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Analysis of the Power Quality of Multiple Directed Energy Loads on
an Electric Ship Power System
Keith Cohn & William ColsonNaval Postgraduate School
Robert Hebner & Angelo GattozziThe University of Texas at Austin
Picture from BoeingJune 17, 2010
Outline
• Overall Objectives• Motivation for Electric Ships & Integrated
Power Systems• Overview of Free Electron Lasers• States of Readiness for the FEL• Simulink Model of the FEL (and Combined
Systems)• Results
Objectives
• Determine the needed infrastructure and supporting equipment for the expected loads (FEL, rail gun, SONAR, radar, propulsion, etc.)
• Anticipate the possible time-dependent power profiles based upon expected operational scenarios
• Study transient effects on the power system• Provide a basis for a real time simulator for
personnel training
Integrated Power Systems• Conventional, segregated power systems isolate the majority of
power production for propulsion• Integrated power systems (IPS) provide a common power grid for
all loads, including propulsion
Segregated
Integrated
Components Modeled
• Free Electron Laser (FEL)• AN/SQQ-90 Sonar System• Electromagnetic Rail Gun• Active Denial System• Advanced Radar• Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System• Laser Weapon System• Propulsion• Hotel Loads
Our computational model incorporates the following systems, all powered by an IPS:
What is an FEL?• No physical medium to damage • Natural scaling to very high average power• No harmful chemicals or exhaust• Technology can be designed for a wide range of wavelengths• Excellent optical mode quality• Good “wall-plug” efficiency (using an energy recovery linac)
Collaboration with NAVSEA, UTA-CEM, Stanford, AES, JLab
FEL Component Overview(maximum power draw)
FEL States of Readiness
Pier SideFEL in minimal power state; necessary
maintenance performed (425 kW) [days to reach from room temp]
UnderwayShip is crossing open waters; no imminent
threat (625 kW) [several hours to reach] [~50 gallons of fuel per hour]
Hot Standby Ship is in combat theater; threat could appear at any time (1 MW) [minutes to reach] [~80 GPH]
Engagement FEL is firing upon incoming threat (17 MW)[<1 s to reach] [~2.5 gallon per engagement]
Operational Readiness Between Shots
FEL is between consecutive shots (17 MW)[milliseconds to reach]
[~4000 GPH for normal cruise operations, excluding FEL]
Pierside
Underway
Hot Standby
Engagement
Operational Readiness Between Shots
6,000 V dc Bus
45,000 V dc Bus
450 V ac Bus
113 V ac Bus
4,160 V ac Bus
High Fidelity Simulation of the FEL Power Management on a Ship
Pier Side On/Off
Under Way On/Off
Turbine On/Off
RF Power On/Off
Beam Dump On/Off
Hot Stand By On/Off
FIRE On/Off
RESET On/Off
500,000 Vdc
Discrete,Ts = 2e-006 s.
v+-
v+-
v+-
v+-
v+-
v+-
v+-
v+-
v+-
Heat
RPM1
RPM2
RPM3
A
B
C
Neutral
Vacuum Pumps450 V, 60 Hz
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
Vacuum Pumps
A
B
C
+
-
Under Way
15000
Turbine RPM
A
B
C
a
b
c
Transformer4500/400000 V
500 Hz
A
B
C
a
b
c
Three-PhaseTransformer
4,160 / 450 V 60 Hz
A
B
C
a
b
c
n2
A B C
A B C A B C
A B C
In1Out1
In1Out1
In1Out1
In1Out1
In1
In2
Out1
In1Out1
In1Out1
In1Out1
In1
In2
Out1
In1Out1
In1Out1
In1Out1
In1Out1
Scope 9
Scope 8
Scope 7
Scope 6
Scope 5
Scope 4
Scope 3
Scope 28
Scope 2
Scope 14
Scope 13
Scope 12
Scope 11
Scope 10
Scope 1
Scope
Heat
V1
V2
A
Neutral
RF Power 45 kV
c
12
RF Power
Heat
V
A
B
C
Neutral
RF Filaments450 V, 60 Hz
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
RF Filaments
RESET
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
a4
b4
c4
+DC1
-DC1
+DC2
-DC2
+DC3
-DC3
+DC4
-DC4
Quad passiveRectifier
+DC1
-DC1
+DC2
-DC2
+DC3
-DC3
+DC4
-DC4
+DC out
-DC out
Quad filter
VAC out
IAC out1
+DC in
-DC in
a
b
c
Quad DC-ACconverters & filters
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
a4
b4
c4
+DC1
-DC1
+DC2
-DC2
+DC3
-DC3
+DC4
-DC4
Quad 45 kVdc passiveRectifier
+DC1
-DC1
+DC2
-DC2
+DC3
-DC3
+DC4
-DC4
+DC out
-DC out
Quad 45 kVdc filter
A1
B1
C1
A2
B2
C2
A3
B3
C3
A4
B4
C4
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
a4
b4
c4
Quad 4.5 kV / 35 kV Xfrmr
Pier Side
Heat
V1
112.5 V
Neutral
Optics112.5 V, 60 Hz
c
12
Optics
On/OffTurbine
On / Off 9
On / Off 8
On / Off 7
On / Off 6
On / Off 5
On / Off 4
On / Off 3
On / Off 2
On / Off 15
On / Off 14
On / Off 13
On / Off 12
On / Off 11
On / Off 10
On / Off 1
In1
In2Out1
OR1
In1
In2Out1
OR
3
Multimeter1
3
Multimeter
Created by CEMCenter for Electromechanics of the
University of Texas, Austinand NPS
the Navy Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California
for theOffice of Naval Research of the US Navy
September 30, 2009
Heat
V1
V2
V3
A
Common
Magnets 2600 V dc
c
12
Magnets 2
Heat
V1
V2
V3
A
Common
Magnets 1600 V dc
c
12
Magnets 1
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
Injector
i+
-
i+-
i+ -
i+ -
i+ -
i+ -
Heat
V1
V2
V3
A
B
C
Neutral
Housekeeping112.5 V, 60 Hz
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
Housekeeping
Hot Stand By
Amps
Volts
+ DC
- DC
Gun Injector
UnderWay
[Turb]
RESET
PierSide
FIRE
HotStandBy
Injector
Injector
[Turb]
FIRE
1
Enable
0
Disable
i+ -
i+-
i+ -
Heat
RPM1
RPM2
RPM3
A
B
C
Neutral
Cryogenics 2450 V, 60 Hz1
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
Cryogenics 2
Heat
RPM1
RPM2
RPM3
A
B
C
Neutral
Cryogenics 1450 V, 60 Hz
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
Cryogenics 1
Heat
RPM1
RPM2
RPM3
RPM4
A
B
C
Neutral
Cooling4,160 V, 60 Hz
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
Cooling
Heat
V1
V2
V3
A
B
C
Neutral
Computers112.5 V, 60 Hz
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
Computers
C4
C3
C2
C1
A
B
C
a
b
c
Breaker 6
A
B
C
a
b
c
Breaker 4
A
B
C
a
b
c
Breaker 2
Breaker 1
Heat
V1
V2
A
B
C
Neutral
Beam Dump4,160 V, 60 Hz
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
Beam Dump
Heat
RPM1
RPM2
RPM3
A
B
C
Neutral
Beam Control450 V, 60 Hz
com
A
B
C
a
b
c
Beam Control
In1Out1
AUTO2
In1Out1
AUTO1
In1Out1
AUTO
VAC outa in
b in
c in
a out
b out
c out
AC load meas.
+Vdc out
Common1
+Vdc in
Common
6,000 vdc / 800 Vdc1
+Vdc out
Common1
+Vdc in
Common
6,000 vdc / 800 Vdc
RPM
Current
Vab
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
a4
b4
c4
4-windingsPM Generator
Injector Vab
Injector Volts dc
Injector Amps dc
600 VDC
45 kVDC
4160 VAC
450 VAC
112 VAC
IPS/6000 VDCFEL Simulink Model
High fidelity models exist for the other loads, as well as a combined hi/fi model.
Perturbations Induced by Starting FEL Cooling Units
4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.2 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800Perturbation detail on the 450 Vac bus and 600 Vdc bus
Time, s
450
Vac
bu
s: li
ne-
to-l
ine
Vo
lts
(blu
e), l
ine
Am
per
es (
gre
en, /
100)
600
Vd
c b
us:
Vo
lts
(red
)
600 VDC bus volts
450 VAC bus line-to-line volts
Line amperes/100
450 VAC & 600 VDC Buses
Volts
, Am
ps
Time (s)
4.2 4.205 4.21 4.215 4.22 4.225 4.23 4.235 4.24-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3x 10
4
Time, sGen
era
tor
lin
e A
mp
eres
(p
has
es
a o
f ea
ch o
f th
e fo
ur
3-p
has
e w
ind
ing
s)Reflection of one perturbation at the generator
Perturbations Induced by Starting FEL Cooling Units
Four, 3-Phase WindingsG
ener
ator
Lin
e Am
pere
s
Time (s)
Loss of One Phase of Main Generator
4.98 4.982 4.984 4.986 4.988 4.99 4.992 4.994 4.996 4.998 5-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2x 10
4 Opening of phase a1 of generator at t = 4.988
Time, s
Gen
erat
or: l
ine
a1 A
mpe
res
(blu
e), l
ine-
to-li
ne a
1-b1
Vol
ts (g
reen
)
4.95 5 5.053.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6x 10
4
Time, s
DC
Bu
s: A
mp
ere
s (b
lue)
, Vo
lts
(gre
en, x
10)
Impact on dc bus of opening of phase a1 of generator at t = 4.988Line a1 (A)
Line-to-linea1-b1 (V)
DC bus (A x 104)
DC bus (V x 104)
Low Impedance Fault on 450 VAC Bus
4.95 5 5.05-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Low impedance line-to-line fault on 450 Vac bus supplyingSonar and EM Gun Mount at t = 5.012 s and cleared in ~2.5 cycles
Time,s
450
Vac
bu
s: li
e-to
-lin
e V
olt
s (b
lue)
, lin
e A
mp
eres
(g
reen
, /10
0)60
0 V
dc
bu
s: V
olt
s (r
ed)
450 VAC busline-to-line (V)
600 VDC bus (V)
Line Current(A/100)
Electric Ship Simulator Concept
NPSElectric Ship
Simulator
NPSElectric Ship
Simulator
FELFEL
Rail GunRail Gun
RadarRadar
SonarSonar
PropulsionPropulsion
LaWSLaWS
Operator(Admiral, students)
Operator(Admiral, students)