save cost of 3 irrigations and 1 herbicide
- Yield is100 tons/acreinstead of30 tons
58. Other Adaptations
- UPLAND RICE got 7.2 t/ha averagefor unirrigated rice in
Philippines;have reached 4 t/ha in Madagascar
- COTTONis starting to be grown withSRI concepts, and
alsoVEGETABLES,by innovative farmers in India
- CHICKEN INTENSIFICATIONis tried in Cambodia fence in compost
pile and raise chickens within it they feed on worms and add manure
to compost
- FEWER PLANTS/ANIMALS WITH BETTER NUTRITION AND HEALTH
59. LESSCAN PRODUCEMORE
- byutilizingbiological potentials & processes
- Smaller, younger rice seedlings becomelarger, more productive
mature plants
- Fewer rice plants per hill and per m 2givehigher yieldif used
with other SRI practices
- Half as much water producesmore rice because aerobic soil
conditions are better
- Greater outputis possiblewith use of
- fewer or evenno external/chemical inputs
- Even more yield inless time
- There is nothing magical about SRI not voodoo science(Cassman
& Sinclair, 2004)
60. Well-Documented Processes
- Soil organisms are able to:
- Fixnitrogen[biological N fixation]
- Mobilize/cyclenitrogen[protozoa]
- Solubilizephosphorus[bacteria]
- Increaseuptake of water, P and other nutrients[mycorrhizal
fungi]
- Inducesystemic resistance[ISR]
- Producephytohormones[auxins, cytokinins, gibberellines,
etc.]etc.?
61. 62. SRI rice field, hybrid variety, Yunnan province, 2004 18
t/ha 63. SRI farmer in Chibal village, Srey Santhor district,
Kampong Cham province, Cambodia 64. Guinea: Chinese hybrid (GY032)
with SRI methods 9.2 t/ha 65. Table 1.Summary of results from SRI
vs. BMP evaluations in China and India, 2003-2004 * Chinese
comparisons were made using hybrid rice varieties. 1.57 (27.7%)
7.23 5.66 100 trials (SRI and BMP trialseach 0.1 ha) Tamil Nadu
state 2.42 (33.8%) 8.73 6.31 1,525 trials (average 0.4 ha; range
0.1-1.6 ha) Andhra Pradesh state 3.31* (40.7%) 11.44* 8.13* 8
trials (0.2 ha each) Sichuan province3.1* (35.2%) 11.9* 8.8* 16.8
ha of SRI rice with 2 hybrid varieties Zhejiang province SRI
advantage (t ha-1 ) (% incr.) SRIave. yield (t ha -1 ) BMP ave.
yield (t ha -1 ) No. of on-farm comparison trials (area in
parentheses) Province/state 66. Prospects for Food Security
- are nowmuch betterthan commonly thought
withagroecologicalmeans
- Biotechnologycan play more useful roleif it takes
agroecological perspective
- Need more attention tophenotypes not justgenotypes--
understandhow organisms function -- and can prosper -- within
agroecological systems utilizing symbiotic relations
67. THANK YOU
- Web page:http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/
- Email:[email_address] or[email_address]or
68. Roller-marker devised by Lakshmana Reddy, East Godavari, AP,
India, to save time in transplanting operations; his yield in
2003-04 rabi season was 17.25 t/ha paddy (dry weight) 69. 4-row
weeder designed by Gopal Swaminathan, Thanjavur, TN, India Aerate
soil at same time that weeds are removed/incorporated 70. Motorized
weeder developed by S. Ariyaratna Sri Lanka 71. Seeder Developed in
Cuba Direct seeding will probably replace transplanting in future
Essential principle is toavoid trauma to the young roots 72. Liu
Zhibin, Meishan Inst. of Science & Technology, in
raised-bed,no-till SRI field with certified yield of 13.4 t/ha 73.
Seedlings are started at the end of winter in plastic greenhouses
74. Normal 3-S 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.