1.1 IntroductionL01 Describe autism

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method

1.6 Descriptive Research

1.7 Correlational Research

1.8 Experimental Research

1.9 Research Concerns

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition and Historical OverviewL02 Define psychologyL03 List and describe the goals of psychologyL03 List and explain the historical approaches to psychologyL04 Describe the early discrimination practices among psychologists

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method

1.6 Descriptive Research

1.7 Correlational Research

1.8 Experimental Research

1.9 Research Concerns

Definition of Psychology

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

The third goal of psychology is to

predict how organisms will behave in certain situations.

For some psychologists, the fourth goal of psychology is to control an organism’s behavior.

The second goal of psychology is to

explain the causes of behavior.

The first goal of psychology is to describe the different ways that organisms behave.

Goals of Psychology

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

1Describe

2 Explain

Predict

3Control

4

Historical Approaches to Psychology

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

Structuralism Functionalism

Gestalt Behaviorism

© Cengage Learning

Structuralism

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

Wilhelm Wundt1832-1920

© Cengage Learning

Functionalism

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

William James1842-1910

© Cengage Learning

Gestalt

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

Max Werheimer1883-1943

© Cengage Learning; © Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit

Behaviorism

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

John B. Watson1878-1958

© Cengage Learning

1.1 Introduction1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

1.3 Modern Approaches to PsychologyL06 Describe and distinguish the modern approaches to psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method

1.6 Descriptive Research

1.7 Correlational Research

1.8 Experimental Research

1.9 Research Concerns

Modern Approaches

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

PsychoanalyticHumanistic

Soci

ocul

tura

l

Eclectic

Cogn

itive

Evolutionary

Biological

Behavioral

Biological Approach

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

© Visuals Unlimited/Corbis

Social problems associated with autism are linked to less activity in brain cells responsible for human empathy.

Cognitive Approach

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

© Cengage Learning

Behavioral Approach

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

© Eileen Hart/iStockphoto

Psychoanalytic Approach

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

© Cengage Learning

Humanistic Approach

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

© Cengage Learning

Sociocultural Approach

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

© Cengage Learning

Evolutionary Approach

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

© Cengage Learning

Eclectic Approach

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

The eclectic approach combines biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic,humanistic, sociocultural, and evolutionary approaches.

© shabaneiro/Shutterstock.com

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in PsychologyL07 Differentiate between a psychologist and a psychiatristL08 Identify the major career settings of psychologyL09 Describe the areas of research specialization in psychology

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method

1.6 Descriptive Research

1.7 Correlational Research

1.8 Experimental Research

1.9 Research Concerns

Psychologist versus Psychiatrist

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Cengage Learning

Many Career Settings

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Cengage Learning

Areas of Research Specialization – Clinical and Counseling Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Zigy Kaluzny/Getty Images

Used to assess and treat people with psychological problems, such as grief, anxiety, or stress.

Areas of Research Specialization – Social Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy

The study of social interactions, stereotypes,prejudices, attitudes, conformity, group behaviors, aggression, and attraction.

Areas of Research Specialization – Developmental Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Andy Sacks/Getty Images

Examines moral, social, emotional, and cognitive development throughout

a person’s entire life.

Areas of Research Specialization – Experimental Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Frans Lanting/Corbis

Studies how people and animals sense and perceive, learn and perform.

Areas of Research Specialization – Biological Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Tom Barrick, Chris Clark, SGHMS/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Areas of Research Specialization – Cognitive Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Digital Vision/Getty Images

Cognitive Psychology studies how we “think”.

Areas of Research Specialization –Psychometrics

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Andersen Ross/Getty Images

Psychometrics focuses on designing, using, and evaluation of test instruments.

Areas of Research Specialization – Industrial/Organizational Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

© Odilon Dimier/PhotoAlto/Getty Images

Studies how people relate and work together and how performances can be improved.

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific MethodL010 Differentiate between scientific and armchair psychologyL011 List and describe the steps to the scientific methodL012 Identify the advantages of the scientific method

1.6 Descriptive Research

1.7 Correlational Research

1.8 Experimental Research

1.9 Research Concerns

Scientific Method

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method

The Scientific Method1. Review the literature

2. Formulate a hypothesis

3. Design the study

4. Collect the data

5. Draw conclusions

6. Report the findings© Cengage Learning

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method

1.6 Descriptive ResearchL013 Define ADHD and discuss the controversies about its diagnosis and treatmentL014 Describe the survey, case study, and observation descriptive research methodsL015 Identify an advantage and a disadvantage of each of the descriptive

research methods

1.7 Correlational Research

1.8 Experimental Research

1.9 Research Concerns

Descriptive Research: Survey

1.6 Descriptive Research

© shabaneiro/Shutterstock.com © Pixsooz/Shutterstock.com

Descriptive Research: Case Study

Reused with permission by New Harbinger Publications, Inc., “ADHD & Me” by Blake E.S. Taylor

1.6 Descriptive Research

Descriptive Research: Naturalistic Observation

It is important that those being observed are not aware since the mere knowledge of being watched affects the behavior.

1.6 Descriptive Research

© Zhukov Oleg/Shutterstock.com

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method

1.6 Descriptive Research

1.7 Correlational ResearchL016 Define the concept of correlation and explain how it is used in psychologyL017 Identify an advantage and disadvantage of correlational research

1.8 Experimental Research

1.9 Research Concerns

Correlations

1.7 Correlational Research

© Cengage Learning

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method

1.6 Descriptive Research

1.7 Correlational Research

1.8 Experimental ResearchL018 List and describe the seven rules of conducting an experimentL019 Explain the potential errors and biases in experimental research

1.9 Research Concerns

Seven Rules of an Experiment

1.8 Experimental Research

2. Identify

3. Choose

4. Assign

5. Manipulate

6. Measure

7. Analyze

1. Ask

Rule 1: Ask

1.8 Experimental Research

HypothesisRitalin will increase positive classroom behaviors of children diagnosed with ADHD

© Cengage Learning

Rule 2: Identify

1.8 Experimental Research

© Cengage Learning

Independent VariableDrug treatment

Dependent VariableChild’s positive classroom behaviors

Rule 3: Choose

1.8 Experimental Research

Random Selection

Rule 4: Assign

1.8 Experimental Research

© Cengage Learning

Experimental Group Control Group

Rule 5: Manipulate

1.8 Experimental Research

© Cengage Learning

Ritalin 87%

Placebo 69%

Rule 6: Measure

1.8 Experimental Research

Positive Behaviors in the Classroom

Rule 7: Analyze

1.8 Experimental Research

© Cengage Learning

Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments

1.8 Experimental Research

A double-blind method helps to eliminate unconscious bias.

© Rob Wilson/Shutterstock.com

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition and Historical Overview

1.3 Modern Approaches to Psychology

1.4 Careers and Research Areas in Psychology

1.5 Answering Questions: Scientific Method

1.6 Descriptive Research

1.7 Correlational Research

1.8 Experimental Research

1.9 Research ConcernsL020 Discuss how psychologists address the concerns of human participantsL021 Identify ethical concerns in animal research

Humans as Subjects

1.9 Research Concerns

© Cengage Learning

Animals as Subjects

1.9 Research Concerns

Courtesy of the Foundation for Biomedical Research © niderlander/Shutterstock.com