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Operating Systems and File Management
Chapter 4
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System and Application Software– System software
• Coordinates hardware activities
• Operating Systems and Utilities
– Application software
• Consists of programs written to
– Solve problems
– Help people and organizations achieve their goals
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System Software
Operating system (OS) (sometimes called the platform)
coordinates all activities among computer
hardware resources
Programs that maintain operation
of computer
Two types are operating systems
and utility programs
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Operating Systems
Runs or controls the computer hardware Acts as an interface with application
programs and users
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Operating Systems
administer security
start the computer
manage memory
monitor performance
control a network
provide a user interface manage programs
provide file management and other utilities
establish an Internet connection
schedule jobs and configure devices
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Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 6
Operating System Activities Multitasking provides process and memory
management services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or programs to run simultaneously
An operating system’s multiprocessing capability supports a division of labor among all the processing units
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Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 7
Operating System Activities Operating System Categories
– Single-user operating system– Multiuser operating system– Server operating system– Desktop operating system
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Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 8
User Interfaces The combination of hardware and software
that helps people and computers communicate with each other
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Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 9
The Boot Process
During the boot process, the operating system kernel is loaded into RAM– The kernel provides essential
operating system services
Your computer’s start-up process is built into special ROM circuitry housed in the computer’s system unit (ROM-BIOS)
4SECTION B
Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 10
Today’s Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Mac OS UNIX and Linux DOS Handheld Operating Systems
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Windows Versions
Windows Version Year Released
Windows 3.x 1990
Windows NT 3.1 1993
Windows 95 1995
Windows NT Workstation 4.0 1996
Windows 98 1998
Windows Millennium Edition 2000
Windows 2000 Professional 2000
Windows XP 2001
Windows XP SP2 2004
Windows Vista 2007
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Editions– Starter– Home Basic– Home Premium– Business– Enterprise– Ultimate
Need 1 GB to 2 GB of memory Improved Security Aero Graphics
– Change saturation, color, and level of transparency
Vista
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Mac OS X
Available only for computers manufactured by Apple
Macintosh operating system has been model for most GUIs
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Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 14
Mac OS
On a Macintosh computer with Boot Camp, you can boot into Mac OS X or into Windows.
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Linux
Red Hat provides a version of Linux called Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Popular, free, multitasking UNIX-type operating system
Open-source softwaree:code is available to public. FREE
Both a stand-alone and a network operating system
Created by Linus Torvalds
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UNIX
Used by power users because of its flexibility and power
Most versions offer GUI
Available forcomputers of allsizes
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Disk Operating System (DOS)
D
Developed in early 1980s for personal computers
O
Used command-line interface when first
developed, later included menusSHardly used today
because it does not offer GUI
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Handheld Operating Systems
4SECTION C
Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 19
File Basics File Names and Extensions File Directories and Folders File Formats
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File Formats Windows uses a file association list to link a
file extension to its corresponding application software
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Physical File Storage The file system
keeps track of the names and locations of files– NTFS
• Master File Table (MFT)
– FAT32• File Allocation Table
(FAT)
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Physical File Storage Deleting a file changes the status of that file’s
clusters to empty and removes the file name from the index file– The file’s data is still there– File shredder software overwrites “empty” sectors
with random 1s and 0s Files in the Windows Recycle Bin and similar
utilities can be undeleted
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Physical File Storage Fragmented files are stored in noncontiguous
clusters and decrease performance Defragmentation utilities rearrange files so
that they are stored in contiguous clusters
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Device Drivers
Device Driver
Program that tells operating system how to communicate
with device
With Plug and Play, operating system
automatically configures new devices as you
install them Also called driver
4 Fun Quote
People are more violently opposed to fur than leather because it's safer to harass rich women than motorcycle gangs.
Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 25
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Quotable…
Neither a wise nor a brave man lies down on the tracks of history to wait for the train of the future to run over him
• Dwight Eisenhower