Prof. H.M. Shivanand Swamy

Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport, CEPT University (An Initative of Ministry of Urban development, Government of India)

CITY STRUCTURE & URBAN MOBILITYPOLICY OPTIONS

INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS

Work in Progress

CITY STRUCTURE & URBAN MOBILITY

Urbanisation is an inevitable outcome of development process.

How we structure them will determine how efficient the mobility is and how sustainable the outcomes

are!

Urban Landuse - Transport Scenario

Cities are Sprawling Network Inadequacies

Declining Public Transport Low Investments

Supply Side Focus Poor Enforcement

Multiple Institutions Education of People

Urban Transport Focus – Since 2006 (NUTP & JnNURM)

OUR PROBLEM VEHICLE OWNERSHIP (CARS/1000 popn)Delhi – 117Ahmedabad – 50Bangalore - 50Chennai - 45Mumbai - 25

But increasing rapidly

8% of Population – 20% Incremental Vehicle Ownership of the state

Congestion-Accessibility-MobilityAir QualityUrban Sprawl

BEST BUS SYSTEM CITY -BANGALORE

HYDERABAD BANGALORE (853 sq. kms) AHMEDABAD (344 Sq.Km)

HYDERABAD BANGALORE AHMEDABAD

Population Density (Urban Built in persons/sqkm ) 10526 9378 17441

Population Density (Urban Sprawl in persons/sqkm) 6265 5869 15574

Compactness index 0.60 0.63 0.90 Arterial road Density 1.47 1.40 1.85 Public transport Use 48% 51 22%NMV Use 21% 24% 32%Trip Length (total) km 10.5 11 5.7Vehicle km/capita 10.81 8.90 6.4Road fatalities per 518 865 263

POPULATION (Million) 8.0 8.0 6.0

760 sq.km)

Road Network Structure – Focus on Roads & not Network

8

Ahmedabad Bangalore

Hyderabad

A Result of Lagged /

Disjointed Planning

Response/

radialsrings

Major Rings and Radial Roads

BRTS Network

Subways

Flyovers

Widened ROW

Widened carriageway

Proposed ROBs,RuBs, Flyovers

Proposed ElevatedBRT Corridor

One way BRT loop

River Bridges completed

ROBs completed

RuBs completed

LEGEND

NETWORK COMPLETION

HYDERABAD BANGALORE AHMEDABAD

HYDERABAD BANGALORE AHMEDABAD

Population Density (Urban Built in persons/sqkm ) 10526 9378 17441Population Density (Urban Sprawl in persons/sqkm) 6265 5869 15574Compactness index 0.60 0.63 0.90

Arterial road Density (KM/Sq.KM) 1.47 1.40 1.85 Public transport Use 48% 51% 22%

NMV Use 21% 24% 32%

Trip Length (total) 10.5 11 5.7

Vehicle km/capita 10.81 8.90 6.4Road fatalities 518 865 263

POPULATION (Million) 8.0 8.0 6.0

Road Structure

11

Ahmedabad Bangalore

Hyderabad

At the micro-level /

neighborhood

HYDERABAD BANGALORE AHMEDABAD

HYDERABAD BANGALORE AHMEDABAD

Population Density (Urban Built in persons/sqkm ) 10526 9378 17441Population Density (Urban Sprawl in persons/sqkm) 6265 5869 15574Compactness index 0.60 0.63 0.90 Arterial road Density (KM/Sq.KM) 1.47 1.40 1.85

Public transport Use 48% 51% 22%NMV Use 21% 24% 32%Trip Length (total) 10.5 11 5.7Vehicle km/capita 10.81 8.90 6.4Road fatalities 518 865 263

POPULATION (Million) 8.0 8.0 6.0

Streets on which Commercial activities are allowedJobs scattered Trips distributed

MIXED LAND USE PRESENT

Area of Urban Sprawl sqkm

Avg

Trip

leng

th (k

m)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000

2

4

6

8

10

12

f(x) = − 6.16337249462739E-06 x² + 0.0130858481049057 x + 3.14706952523415R² = 0.893607476895986

Avg Trip length (km) Vs Area of Urban Sprawl sqkm

URBAN SPRAWL LEADS TO INCREASE IN TRIP LENGTH

Road Density km/sqkm

Vehi

cle

km p

er c

apita

0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.000.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00f(x) = 2.34488001510592 x² − 12.0902033154392 x + 17.4923322248674R² = 0.794285164094566

Vehicle km per capita Vs Road Density km/sqkm

DENSER NETWORKS REDUCE VEHICLE KMS

% Public Transport

Vehi

cle

km p

er c

apita

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.000.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

f(x) = 0.000669585680388643 x² + 0.0713477574410145 x + 3.49642568140726R² = 0.760145734083349

Vehicle km per capita Vs % Public Transport

LONGER TRIPS BRINGS MORE PEOPLE ON TRANSIT !

YES. But in less mobility intensive cities, Transit supply

has not been given priority.

EFFECTIVE PLANNING – WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS?

• Land Market Distortion– Landuse Planning Process

• Integration (LUT)• Information• Agencies• Human Resources• Activity Schedule

– Land Legislations• 13 legislations

– Information• Ownership Titles

– Taxation• Registration• Stamp Duty• Permission

– Publicly Owned Land Management 17

Urban India-2031 Investment Requirements

INDIA - URBAN TRANSPORTATION SCENE

2nd Largest urban system60% GDP generated from urban areas2001-281 million people in urban areas (28%)By 2026, 535 million people (38% )

5161 towns and cities7 megacities (4 million + population) - may increase to 1428 cities with population 1-4 million13 cities in 0.8 to 1.0 million range, will cross 1 million by next census 40 cities in 0.5 to 1 million population range and balance state capitals

No of Million + cities to increase to 70

19

“The journey so far and way forward”……..

Scenario-1 Sprawling Cities focused on Road & Rail Infrastructure

Size >1 Million 4 to 10 M 1 to 4 M 0.5 to 1 M < 0.5 M

Class SZ-1 SZ-2 SZ-3 SZ-4 SZ-5

Density/hact 100 100 100 100 100

% Area Under Transport 20 20 17 12 9

Road Length-kms/sq.km 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 8.0

Avg. Road Width 20 20 17 15 12

Trip rate 1.25 1.25 1.25 1 0.5

Trip Length 11 11 9 5 5

Transit Trips 40 40 35 20 10

% Bus Trips 30 30 30 20 10

Fleet Utilisation 95 95 95 95 95

Vehicle utilization 215 215 215 180 180

Rapid Transit Length 0.5 0.5 0.4 0 0

% Rail network 60 60 20 0 0

Note: Subject of minimum of 10 kms

Scenario-2 Relatively Compact Cities with complete network

Size >1 Million 4 to 10 M 1 to 4 M 0.5 to 1 M < 0.5 M

Class SZ-1 SZ-2 SZ-3 SZ-4 SZ-5

Density/hact 125 125 125 125 125

% Area Under Transport 15 15 12 9 7

Road Length-kms/sq.km 7.5 7.5 7.5 6.0 6.0

Avg. Width 20 20 17 15 12

Trip rate 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.5

Trip Length 9 9 7 5 4

Transit Trips 50 50 40 20 10

%Bus Trips 35 35 35 20 10

Fleet Utilisation 95 95 95 95 95

Vehicle Utilization 225 225 225 200 200

Rapid Transit Length 0.4 0.4 0.3 0 0

% Rail network 50 50 20 0 0

Note: Subject of minimum of 10 kms

Scenario-3Compact cities with complete network and transit focused

Size >1 Million 4 to 10 M 1 to 4 M 0.5 to 1 M < 0.5 M

Class SZ-1 SZ-2 SZ-3 SZ-4 SZ-5

Density/hact 150 150 150 150 150

% Area Under Transport 15 15 12 9 7

Road Length-kms/sq.km 7.5 7.5 7.5 6.0 6.0

Avg. Width 20 20 17 15 12

Trip rate 1 1 1 0.7 0.5

Trip Length 9 9 5 5 4

Transit Trips 60 60 50 30 10

%Bus Trips 35 35 50 30 10

Fleet Utilisation 95 95 95 95 95

Vehicle Utilization 225 225 225 200 200

Rapid Transit Length 0.3 0.3 0.3 0 0

% Rail network 50 50 0 0 0

Note: Metro Subject of minimum of 10 kms

Urban Transport Policy Options (Scenarios)SCN 1: Sprawling Cities focused on Rail and Road Infrastructure

SCN 2: Relatively Compact Cities with Complete network

SCN 3: Compact, Complete network and transit focused, demand Mangers1. Densities2. Area under Roads 3. Trip Rate4. Trip Length5. Transit Share 6. Rapid Transit7. Rail Share

BUSINESS AS USUAL VERSUS MANAGED GROWTH

Cities Classified 2031 population estimate JnnurmSZ-1: Cities with Popn. >10 Million SZ-2 Cities with Population 4 -10 milSZ-3: Cities with Popn. 1-4 Million SZ-4 Cities with Population 0.5-1mlSZ-5: Cities with Population less than 0.5 million Others: Non-JnNURM Cities

Urban Transport Requirement - 2031 - Network Lengths, No. of Buses, Facilities

SCN-1 SCN-2 SCN-31. Street Infrastructure - Network Length (Kms) 430923 267671 251890

2. Public Transport

2.1Buses 155601 146280 117860

2.2Rapid Transit Network-kms 10304 6130 3866

2.2.1 BRTS Network-kms 5367 37771 2791

2.2.2 Rail Transit-kms 4937 2352 1075

2.3Bus Infartsructure (Numbers)

2.3.1 Depot 2229 2094 1691

2.3.2 Terminals 476 225 476

2.3.3 Workshops 149 146 129

3. Support Infrastructure includes ITS, ATC & Parking. On lump sum basis4. Capacity Building on Lumsum basic for 20 years@ 50 crores per year

Urban Transport Investment Requirements under three policy options

SCN 1:Sprawling Cities focused on Rail and Road Infrastructure

SCN 2:Relatively Compact Cities with Complete network

SCN 3:Compact Cities with Complete network and transit focused

Better growth management can cut investment requirements by more than half

SCN-1 SCN-2 SCN-30

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Investment in Billions - INR

Capacity BuildingParkingITS &ATCWorkshopsTerminalsDepotRail Transit-kmsBRTS Network-kmsBusesStreet Infrastructure

(US $556)

(US $ 376)

(US $ 275)

Population size in the year 2031

1. JnNURM Cities

• SZ-1: > = 10 million

• SZ-2: 4 to 10 million

• SZ-3: 1 to 4 million

• SZ-4: 0.5 to 1 million

• SZ-5: < 0.5 million

2. Non-JnNURM towns

Urban Transport Investment Requirements by Size Class

Larger Cities require disproportionate share of investments

% s

hare

Population SC1 SC2 SC30.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

20%

38% 34% 34%

8%

17%16% 17%

13%

18%18%

20%

58%

27%31% 28%

Capacity Building

Non - JnNURM

SZ - 5

SZ - 4

SZ - 3

SZ - 2

SZ - 1

Urban Transport Investment Requirements under three policy options

SCN 1:Sprawling Cities focused on Rail and Road Infrastructure

SCN 2:Relatively Compact Cities with Complete network

SCN 3:Compact Cities with Complete network and transit focused

Better growth management can cut investment requirements by more than half

%age share of Investment

SCN-1 SCN-2 SCN-3

Street Infrastructure 61.57% 69.11% 75.60%

Buses 1.61% 1.91% 2.45%

BRTS Network-kms 4.39% 4.57% 4.61%

Rail Transit-kms 30.25% 21.34% 13.31%

Depot 0.68% 0.86% 1.04%

Terminals 0.39% 0.57% 0.78%

Workshops 0.11% 0.15% 0.19%

ITS &ATC 0.57% 0.84% 1.15%

Parking 0.39% 0.57% 0.78%

Capacity Building 0.04% 0.06% 0.08%

Grand Total 100% 100% 100%

INDIA - URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS 2011-31

2011 - 2031 India Urban Infrastructure Requirements–Urban Transport –Billion US $ 375 Billion) • Average US $ 18 Billion• Average 15000 km roads/year• Average 7500 new buses/year• Average 100 kms of metro network/year• Average 200 Kms of BRT network

28

PART 3

SOME GOOD PRACTICES

• Provides Overall Development Framework– Overall Direction of Urban

Expansion– Landuse Zoning– City level road network– City Level Infrastructure (Utilities

& Amenities)– Reservations of Land for other

Public Purposes– Development Control

Regulation/rulesAhmedabad DP’s1965,1975, 1987, 2002 ,2012

2 Stage Process Under the Gujarat Urban Development and Town Planning Act-1976Land Management

Development Plan

Under the Gujarat Urban Development and Town Planning Act-1976Land Management Process

• A land readjustment tool to adapt land for urban use– Reconstitution of land holdings– Appropriation of land for public uses

without acquisition – Local level road network– Local level social and physical

infrastructure– Land Bank for Urban Poor– Infrastructure Cost Recovery

• Land appropriation compensation adjusted against land value increments due to infra. provision

• Land for Financing of infrastructure (15%)

Town Planning Scheme (TPS)

Under the Gujarat Urban Development and Town Planning Act-1976Town Planning Scheme

Land Area for Public Purposes– Appropriation of land for

public uses upto 50% – Road Network –upto 20%– Local level social and

physical infrastructure (upto 5%)

– Land for Economically Weaker Section Housing (upto 10%)

– Land Bank for Financing of infrastructure (upto 15%)

464 Sq .Km

308 Sq .Km

T.P Schemes in Ahmedabad

Around 63% of the total area of AMC is under Town Planning Schemes.

Walled City Area

Airport and Cantonment

Density – 150 persons/haArea - 666 sqkm

Density – 125 persons/haArea - 800 sqkm

Density – 100 persons/haArea - 1000 sqkm

Density – 75 persons/haArea - 1333 sqkm

Density – 150 persons/haArea - 666 sqkm

Density – 125 persons/haArea - 800 sqkm

Density – 100 persons/haArea - 1000 sqkm

Density – 75 persons/haArea - 1333 sqkm

US $ 450 Ml /yr

US $ 650 Ml /yr

US $ 1000 Ml /yr

US $ 1350 Ml /yr

URBAN TRANSPORT INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS

0 5 10 15 20 25 3051015202530

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

5

10

15

20

25

30

KM

KM

Urban Road Network

Legend

Length (km)

Density (%)

60m wide radials 53.42 0.55

45m wide roads 194.17 1.5

35m wide roads 541.13 3.25

Total Road 788.72(30.86 sqkm)

5.3

Region Area

Area inner SP Ring Road 411.55

Area between SP & Outer Ring Road

581.29

Ring Roads Length(km)

S.P ring road 76.21

Outer ring road 115.68

90.m WIDE REGIONAL RING ROAD

60.m WIDE REGIONAL RADIALS

60.m WIDE RING ROADS 45.m WIDE URBAN ARTERIALS

35.m WIDE SUB-ARTERIALS

BRTS

URBAN ARTERIALS

45 M CROSS SECTION

Urban Arterials

thank you