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Study of BiologyStudy of Biology
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What is Biology?What is Biology?
BiologyBiology is the study of all is the study of all living thingsliving things
Living things are called Living things are called organismsorganismsOrganisms include bacteria, Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & protists, fungi, plants, & animalsanimals
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All Living Things Share All Living Things Share Common Common
CharacteristicsCharacteristics1.1. Basic Unit is the Basic Unit is the CellCell
2.2. They They ReproduceReproduce
3.3. All Based On Universal All Based On Universal Genetic Code Genetic Code (DNA)(DNA)
4.4. Grow & DevelopGrow & Develop
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Common Common CharacteristicsCharacteristics
5.5. Obtain & Use Materials & Obtain & Use Materials & EnergyEnergy
6.6. RespondRespond To Their To Their EnvironmentEnvironment
7.7. Maintain A Maintain A Stable Internal Stable Internal EnvironmentEnvironment
8.8. AS A GROUPAS A GROUP, Living Things , Living Things EvolveEvolve, That Is They Change , That Is They Change Over TimeOver Time
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Characteristics of Characteristics of OrganismsOrganisms
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All Organisms are All Organisms are made of Cellsmade of Cells
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Facts About CellsFacts About CellsCells are the Cells are the smallest living smallest living unitunit of an organism of an organism
All cells contain living All cells contain living material called material called cytoplasmcytoplasm
All cells are surrounded by a All cells are surrounded by a cell membranecell membrane that controls that controls what enters & leaves the cellwhat enters & leaves the cell
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More Cell FactsMore Cell FactsCells are complex & Cells are complex & highly organizedhighly organized
Cells have parts Cells have parts called organelles that called organelles that do different jobsdo different jobs
e.g. Chloroplasts in e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugarsplants make sugars
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More Cell FactsMore Cell FactsThe simplest cells The simplest cells are called are called ProkaryotesProkaryotes
These cells These cells DO NOT DO NOT have a nucleus or have a nucleus or membrane-bound membrane-bound organellesorganelles
BacteriaBacteria are are examplesexamples
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More Cell FactsMore Cell FactsMore complex More complex cells are called cells are called EukaryotesEukaryotesThese cells These cells DO DO have a nucleus have a nucleus and membrane-and membrane-bound organellesbound organellesPlants, animals, & Plants, animals, & fungifungi are are examplesexamples
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Organisms are Grouped by Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cellstheir Number of Cells
Unicellular OrganismsUnicellular Organisms– Living Organism Made Up Of Living Organism Made Up Of
One CellOne Cell
Multicellular OrganismsMulticellular Organisms– Living Organism Made Up Of Living Organism Made Up Of
Many, Specialized CellsMany, Specialized Cells
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Organisms Reproduce Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their to Pass on their Genetic TraitsGenetic Traits
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Two Types of Two Types of ReproductionReproduction
Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproductionInvolves 2 Involves 2 parentsparents
Egg fertilized by Egg fertilized by sperm to make a sperm to make a ZYGOTEZYGOTE
Offspring Offspring DIFFERENT from DIFFERENT from parentsparents
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Two Types of Two Types of ReproductionReproduction
Asexual Asexual ReproductionReproductionInvolves a single Involves a single organism or cellorganism or cell
Cell dividesCell divides
Offspring Offspring IDENTICAL to IDENTICAL to parentparent
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Cells Have a Genetic Cells Have a Genetic CodeCode
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Genetic CodeGenetic Code
DNADNA (deoxyribose nucleic (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code acid) carries the genetic code for all organismsfor all organisms
All organisms contain DNAAll organisms contain DNA
DNA DNA codes for the proteinscodes for the proteins that make up cells & do all that make up cells & do all the workthe work
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Organisms Grow & Organisms Grow & DevelopDevelop
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Growth & DevelopmentGrowth & Development
Cells grow by Cells grow by producing MORE producing MORE CELLS & by cell CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENTENLARGEMENT
Organisms Organisms develop as they develop as they mature into an mature into an adult organismadult organism
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Cells Require Food & Cells Require Food & EnergyEnergy
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Food RequirementsFood RequirementsAutotrophsAutotrophs can make can make their own foodtheir own food
Photoautotrophs Photoautotrophs use use sunlight to make food sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)(photosynthesis)
Chemoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as as iron & sulfur as their energytheir energy
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Food RequirementsFood Requirements
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs can NOT make can NOT make their own foodtheir own food
They must consume other They must consume other organismsorganisms
HerbivoresHerbivores eat plants eat plants
CarnivoresCarnivores eat meat eat meat
OmnivoresOmnivores eat plants & animals eat plants & animals
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MetabolismMetabolism
Sum of all the chemical Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organismreactions in an organism
All All require energyrequire energy
SunlightSunlight is the ultimate is the ultimate energy for life on Earth energy for life on Earth
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MetabolismMetabolism
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration – Cells releasing the chemical Cells releasing the chemical
energy stored in foodsenergy stored in foods
6O6O22 + C + C66HH1212OO66 6CO 6CO22 + + 6H6H22OO
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Organisms Respond to Organisms Respond to StimuliStimuli
Organisms Respond to Organisms Respond to Temperature, Water, Food Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc. Supplies, etc. In Order To In Order To Survive & ReproduceSurvive & Reproduce
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
Keeping The Internal Keeping The Internal Environment Of The Cell or Environment Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Organism Within The Ranges Required For LifeRequired For LifeStable internal conditions of Stable internal conditions of pH, pH, temperature, water balance, etctemperature, water balance, etc..
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Living Things EvolveLiving Things Evolve
Groups Of Groups Of OrganismsOrganisms (Not (Not Individuals) Change Individuals) Change Over Time In Order Over Time In Order To Survive Within To Survive Within Changing Changing Environments.Environments.Fossil recordsFossil records show show changes in groups changes in groups of organismsof organisms
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Life is Organized on Life is Organized on Several LevelsSeveral Levels
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LevelsLevelsAtomsAtomsMoleculesMoleculesOrganellesOrganellesCellsCells – life starts here – life starts hereTissuesTissuesOrgansOrgansSystemSystemOrganismOrganism
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LevelsLevels
PopulationPopulation
CommunityCommunity
EcosystemEcosystem
BiosphereBiosphere
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