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WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING? It is a technology that provide computation,
software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services.
It deliver applications via the internet, which are accessed from web browsers and desktop and mobile apps, while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location.
It is a delivery model for IT, the services based on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. It is a by-product and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet.
HISTORY The underlying concept of cloud computing
dates back to the 1960s, when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organised as a public utility.“
Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing, the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, and community forms, were thoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhill's 1966 book, “The Challenge of the Computer Utility”
The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony, who until the 1990s offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost.
In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds. In early 2008,Open Nebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds.
LAYERSClient
Application
Platform
Infrastructure
Server
CHARACTERISTICS Empowerment of end-users of computing
resources by putting the provisioning of those resources in their own control, as opposed to the control of a centralized IT service (for example)
Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.
Application programming interface (API) accessibility to software that enables machines to interact with cloud software in the same way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers..
Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure.
Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.
Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.
Scalability and Elasticity via dynamic provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads.
DEPLOYMENT MODELS
•Service Provider makes Resources•May be free or pay-per-usage modelPublic•Managed internally or by 3rd party •Cost spread over few users
Community
•Composition of 2 or more clouds•Data -one deployment system to anotherHybrid
•Operated solely for single organization•User has to “buy, build and manage”Private
Privacy: The model poses privacy concerns because the service provider at any point in time, may access the data that is on the cloud. They could accidentally or deliberately alter or even delete some info.
Compliance: In order to obtain compliance with regulations including FISMA, HIPAA, and SOX, users may have to adopt community or hybrid deployment modes that are typically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits.
Issues
Legal: Certain legal issues arise; trademark infringement, security concerns to the sharing of propriety data resources.
Security: Concerns are being voiced about the security issues introduced through adoption of this new model.Solutions to cloud security issues vary, from cryptography, particularly public key infrastructure, use of multiple cloud providers, standardisation of APIs, and improving virtual machine and legal support.
Sustainability: Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing", there is yet no published study to substantiate this assumption. Energy efficiency can result from energy-aware scheduling and server consolidation.
Abuse: Crackers posing as legitimate customers can purchase the services of cloud computing for nefarious purposes. This includes password cracking and launching attacks using the purchased services.
Service Providers
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