Centrosome- area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules

Cytoplasm- gel-like substance of a cell exclusive of the nucleus and plasma membrane.

Endoplasmic reticulum-network of tubules and vesicles in cytoplasm that contributes to cellular protein manufactures.

Golgi Apparatus-organelle consisting of small sacs stacked on one another near the pounds, combines with protein molecules.

Lysosome- membranous organelle containing

Mitochondria-various enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds.

Nucleus- membranous organelle that contains most of the genetic cell material of the cell; also, group of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord.

Plasma Membrane-membrane that separates the contents of the cell from the tissue fluid, encloses the cytoplasm, and forms the outer boundary of the cell.

Ribosome- organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes the proteins sometimes called “protein factory”(1)(pg 69)

Inorganic compounds: chemical constituents that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen.

Water is the cradle of life. Water is the body’s most abundant and important compound. It makes up 70% of body weight.

Properties of water: simple and stable

-strong polarity

-high specific heat

-vaporization

-cohesion

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide important in cellular respiration. Oxygen assists in the decomposition reactions for the release of energy from nutrients burned in the cell. Carbon dioxide is the exception to the definition that “inorganic compounds do not contain carbon”. Carbon is produced as a waste product during cellular respiration to help maintain the acid-base balance in the body.

Electrolytes dissociate in a solution to form ions.

Acids are any substances that release

hydrogen ions in a solution. “Proton

donor”

Bases have an increased number of

hydroxide ions. “Proton acceptor”

pH scale indicates whether a

substance is acidic or basic. When

hydrogen ions increase the pH goes

down and the substance becomes

acidic. When hydroxide ions increase

the pH goes up and the substance

becomes basic.

Buffers maintain the pH levels and

minimize change in concentrations of

hydrogen and hydroxide ions in the

body.

Salts are an inorganic compound that

results from a chemical reaction

between acids and bases.

C-3

(1)(page 44-47)

An organic compound always contains

carbon.

Many organic molecules consist of

subunits, called monomers, that are

joined together to form what are

referred to as polymers

Four major kinds of organic

molecules, Examples: carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

[C-6]

Cell Membrane

MLA Citation:

Davidson , Micheal. "plasma

membrane." Molecular Expressions.

optical Microscopy, 2004. Web. 15

Sep 2012.

<http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells

/plasmamembrane/plasmamembrane

.html>.

The plasma (cell) membrane is the

boundary between the extracellular

fluid (fluid that is not contained

within the cells) and the intracellular

fluid (the fluid inside a cell).

Hydrophobic fatty acid tails face the

interior of the membrane because

they are a non-polar substance

meaning they don’t like water. The

hydrophilic polar heads face the

inside and outside of the membrane

because they are polar substances

meaning they are attracted to water.

There are two types of proteins,

integral (trans membrane) and

peripheral proteins. Integral proteins

pass through the entire membrane

and peripheral proteins only stay near

the intracellular face of the

membrane. Some of the time there

are Carbohydrate chains attached to

the phospholipids and integral

proteins which form glycolipids and

glycoproteins.

Roles played by Proteins in the Cell Membrane:

1. Act as channels or active transport molecules to selectively transport of substances across the

phospholipid bilayer

2. Function as receptors and provide information for molecules, such as hormones, communicate by

sending signals of the information obtained to the interior of the

cell.

3. Show enzymes catalyze reactions related to the plasma membrane.

4. There are also proteins which pull membrane proteins to cause cell

movement, called motor molecules. (They are usually

peripheral proteins.)

5. 5. Glycoproteins identify cells.

6. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) bind one cell to another.

1. 7. There are also carrier proteins which are integral proteins that bind to specific molecules and

transport them to the other side of the membrane

Note: The picture above shows the

second messenger system

Messenger proteins are also important

in activating the second messenger

system.

The steps to this process is below

1. A messenger, such as a hormone,

binds to a receptor site.

2. The receptor then releases a G

protein.

3. G protein may bind to a

membrane-bound enzyme.

4. Enzyme then converts to ATP to

cyclic AMP or cAMP (the second

messenger)

5. cAMP activates kinase, an enzyme

that adds phosphate groups to

other cytosolic enzymes.

6. As a result, it activates some and

deactivates others leading to an

alteration in various metabolic

activities.