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ENGELS - MARXISM>> pwkwKyHkESdyfjcif;rS “THE THREESOURCES AND THREE COMPONENT PARTS OFMARXISM” ESifh “THE HISTORICAL DESTINY OF THE

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rmhufpf0g'. a&aomufjrpf (3)oG,fESif hyg0if&m tydkif; (3) &yf

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1

*%0g'” qefaom t&m[lI tv#if;ryg&SdbJ ‚onf urBmh,Ofaus;r_jzpfay:wdk;yGm;&m vrf;r}uD;ESifhuif;uGm+yD; ay:aygufvmaom txD;usefjzpfI toufrJhaom oif=um;csuf r[kwfay? qef@usifpGmyifrmhufpf. ^m%fxufjrufr_um; vlom;wdk@. a&S@wef;a&mufaomawG;ac:r_u wifjycJhonfh jy\emrsm;udk ajz=um;onfhtcsufwGifwnfonf? ol.oif=um;csufrsm;onf tbd"rRmq&m}uD;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;abm*aA'ESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh t}uD;jrwfqHk;yk*~dKvfrsm;. oif=um;csufrsm;. wdkuf±dkuf qufvufr_tjzpf ay:xGufvmjcif; jzpfonf?

rmhufpf. oif=um;csufonf teEWwefcdk;ESifh jynfhpHkonf?tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚onf rSefuefaoma=umifhjzpf.? ‚onfuHkvHkjynfhpHkI nD!Gwfonf? rnfonfht,loD;r_/ azmufjyefr_ESifhjzpfap/"e&SifzdESdyfr_udk rnfonfhtumtuG,fay;r_ESifhjzpfap rajy+idrf;Edkifonfh+yD;jynfhpHkaom urBmhtjrifw&yfudk vlom;wdk@xH ay;tyfcJhayonf?rmhufpf0g'onf 19 &mpkESpftwGif; vlom;wdk@ taumif;qHk; zefwD;cJhaomtoGifjzpfonfh *smreftbd"rRm/ t*FvdyfEdkifiHa&;abm*aA'ESifh jyifopfqdk&S,fvpf0g'rsm;. w&m;enf;vrf;usaom tarGqufcHol jzpfayonf?

,ck rmhufpf0g'. a&aomufjrpf (3) oG,fESifh ‚. yg0if&mtydkif; (3) &yfudk u|efawmfwdk@ tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh azmfjyrnfjzpf.?

(1)

rmhufpf0g'. tbd"rRmonf ±kyf0g'jzpf.? Oa&my.acwfopf ordkif;wavsmufvHk;wGif txl;ojzifh 18 &mpkESpftukefjyifopfjynfY tv,facwf tr_dufo±dkufrSefor#udkvnf;aumif;/2

v,fu|efpepf taqmuftOD;rsm;ESifh v,fu|efpepf awG;ac:r_rsm;udkvnf;aumif; qef@usifaom ,wdjywfwdkufyGJwGif ±kyf0g'onf wckwnf;aom pGJ+rJcdkifrmonfh obm00dZ…mynmoif=um;csuf tm;vHk;tay:opPm&Sda=umif;/ t,loD;r_/ vdrfnmr_ ponfwdk@ESifh &efbufjzpfaomtbd"rRmjzpfa=umif; oufaoxlcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pD. &efolrsm;u ±kyf0g'udk “acsy” zsufqD;&ef/ tykyfcs&ef tpGrf;ukefóu;pm;cJh+yD;bmoma&;udk wenf;enf;jzifh umuG,fay;avh&Sdaom tbd"rRmqdkif&mpdwf0g'o¿mef trsKd;rsKd;udk axmufcHtm;ay;=uonf?

rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@onf tbd"rRmqdkif&m ±kyf0g'udk tvGefjywfom;pGm umuG,fcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif TtajccHrS aoGzDoGm;r_rSefor#. tvGeftrif;}uD;av;aom trSm;udk t}udrf}udrf &Sif;jycJhonf?olwdk@. tjrifrsm;udk tdef*,fa&;om;xm;aom (vl0pfjzL;0g;bwf) ESifh('l;&if;qef@usifa&;) usrf;rsm;wGif t&Sif;vif;qHk; tjynfhpHkqHk; azmfjyxm;onf? Tusrf;ESpfapmifonf (uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;) uJhodk@yifvlwef;pm; tod&Sdonfh tvkyform;rSefor#twGuf vufpGJusrf;rsm;jzpfayonf?

odk@aomf rmhufpfonf 18 &mpkESpf&Sd ±kyf0g'wGif &yfwHhraebJtbd"rRmudk a&S@odk@wGef;wifvdkufonf? olonf *smrefpHwiftbd"rRm.toD;tyGifhrsm;/ txl;ojzifh jzL;0g;bwf ±kyf0g'odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;aponfh[D*Jvfpepf. toD;tyGifhrsm;jzifh tbd"rRmtm; ºu,f0apcJhonf?‚wdk@teuf t"dutusqHk; toD;tyGifhrSm tEkkyËdavmr jzpfonf?‚rSm tjynfhpHkqHk; teuf±_dif;qHk; o¿mefaqmif+yD; wzufowfusr_uif;pifonfh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_qdkif&m oif=um;csufjzpfonf? ‚rSmxm0pOf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeaom ±kyf0wKudk a&mifjyef[yfjyonfh vlom;wdk@. todynmonf E_dif;,SOfcsuft&om jzpfonf[k ,lqaom

3

oif=um;csuf jzpfayonf? "e&Siftbd"rRmq&mrsm;. a[mif;EGrf;aqG;ajr@aom pdwf0g'odk@ “topfwzef” jyefvnfoGm;a&mufa&;qdkonfh oif=um;csufrsm; rnfr#yif&Sdapumrl obm0 0dZ…mynm.aemufqHk;&SmazG awG@&Sdcsufjzpfaom a&'D,rf/ tDvufx&Gef/ "mwfpifrsm;ajymif;vJr_ ponfwdk@u rmhufpf. tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' rSefuefa=umif; xif&Sm;pGm oufaojyvdkufonf?

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ckdifrma&;udk tvkyftau|;ðyaea=umif; u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrif=u&onf?rmhufpftbd"rRmonf vlom;rsm;tm; txl;ojzifh tvkyf

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(2)pD;yGm;a&;pepfonf EdkifiHa&;txuftaqmuftODudk wnf

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"e&Sif abm*aA'ynm&Sifrsm; jrifae=uaom t&m0wKrsm;t=um; qufqHa&; (ukefpnfcsif; zvS,fa&;) Y vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;udkrmhufpfu xkwfazmfvdkufonf? ukefpnfzvS,fa&;onf wOD;csif;xkwfvkyfolwdk@t=um;&Sd qufoG,fr_udk aps;uGufrSwqifh azmfjyjcif;

5

jzpf.? tojymonf tqdkygqufoG,fr_ ydkIeD;uyfvma=umif;ESifhwOD;csif;xkwfvkyfolwdk@. pD;yGm;a&;b0wckvHk; wvHk;wpnf;wnf;tjzpfcGJr&atmif aygif;pnf;vma=umif;udk azmfjyvdkufonf? t&if;tESD;onftqdkygqufoG,fr_ qufvufwdk;yGm;a=umif;udk azmfjyonf? qdkvdkonfrSm vkyftm;onf ukefpnfjzpfvmonf? tcpm; tvkyform;onfajr,m/ tvkyf±HkESifh tvkyfud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm; ydkifqdkifolxHodk@rdrd. vkyftm;udk a&mif;pm;&onf? tvkyform;rsm;onf rdrdESifh rdrdrdom;pk. b0wnfwHha&;pm;&dwf (vkyfc) udk axrdap&eftvdk@iSmtvkyfcsdef. wpdwfwydkif;udk toHk;ðy&if; tvkyfcsdef. usefwpdwfwydkif;udkrl tcrJh tvkyfvkyfay;&onf? Todk@tm;jzifh tjrwf. a&aomufjrpfvnf;jzpf t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; OpPm"e. a&aomufjrpfvnf;jzpfaom tpGef;xGufwefzdk;udk t&if;&SiftwGuf zefwD;ay;vdkufay.?

tpGef;xGufwefzdk; oif=um;csufonf rmhufpf pD;yGm;a&;oabmw&m;. tajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfonf?

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usqif;aer_rsm;onf o¿meftrsKd;rsKd; &Sdaomfvnf; Tusqif;r_onfum; jiif;uG,fI r&Edkifaom tcsufw&yfyifjzpf.?

tao;pm; xkwfvkyfa&;udk zsufqD;vdkufjcif;jzifh t&if;tESD;onf tvkyf.xGufE_ef;udk wdk;rsm;ap+yD; t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tqifhae&mudk zefwD;cJhayonf?xkwfvkyfa&;onfyifv#if ydkIydkI vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vuQ%maqmifvm.?qdkvdkonfrSm oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;wdk@onf pepfusaompD;yGm;a&;taqmuftODwGif aygif;pnf;vm=uonf? odk@apumr_ pkaygif;tvkyf. txGufypPnf;udk vufwqkyfpm t&if;&Sifrsm;u tydkifpD;vdkuf=uonf? xkwfvkyfa&;rif;rJhr_ wdk;yGm;vmouJhodk@ usyfwnf;r_uyf/aps;uGuftwGuf tirf;r& vdkufvHr_ESifh jynfolvlxk. b0wnf&Sdr_udktmrcHcsuf ay;Edkifr_wdk@onfvnf; }uD;xGm;vmonf?

t&if;tESD;ty: tvkyform;wdk@. rSDcdkr_udk wdk;rsm;vmaponfESifh wcsdefwnf;rSmyif t&if;&Sifpepfonf yl;aygif;xm;aomtvkyf.}uD;rm;aom pGrf;tm;udkyg zefwD;EdkifcJhonf?

rmhufpfonf t&if;&Sifpepf. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk ukefpnfpD;yGm;a&;. ueOD;ta!‡mifhtwuf/ omrefzvS,fa&;wdk@rS tpcsDI‚. tjrifhqHk;o¿mefjzpfaom t}uD;pm;xkwfvkyfa&;txd pl;prf;avhvmcJhonf?

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t&if;&Sifpepfonf urBmhw0Srf;vHk;wGif atmifyGJcHcJhay+yD?odk@&mwGif ‚onf t&if;tESD;tay: tvkyfu&,lrnfh atmifyGJ.

7

a&S@awmfajy;omv#if jzpfayonf?

(3)v,fu|efpepfonf wGef;vSefòzzsufjcif;cH&+yD; rdk;atmuf

ajrjyifwGif “vGwfvyfaom” t&if;&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ay:aygufvmonfESifh wòyifeuf TvGwfvyfr_onf vkyfom;rsm;tay: zdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_pepfopfjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vm.? TzdESdyfr_udk a&mifjyef[yfjyI TzdESdyfr_udkyif qef@usifa=umif; azmfjyaom qdk&S,fvpfoif=um;csuf trsKd;rsKd;onf rqdkif;rwG ay:aygufvm=u.? odk@apumr_ ueOD;qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf pdwful;,Of qdk&S,fvpf0g'jzpf.? Tqdk&S,fvpf0g'u t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk a0zefcJhonf? jypfwif±_H@cscJhonf? usdefqJcJhonf?t&if;&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; usqHk;ysufpD;a&;udk tdyfrufrufcJh=uonf?ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom pepfw&yf ay:aygufvma&;udk pdwful;,OfcJh=uonf?aoG;pkyfjcif;onf vl@usifh0wfESifh rudkufnDa=umif;udk vlcsrf;omwdk@tm;azsmif;zsajymqdkcJhonf?

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zGifhvSpfjyovsuf&Sd.?v,fu|efydkif&Sif vlwef;pm;tay: tEdkif&&SdcJhaom EdkifiHa&;

vGwfvyfr_ atmifyGJwdkif;wGif taotvJ ckcHr_ESifh rawG@ñuH&aomatmifyGJ[lI r&SdcJhzl;acs? t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynfwdkif;wGif t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vlwef;pm;toD;oD;=um;Y aoa&;&Sifa&; wdkufyGJr&SdbJtenf;ESifhtrsm; vGwfvyf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDtajccHay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom wdkif;jynf[lI r&SdcJhzl;acs? rmhufpf. m%fxufjrufr_rSm olonf urBmhordkif;u !efjycJhaom ed*Hk;csKyfcsufudk tjcm;olrsm;xufapmpGm xkwfEkwfEdkifcJhjcif;ESifh Ted*Hk;csKyfcsufudk pGJ+rJpGmusifhoHk;EdkifcJhjcif;[lonfh tcsufay:wGif wnfonf? Ted*Hk;csKyfcsufonf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ oif=um;csufyif jzpfonf?

vlwdk@onf usifh0wfw&m;/ bmoma&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&;toHk;tE_ef;rsm;/ a=unmcsufrsm;/ uwdcH0efcsufrsm;tm;vHk;. aemufuG,fwGif&Sdaeaom vlwef;pm;w&yf odk@r[kwf tjcm;vlwef;pm;w&yf&yf. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk razmfxkwfEdkifor#umvywfvHk; EdkifiHa&;wGif vdrfvnfjcif;wdk@. rdkufrJonfh om;aumif jzpf+rJjzpfaeayvdrfhrnf?rnfr#yif ±dkif;pdkif;=urf;ñuwfI ykyfodk;aqG;ajr@[ef&Sdonfh pepfa[mif;yifjzpfygap tcsKd@aom tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm; w&yf&yf. tiftm;pkrsm;uxdef;odrf;xm;a=umif;udk oabmraygufor# umvywfvHk; ðyjyifa&;ESifhaumif;rGefvma&; bufawmfom;rsm;onf pepfa[mif;udk umuG,fae=uaom olrsm;. vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;jcif;udk cH+rJcHae&vdrfhrnf? Tvlwef;pm;rsm;. ckcHr_udk wdkufzsufvdkygu enf;wenf;omv#if&Sdonf?‚rSm wdkufyGJqif&eftwGuf u|efawmfwdk@ywf0ef;usif&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rS tiftm;pkw&yfudk &SmazG+yD; wdkufyGJ0ifa&;twGuf ynmay;pnf;±Hk;&rnfjzpf.? xdktiftm;pkonf rdrd. vlr_tqifhae&mt&

9

pepfa[mif;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;+yD; pepfopfudk zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfhzefvnf;zefwD;&rnfh tiftm;pk jzpf&ayrnf?

rmhufpf. tbd"rRmqdkif&m ±kyf0g'uomv#if ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;tm;vHk; ,ae@wdkif pdwf"mwft& u|efðycH&jcif;rS xGwf&yfvrf;a=umif;udk !¸efjyonf? rmhufpf. pD;yGm;a&;oabmw&m;uomv#if t&if;&Sifpepfw&yfvHk; twGif;&Sd ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. tqifhae&mrSefudk &Sif;jyonf?

ypPnf;rJhwdk@. trSDcdkuif;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf tar&duefrS *syef/ qGD'ifrS awmiftmz&dutxd wurBmvHk;Y qxufxrf;ydk;wdk;rsm;aeonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk qifE$Jjcif;tm;jzifh todynmyGifhvif;r_/ ynmay;r_&&SdcJh=u+yD; "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf; tpGJtvrf;rsm;rS tvGwf±kef;xGufae.? ‚onf rdrdwyfzGJ@udk wae@wjcm; odyfonf;pGm pk±Hk;+yD; rdrd. atmifjrifr_rsm;tm;rnfodk@rnfyHk tuJjzwf&rnfudk oif,laeonf? rdrd. tiftm;pkrsm;udkxkom;ayom; &&Sdap+yD; wm;qD;r&Edkifaom t&Sdeft[kefjzifh }uD;xGm;aeayownf;? ?

1913 ck/ rwfv?

10

um;vf rmhufpf oif=um;csuf.

ordkif;qdkif&m uH=urRm·

rmhufpfoif=um;csuf. t"dut&mrSm qdk&S,fvpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk wnfaqmufoltjzpf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. ordkif;qdkif&mtcef;udk &Sif;vif;jyocsufyif jzpfayonf? Toif=um;csufudk rmhufpfu&Sif;vif;wifjy+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif urBmt&yf&yf&Sd jzpf&yfrsm;.wdk;wufr_u oufaojyvdkufygovm;?

Toif=um;csufudk rmhufpfu 1844 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk; wifjycJhonf? 1848 ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@. ¡uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;¢ xJwGif Toif=um;csufudk jynfhpHkonfh/ pepfusonfh/,ae@xufwdkif taumif;qHk;tjzpf wnf&Sdaeonfh &Sif;vif;csufjzifhazmfjy+yD;av+yD? TtcsdefrSp+yD; urBmhordkif;onf t"du umv 3 cktjzpf &Sif;vif;pGm uGJjym;oGm;onf? (1) 1848 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;rSyg&pfbHktzGJ@ (1871 ckESpf) txd? (2) yg&pfbHktzGJ@rS ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;

· Taqmif;yg;udk um;vfrmhufpf uG,fvGefonfh tESpf 30 ajrmufae@udktxdrf;trSwfðyI a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? 1913 ckESpf rwfv 1&ufae@xkwf “y&mA'g;” owif;pmtrSwf 50 wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyonf?

11

(1905 ckESpf) txd? (3) ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;rS aemufydkif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?‚umvtoD;oD;&Sd rmhufpfoif=um;csuf. uH=urRmudk

qef;ppf=unfh±_=uygpdk@?

(1)yxrumv. tpydkif;Y rmhufpfoif=um;csufonf rnfonfh

enf;ESifhr# v$rf;rdk;onfh tqifhae&modk@ ra&muf&Sdao;ay? ‚onftvGefrsm;jym;vSaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'*dk%f; odk@r[kwf wdrf;!wfr_rsm;xJrSwcktjzpfom &Sdaeao;onf? v$rf;rdk;xm;onfum; u|efawmfwdk@qDrSea&mepf0g'ESifh tajccHtm;jzifh wlnDaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'o¿mefrsm;jzpfonf? ‚wdk@onf ordkif;v_yf&Sm;r_. ±kyf0g'tajccHudk em;rvnf=uacs? t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;toD;oD;. tcef;ESifht"dym,fudk rcGJjcm;EdkifbJ “jynfol”/ “w&m;r#wr_”/ “tcGifhta&;”ponfh twkta,mif qdk&S,fvpfpum;vHk; trsKd;rsKd;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD ðyjyifa&;. "e&SiftESpfom&udk zHk;uG,fxm;=uonf?

1848 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;u atmf}uD;[pfus,f vkyfaeaoma&mifpHk&Sdonfh rmhufpf rwdkifrD qdk&S,fvpf0g'o¿mefrsm;udk emvefrxlEdkifatmif xdk;ESufypfvdkufonf? awmfvSefa&;u wdkif;jynftm;vHk;rSvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;toD;oD;udk ‚wdk@. ðyr_v_yf&Sm;csufjzi fhZmwd±kyfrsm; yGifhusoGm;aponf? 1848 ckESpf ZGefv yg&pfta&;tcif;twGif; orRw*dk%f; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u tvkyform;rsm;udk ypfowfcJhjcif;u ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wckwnf;om qdk&S,fvpfvuQ%m&Sdonfqdkonfhtcsufudk aemufqHk; tcdkiftrm ðyvdkufonf? xdkvlwef;pm;.trSDcdkuif;r_udk vpfb&,f "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf rnfonfh azmufjyefa&;rsKd;xufrqdk tqw&mydkI a=umuf&GH@=uonf? ol&Jabma=umifaom12

vpfb&,frsm;onf azmufjyefa&;. a&S@arSmufwGif c,0yfwGm;ae=uonf? v,form;rsm;onf ya'o&mZf tºuif;tusefrsm;udk zsufodrf;ypfjcif;tm; auseyfESpfodrf hum pepfwusjzpfa&;bufodk@ul;ajymif;oGm;=uonf? ‚wdk@onf tvkyform;'Drdkua&pDESifh "e&Sifvpfb&,f0g' t=um;wGif wcgw&H awGa0,drf;,dkifwwf=ujcif;om&Sdonf? vlwef;pm;ESifh rqdkifaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh vlwef;pm;ESifhrqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m oif=um;csufrSefor#rSm r[kwfr[wf ajymaejcif;omjzpfa=umif; oufaojyvdkufonf?

yg&pfbHktzGJ@ (1871 ckESpf) u ‚"e&Sif ðyjyifa&; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk +yD;qHk;apvdkufonf? orRwEdkifiH qdkvdkonfrSm vlwef;pm;qufqHa&;rsm;udk ajAmiftusqHk;o¿mefESif h azmfjyxm;onfhEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk o¿mef. awmifhwif;cdkifrmr_rSm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. &J&ifhr_a=umifhom jzpfayonf?

Oa&mywdkuf&Sd wjcm;wdkif;jynftm;vHk;rS ydkrdk±_yfaxG;aom/rjynfhpHkao;aom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_onfvnf; tvm;wlwduspGmzGJ@wnfvmonfh "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;qDodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;aponf?rkefwdkif;rsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;umvjzpfonfh yxrumv (1848 ckESpfrS1871 ckESpf txd) . tukefydkif;wGif rmhufpfrwdkifrD qdk&S,fvpf0g'rSmZmwfodrf;oGm;av+yD? trSDcdkuif;onfh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; ygwDrsm;jzpf=uaom yxrtifwmae&Sife,f (1864 ckESpfrS 1871 ckESpftxd)ESifh *smref qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf ygwDwdk@ aygufzGm;vm=uonf?

(2)'kwd,umvydkif; (1872 ckESpfrS 1904 ckESpftxd) ESifh yxr

umvydkif;wdk@. jcm;em;csufrSm “+idrf;csrf;aom” vuQ%mESifh awmfvSef13

a&;rsm; rjzpfyGm;jcif;yif jzpfonf? taemufwdkif;. "e&SifawmfvSefa&;rsm;onf +yD;qHk;cJhav+yD? ta&S@wdkif;rSmrl TuJhodk@aom awmfvSefa&;rsm;&ifhrSnfhrvmao;ay?

taemufwdkif;rSm tem*wftajymif;tvJ umvtwGuf“+idrf;csrf;pGm” jyifqifa&;tqifhodk@ 0ifa&mufvmonf? tajccHtm;jzifhypPnf;rJhjzpfaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'ygwDrsm; ae&mtESH@ay:xGufvmonf?‚wdk@onf "e&SifygvDrefpepfudk toHk;ðy&efaomfvnf;aumid;/ rdrdwdk@.ae@pOfowif;pm/ ynma&;Xme/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh or0g,rrsm;wnfaxmif&efaomfvnf;aumif; oif,lvm=uonf? rmhufpfoif=um;csufonf vHk;0atmifjrifr_&um us,fjyef@pGm jyefESH@vmonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;udk a&G;cs,fpkpnf;r_ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.aemifvmrnfhwdkufyGJ jyifqifr_jzpfpOfonf jznf;!‡if;apumrl a&S@odk@rSefrSefwufvSrf;aeonf?

rmhufpf0g'. oabmw&m;atmifyGJa=umifh ‚. &efolrsm;onf rmhufpf0g'Dtjzpf ta&ðcHvdkuf=u&awmhonf? Tonfum;ordkif;. tEkyËdavmryif jzpfonf? twGif;Y v_dufpm;aeaomvpfb&,f0g'onf qdk&S,fvpf tacsmif0g' toGifESifh jyefvnftoufoGif;&ef óu;pm;=uonf? tacsmiform;rsm;onf }uD;jrwfaom wdkufyGJrsm;twGuf tiftm;pkaqmif;aeonfh umvudk ‚wdkufyGJrsm;tm;pGef@y,fjcif;tjzpf t"dy`m,f zGifhqdk=uonf? tcpm;u|efpepfudkqef@usifonfh wdkufyGJtwGuf aus;u|efrsm;. tajctaeaumif;rGefvmatmif vkyfjcif;tm; aus;u|efrsm;onf olwdk@. vGwfvyfcGifhudkydkufqH 5 jym;ESifh a&mif;pm;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf[k ajym=uonf? “vl@tzGJ@tpnf;+idrf;csrf;a&;”/ qdkvdkonfrSm aus;u|efydkif&SifpepfESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;/vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ pGef@v$wfa&;ponfwdk@udk ‚wdk@u a=umufa=umuf&GH@&GH@14

a[majym=uonf? ygvDrefxJrS qdk&S,fvpftrwfrsm;/ tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd tm%mydkiftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh “pmempdwf&Sdaom” ynmwwfrsm;t=um;wGif ‚wdk@tm; =unf!dkol trsm;tjym; &Sdayonf?

(3)tacsmiform;rsm;u “vl@tzGJ@tpnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;” udk

csD;usL;cef;zGifhI “'Drdkua&pD” atmufrSm rkefwdkif;qif&ef rvdkawmh[kajymr+yD;rDwGif urBmhrkefwdkif;}uD;. opfvGifaom tpðycsufonf tm&SwdkufY ay:xGufvmonf? ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;+yD;onfh aemufwGifwl&uDjynf/ yg&Sm;jynfESifh w±kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;rsm; jzpfvm=uonf?u|efawmfwdk@ a&muf&SdaeonfrSm Todk@rkefwdkif;rsm; qifaeaom umvESifh ‚rkefwdkif;rsm;u Oa&mywdkufudk “wkH@jyef±dkufcwfaom” umvyifjzpfonf? “,Ofaus;aom” 0HykavGtrsKd;rsKd;u tHw}udwf}udwfjzpfaeaom }uD;jrwfonfh w±kwforRwEdkifiH. uH=urRmrnfodk@yif&SdapurBmay:&Sd rnfonfh tiftm;urS a[mif;EGrf;onfh v,fu|efpepfudktm&SwdkufwGif jyefvnfxlaxmif Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwf? tm&SESifh tm&Swydkif;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS jynfolvlxk. &J&ifhaom 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;Edkifvdrfhrnfvnf; r[kwfay?

vlxkwdkufyGJ jyifqifr_ESifh wdk;wufr_tajctaersm;udk owdrrlrd=uonfh vltcsKd@onf Oa&mywdkuf. t&if;&Sifpepf qef@usifaomtqHk;tjzwfwdkufyGJ tcsdef&Snf=umaeonfudk awG@jrif+yD; pdwfysufjcif;ESifhrif;rJh0g'bufodk@ a&mufukef=uonf? Trif;rJh0g'. pdwfysufr_ rnfr#tjrifwdkI rnfr#ol&Jabma=umifonfqdkonfudk ,ck u|efawmfwdk@awG@jrifEdkifyg+yDd?

Oa&my pdwful;pHESifhwlaom wdkufyGJxJodk@ tm&SwdkufrS oef;15

aygif; 800 &Sdaom jynfolrsm; yg0ifvm=uonfh jzpf&yfonf u|efawmfwdk@twGuf pdwfysufp&mr[kwf/ owWd&Sdvmp&mom jzpfonf?

tm&Swdkuf awmfvSefa&;rsm;u vpfb&,f0g'. aysmhnHhr_ESifhodrfzsif;r_udkvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pDvlxk. trSDcdkuif;pGm v_yf&Sm;r_.xl;jcm;aom ta&;ygr_udkvnf;aumif;/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rsKd;pHk t=um;&Sd jywfom;aom pnf;a=umif;udkvnf;aumif;tvm;wlyif jyovdkufayonf? Oa&mywdkufESifh tm&Swdkuf tawG@tñuHrsm;udk &&Sd+yD;onfhaemufwGif vlwef;pm;ESifh rqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;/vlwef;pm;ESifh rqdkifaom qdk&S,fvpf0g' ta=umif;ajymol rnfoludkrqdk avSmiftdrfxJY xnfhxm;I =opa=w;vsm; om;ydkufaumifESifhtwljyoxm;&efom &Sdawmhonf?

Oa&mywdkufonf tm&Swdkuf. aemufrSm vl;vGef@v_yf&Sm;vmonf? odk@aomf tm&SyHkpHtwdkif; r[kwfay? 1872 ckESpfrS 1904ckESpftxd “+idrf;csrf;aom” umvonf jyefrvmpwrf; ukefvGefoGm;av+yD? aexdkifr_p&dwf }uD;jrifhr_ESifh x&yfpftzGJ@rsm;. zdESdyfr_a=umifhrñuHpzl;jyif;xefaom pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJrsm; ay:xGufvmonf? vpfb&,f0g'. v_dufpm;xm;jcif;udk trsm;qHk;cH&aom t*Fvdyftvkyform;rsm;onfyif TwdkufyGJxJodk@ yg0ifvm=uonf? “acgif;trm” qHk; "e&Sifvlwef;pm; ajr&Sifrsm;. wdkif;jynfjzpfaom *smr%DwGifyif EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf; &ifhrSnfhvmaeonfudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrifae&onf?aoG;±l;aoG;wef; vufeufwyfqifr_ESifh e,fcsJ@0g' ay:vpDwdk@u acwfopfOa&mywdkufudk ,rf;tdk;}uD;ESifh ydk+yD;wlaom “vl@tzGJ@tpnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;” qDodk@ ydk@aqmifay;vdkufonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif "e&SifygwDtm;vHk;. ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r_ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. &ifhusufvmr_wdk@onf rSefrSef}uD; wdk;yGm;vsuf&Sdonf?16

rmhufpf0g' ay:xGufvm+yD;onfhaemuf urBmhordkif;. umv}uD; 3 ckpvHk;wGif rmhufpf0g'onf oufaojycsufopfrsm;ESifh atmifjrifr_opfrsm; &&SdvmcJh+yD jzpfonf? r=umrDqdkufa&mufvmawmhrnfh ordkif;umvwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. oif=um;csufjzpfaom rmhufpf0g'tm;ydkrdk}uD;rm;onfh atmifjrifr_rsm;u apmifhóuaeayonf? ?

1913 ck/ rwfv 1 &uf?

17