Chapter 13 NotesIll.Mutations  1. gene mutations(#22,000/46) chromosomes are made up of genes also a chromosome is a diploid substitution,(insertion,and deletion) theses are called frame shift the ones in parenthesise

  2. chromosomal mutationsdeletion or erase part or all,duplication or copy,inversion or switch,and trans-location or breaks of a chromosome then moving different spots.

B. effects of mutation   1.mutagensany thing that causes a mutations or (chemical/physical)    2.harmful and helpful mutationsmost are not harmful

lv. gene regulation and expression A.prokaryotic gene regulation    1. the lac operon= a group of genes that regulateE.coli is in the intestine it is your friend and your enemy      2. promoters and operatorsB. eukaryotic gene regulation   1. transcription factors   2. cell specialization   3. RNA interference   4. the promise of RNAi 

Ch 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA an RNA are both nucleic acids or long chains which is made of nucleotides and thats made out of three parts, sugar base phosphate

A.The Role of DNA1. RNA

       2.Comparing RNA and DNA        3. Functions of RNA

What is the three differences between RNA and DNA:-messenger RNA/carries info from nucleus

-ribosomal RNA-transfer RNA

2.ribosomes3.mutations

B. RNA synthesis     1.transcription/1.enzyme/binds to DNA promoter or areas of DNA where

transcript beginsstep2/DNA unwinds.....step3/rna polymerase makes  mRNA using the DNA sense strand

    2.promoters2. ribosomes and protein synthesis

    A. the genetic code        1. how to read co-dons or tree letters of the code/AUG

        2.start and stop co-donsDNA->RNA->protein       proteins are amino acids together

B.translation   1. steps in translation

1.mrna attaches to ribosomes/2.erna carrier AA to ribosomes/3 ribosomes attaches into polypeptide chain   2. the roles of tRNA and rRNA in translation

C the molecular basis of hereditycentral dogma of molecular biology