Breeding beans for nutritional quality, drought tolerance and

productivity in Kenya

Paul Kimani1, A. Warsame1, P. K. Waidhima2, M. Njiru2 and J.W. Mwangi1

1Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection,College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi

2 Trufoods LtdNairobi, Kenya

First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific ConferenceUnited Nations Conference Centre (UNCC-ECA)Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013

Contents

• The Hidden Hunger problem• Objectives & Strategy• Population development and Selection• Results highlights• Future Directions• Acknowledgements

2

The ‘Hidden Hunger’ problem• Micronutrient deficiency affects over 2 billion people in the world• Serious health challenge affecting vast areas of Africa- mainly resource poor

women and children• Fe, Zn, protein and Vitamin A deficiencies most frequent• Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) prevalence :

– Eastern/Southern Africa: 6- 88%– West/Central Africa: 7-58%– Lowest: 8 % Ethiopia– Highest: 67% Tanzania, 69% Burundi and 88% in Malawi

(IDRC, 2001)• Biofortified cultivars are probably the most effective, sustainable

and potentially long-lasting strategy for reducing micronutrient deficiencies in Africa– Breeding programs can introduce and disseminate new bean cultivars with

natural ability to concentrate high iron and zinc in their seeds to ensure: Regular access Low cost Sustainable Main demerit: cost of cultivar development

3

Objectives & StrategyGoal: Contribute to reduction in micronutrient malnutrition (‘hidden hunger)

in SSA which affects more than 2 billion people world wide

Objectives:• Transfer high Fe , Zn trait to commercial cultivars and landraces• Combine with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses: root rots,

angular leaf spot, anthracnose, bean common mosaic virus, common bacterial blight, drought tolerance and canning quality

Strategy:• Crosses among mineral dense lines and sources of resistance to biotic

and abiotic stresses with commercial cultivars Mineral x (biotic/abiotic x commercial cultivars)

• Screen for high mineral density in advanced lines and populations segregating for resistance to multiple resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and farmer/consumer preferred traits

4

Population development & Selection

2009-

2010F1-F4

• 47 Population Bulks advanced to F4 generation• Fe & Zn Mineral analysis• Disease screening

2011F5-F6

• LR 2011: Disease screening & SPS• SR 2011: Drought evaluation at Kabete Field Station

2012

F7-F8

• LR 2012: Drought testing under stress and non-stress conditions at Kabete and Thika

• SR 2012: AYT at Kabete, Thika, Meru, Nakuru and Tigoni

5

New F2 and F3 PopulationsCross No of F2 and F3

Populations

MLB 49 89A X KAB 31 10

Maharagi Soja x KAB 22 7

Nakaja X KAB 21 8

AND 620 x KAB 29 6

Simama x KAB 15 7

Gofta x KAB 36 9

TOTAL 47

• KAB – single and double cross male gametes with genes for:– Resistance to biotic stresses– Drought– Growth habit– Tolerance to low soil fertility– Commercial grain types

• Fe & Zn sources- 2800 landraces, accessions, varieties, breeding lines screened for Fe & Zn (2001-2008)

– AND 620 and Maharagi Soja had the highest Fe concentration across locations and seasons (>70ppm)

– VNB 81010 had the highest Zn concentration in all test sites and seasons (>35 ppm)

6

KAB male gametic combinations- 39

Cross No Genotype Pedigree

Stand at harvest

Yield/plot [g]

1639 MLB 49/89A x KAB 44 MLB 49/89A (CANADIAN WONDER x MEX 54)F1 // (CANADIAN WONDER x VUNINKINGI)F1 46 393.261640 GOFTA x KAB 37 GOFTA (LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 x UMUBANO) 34 328.69

1641 GOFTA x KAB 49GOFTA (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 31 230.82

1642 SIMAMA x KAB 48 SIMAMA (CANADIAN WONDER x MEX 54 // CANADIAN WONDER X VUNINKINI)F1 x AND 1055) 34 156.891643 AND 620 x KAB 27 AND 620 (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 46 349.391644 AND 620 x KAB 25 AND 620 (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)F1 x MEX 54) 44 442.441645 AND 620 x KAB 48 AND 620 (CANADIAN WONDER / MEX 54 x AND 1062)F1 x UMUBANO) 60 334.871646 MLB 49/89A x KAB 29 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 xAND 1062) x MEX 54) 30 116.361647 GOFTA x KAB 25 GOFTA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)F1 x MEX 54) 41 206.321648 NAKAJA x KAB 27 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 66 387.251650 MLB 49/89A x KAB 30 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x ( MEX 54 x G5686)F1 41 180.651652 NAKAJA x KAB 30 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x ( MEX 54 x G5686)F1 38 376.231653 GOFTA x KAB 26 GOFTA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x AND 1055) 37 243.861654 GOFTA x KAB 30 GOFTA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x ( MEX 54 x G5686)F1 39 284.081655 MLB 49/89A x KAB 37 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 x MEX 54) 36 302.951656 MLB 49/89A x KAB 31 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x VININKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 x MEX 54) 45 388.34

1658 SIMAMA x KAB 49SIMAMA (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 30 223.08

1660 MLB 49/98A x KAB 15 MLB 49/89A (GLP 2 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x (GLP 2 x MEX 54)F1 40 341.151661 MLB 49/98A x KAB 27 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 30 251.541662 NAKAJA x KAB 36 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719)//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 x UMUBANO) 41 337.781663 GOFTA x KAB 48 GOFTA/[ (CANADIAN WONDER / MEX 54 x AND 1062)F1 x UMUBANO) * *1664 SIMAMA x KAB 35 SIMAMA (LYAMUNGU 85 x UMUBANO)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 26 162.781665 G 2333 x G 10474 G 2333 x G 10474 * *

1666 AND 620 x KAB 49AND 620 (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 49 246.19

1667 SIMAMA x KAB 49SIMAMA (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 19 149.76

1668 MLB 49/89A x KAB 35 MLB 49/89A (LYAMUNGU 85 x UMUBANO)//(LYAMUNGU 85 x MEX 54)F1 x RWR 719) 28 146.381669 MLB 49/89A x KAB 48 MLB 49/89A (CANADIAN WONDER / MEX 54 x AND 1062)F1 x UMUBANO) 23 119.551670 NAKAJA x KAB 30 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x VUNINKINGI)F1 x ( MEX 54 x G5686)F1 30 277.571671 NAKAJA x KAB 22 NAKAJA (LYAMUNGU 85 x RWR 719) F1//(LYAMUNGU 85x SCAM 80CM/15) F1 23 187.821673 AND 620 x BRB 85 AND 620 x BRB 85 42 231.53

1674 AND 620 x KAB 49AND 620 (SELIAN 97 x MEX 54//SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI)FI x (SELIAN 97 x VUNINKINGI//SELIAN 97 x RWR 719)F1 38 149.5

47 New Biofort populations with Multiple Stress resistance advanced to F4 generation at Kabete

Variation for Fe & Zn in early generations

Population/male gamete

Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Protein (%)

KAB 2 30-105 10-40 18-26

KAB 5 55-125 10-35 19-24

KAB 6 30-130 10-55 17-24

KAB 10 30-115 10-45 19-28KAB 11 40-115 10-40 20-28

KAB 12 35-100 10-40 19-24

KAB 13 50-115 10-60 21-29

Mineral analyses• Wet digestion (perchloric acid and nitric acid digestion)• AAS mineral determination

Five New populations were outstanding for vigour, drought tolerance and yield potential

9

BF08-01-79

BF08-01-49

BF08-01-50

BF08-01-18

BF08-01-29

BF08-01-80

BF08-01-54

BF08-01-60

BF08-01-90

BF08-01-47

BF08-01-62

BF08-01-92

MAHARAGI SOJA

MLB 49-89A

NUA 1

AND 620

GOFTA

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

3110 2991

3412 3338 3315 3197

2523

3082 3016

3536 3562

2820

1245

15811297 1235

1707

Fig 1. Mean grain yield of F7 lines from population BF08-01 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012

Line/Genotype

kg h

a-1

BF08-03

10

BF08-03-44

BF08-03-63

BF08-03-65

BF08-03-13

BF08-03-54

BF08-03-20

BF08-03-58

BF08-03-60

BF08-03-01

MAHARAGI SOJA

MLB 49-89A

NUA 1

AND 620

GOFTA

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

3076 3011

27462538

28323007

27302961

2468

1245

1581

1297 1235

1707

Fig 1. Mean grain yield of the top F7 lines from population BF08-03 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012

Line/Genotype

Gra

in y

ield

kg

ha-

1

BF08-07

11

BF08-07-116

BF08-07-70

BF08-07-74

BF08-07-118

BF08-07-75

BF08-07-119

BF08-07-21

BF08-07-100

BF08-07-80

BF08-07-84

BF08-07-112

BF08-07-22

MAHARAGI SOJA

MLB 49-89A

NUA 1

AND 620

GOFTA

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

3741

3079

43363980

3556

3018

4577

3845

2635

45434369

3306

12451581

1297 1235

1707

Fig 3. Mean grain yield of the top F7 lines from population BF08-07 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012

Line/Genotype

Yiel

d , k

g ha

-1

BF08-13

12

BF08-13-181

BF08-13-111

BF08-13-121

BF08-13-51

BF08-13-92

BF08-13-136

BF08-13-136

BF08-13-40

MAHARAGI SOJA

MLB 49-89A

NUA 1

AND 620

GOFTA

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

3162 30433291

3077

24992833 2833 2784

12451581

1297 1235

1707

Fig 4. Mean grain yield of the top F7 lines from population BF08-13 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012

Line/Genotype

Yiel

d, k

g ha

-1

BF08-16

13

BF08-16-55

BF08-16-14

BF08-16-42

BF08-16-16

BF08-16-47

BF08-16-78

BF08-16-21

BF08-16-82

BF08-16-30

BF08-16-49

BF08-16-36

BF08-16-52

BF08-16-108

MAHARAGI SOJA

MLB 49-89A

NUA 1

AND 620

GOFTA

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

2870

2464

2817

2407

3411

2920 28373103

2652 2574

3090 3062

2568

1245

15811297 1235

1707

Fig 4. Mean grain yield of the top F7 lines from population BF08-16 grown at Thika and Kabete, LR 2012

Line/Genotype

Yiel

d, k

g ha

-1

AYT, Thika 30 Nov 2012

AYT, Meru1 Dec 2012

Outstanding lines were evaluated in Advanced Yield Trials during SR 2012

New Biofort Lines at Kabete Field Station, 20 Feb 2013

15

Future DirectionsNew dry bean varieties meant for canning should possess good canning qualities while ensuring uniform and complete water uptake in order to prevent

• Validate Nutritional value (micronutrients) of the new drought tolerant, disease resistant and high yielding Second Generation Biofort lines- Select >90 ppm Fe and >35 ppm Zn- First generation Biofort >70 ppm Fe and 30 ppm Zn released

• Evaluate cooking time, water absorption and canning quality

• Submit for National Performance Trials –for validation and formal release

• Produce certified seed and disseminate with partners

16

Acknowledgements

• Governments of Kenya and Sweden

• University of Nairobi• Bean Program Technical staff• TRUFOODS LTD• BioInnovate/SIDA• Ministry of Agriculture• Farmer Groups PVS for drought tolerant canning beans in Mwea

THANK YOU