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11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 3
A Computer System
• Hardware
• Software
• User
Hardware
Software
User
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 4
A Computer System (Contd.)
• In general, a computer is a machine which
accepts data, processes it and returns new
information as output.
Data Information
Processing
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 5
Software
• Software is set of programs (which are step by step instructions) telling the computer how to process data.
• Software needs to be installed on a computer, usually from a CD.
• Softwares can be divided into two groups:
- System SW
- Application SW
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 6
Software (Contd.)
System Software
• It controls the overall operation of the system.
• It is stored in the computer's memory and instructs the computer
to load, store, and execute an application.
• Examples: Operating System (OS), Translators
DOS, Windows, Unix etc.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 7
Software (Contd..)
Application Software
• They are Softwares written to perform specific
tasks.
• The basic types of application software are:
word processing, database, spreadsheet,
desktop publishing, and communication.
Examples: MSOffice, Tally, MSOutlook,
ISBS, MODBANKER BANKSOFT
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 8
Advantages of Using Computers
• Speed: Computers can carry out instructions in less than a millionth of a second.
• Accuracy : Computers can do the calculations without errors and very accurately.
• Diligence : Computers are capable of performing any task given to them repetitively.
• Storage Capacity : Computers can store large volume of data and information on magnetic media.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 9
History of Evolution Of Computers
Two Eras:
• Mechanical Era (Before 1945)
• Electronic Era (1945 - )
Can be divided into generations.
• First Generation (1945 – 1954)
• Second Generation (1955 – 1964)
• Third Generation (1965 – 1974)
• Fourth Generation (1975 - )
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 10
Types of Computers
On the basis of Computing Power & Size:
• Laptop / Palmtop
• Micro Computer / Desktop
• Mini Computer / Mainframe
• Super Computer
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 11
Language of Computers
• Computers only understand the electronic
signals.
Either Current is flowing or not.
• Current Flowing : ON
• Current Not Flowing : OFF
• Binary Language
• ON : 1
• OFF : 0
• Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 12
Computer Network
• A Computer Network is interconnection of Computers to share resources.
• Resources can be : Information, Load, Devices etc.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 13
Types Of Computer Networks
On the basis of Size:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
Its a network of the computers locally i.e. in
one room, one building.
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
Its a network of the computers spread widely
geographically.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 14
Benefits of Computer Networks
• Information Sharing
• Device Sharing
• Load Sharing
• Mobility
• Fast Communication
• Anywhere Anytime Banking
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 15
Internet
• Internet is a huge network of computer networks.
• Internet provides many services:
– World Wide Web (www)
– Remote Login (Telnet)
– File Transfer (FTP)
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 17
CPU ( Central Processing Unit)
• The central processing unit (CPU), also
known as just a "processor”, is the "brain"
of your computer.
• It contains various electronic circuits.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 18
VDU (Monitor)
• This is the television-like screen where the results
of a computer's tasks are displayed.
• Monitors come in all sizes, but most commonly
they are either 15 or 17 inches
(measured diagonally from one corner of the
screen to the opposite corner).
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 19
Keyboard
• The keyboard looks like a typewriter.
• It contains all the letters of the alphabet, numbers and some special symbols.
• It operates like a typewriter keypad, but instead of moving an arm, which strikes the paper, it sends an electronic impulse to the computer, which displays a character on the monitor.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 20
• Its a device that is used to control the computer.
A cable connects the mouse to the computer.
• When the mouse is moved on a pad, called a
mouse pad, the cursor on the screen moves.
• A cursor is a small symbol displayed on the
computer screen (normally a diagonal arrow that
is used as a pointer) that shows you what the
mouse is referencing on the screen.
Mouse
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 21
Printer
• A printer is designed to output information
from a computer onto a piece of paper.
• There are three kinds of printers:
dot matrix, laser, and inkjet.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 22
Scanner
• A scanner is a device used to copy an image off
paper and convert it into a digital image, which
can be saved as a computer file and stored on a
hard drive.
• Scanners can also use a special kind of
technology called Optical Character Recognition
(OCR) to read text from paper and save it as an
editable document file
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 25
power
supply
hard
drive
motherboard
A Look Inside ..
CD-ROM
drive
floppy
drivecards
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 26
A Look Inside…
• Identify all the major components:
– Power Supply
– Motherboard
– Memory
– Card Slots
– Cards (sound, video, network)
– CPU, heatsink and fan
– Drives (floppy, hard and CD-ROM)
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 28
What these components do.
• Power Supply – (heart) supplies power to all the circuitry
and devices.
• Motherboard – (body) acts as a manager for everything
on the computer – connects all the other components
together.
• CPU – Central Processing Unit – (brain) this does all the
work of computing.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 29
What these components do..
• RAM – Random Access Memory – (short-term memory) holds data and program instructions that the computer is currently using.
• Hard Drive – (long-term memory) holds all of the information that needs to be stored between uses of the computer.
• Floppy and CD-ROM drives – (mouth/ears) allow you to give data to the computer and take data away from the computer.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 30
What these components do…
• Card Slots – (fingers) Allows other components to
be added to the computer.
• Video card – (face) Does all of the processing
necessary to get stuff looking nice on screen,
quickly.
• Sound card – (vocal cords) Allows sounds from
HD or CD-ROM to be played.
• Network Card – (telephone) allows computer to
talk to other computers over a wire.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 31
Power Supply
SMPS – Switch Mode Power Supply
Switching Transistors
Outputs + 5V, -5V, +12 V, -12 V
Typical Costs are:
• ATX – Rs.700
• Non ATX – Rs.300
Usually, SMPS comes with the CPU Cabinet.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 33
CPU
Examples: Intel Family – Pentium 4, 3, 2, Pentium,
XEON, Itanium
AMD -- Athlon, K62
IBM -- Cyrix
Motorola -- 68000 Series
CU
ALU
Memory
Registers
• A Single Chip
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 44
CPU
• The central processing unit or (CPU) is the "brain" of your computer. It contains the electronic circuits that cause the computer to follow instructions from memory.
• The CPU contains three main parts, all housed
in a single package (Chip):
– Control Unit (CU)
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
– Memory
BACK
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 46
Major Peripherals
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Hard Disk
• Floppy Disk
• CD ROM
• Printer
• Scanner
• Joystick
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 47
Keyboard
• Keypad contains:
– Alphabets
– Numbers
– Special Symbols
– Function Keys
• qwert Keyboard (Typewriter Keyboard).
• On key press it sends a code (ASCII Code) to the CPU.
• Plug N Play device.
• Typical Cost is Rs.300 – Rs.1200
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 48
Mouse
• Pointing & Click Device.
• Two / Three Buttons
• Wheel / Optical Mouse
• Normally Left Click – Select/ Run
Right Click – Popup Menu
• Typical Cost is Rs.100 – Rs1000
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 49
Hard Disk
• Magnetic Memory Device.
• Non-removable storage device.
• Several Circular Magnetic Disks are housed in a
single case.
• Data is stored as 1s & 0s.
• Typical Capacity is 20 GB -80 GB
• Typical Cost is Rs.2200 – Rs6000
• Cost/Bit is Low.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 50
Floppy Disk
• Magnetic Memory Device.
• Removable storage.
• A single circular mylar plastic disk, coated with magnetic
material is packed in a protective plastic casing.
• Typical size is 3.5” & Capacity is 1.44MB
• Typical Costs are:
• Floppy Drive -- Rs.300
• Floppy Disk -- Rs.10
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 51
CD ROM
• Optical Device.
• Removable Storage.
• Read Only Memory.
• Typical Capacity is 550 Mb – 800MB
• Typical Costs are:
• Drive -- Rs.1000
• Disk Rs10 – Rs.35
• Related Terms:
• CD Writer
• WORM
• CD RW
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 52
Printer
• Output Device, Produces Hard Copy
• Types:
– Dot Matrix
– Inkjet
– Laser
• Typical Cost Ranges from Rs.3500 – Rs.2 lacs
• Related Terms:
– Impact – Non Impact
– Ribbon, Cartridge, Toner, Duty Cycle
• Major Vendors in India:
– HP, Cannon, Samsung, TVS, Epson etc.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 53
Scanner
• Input Device, Converts a hard copy into a
computer file.
• Used to Scan Signatures, Photographs etc.
• Optical Device.
• Typical Cost Rs.4000 – Rs.75000
• Major Vendors in India:
– HP, Umax, Cannon
• Nowadays Scanners with OCR produces
editable documents.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 56
What is Operating System
OS is system software, which may be viewed as collection of software consisting of procedures for operating the computer.
It provides an environment for execution of programs (application software).
It’s an interface between user & computer.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 57
Computer Machine
(Hardware)
User / Programmer
Operating System
Human Understandable Language (High Level Language)
Machine Language (Low Level Language)
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 58
Types of OS
Multiprogramming OS
Multitasking/Multiprocessing
Multiuser OS
Time Sharing OS
Real Time OS
Distributed OS
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 59
A Second Classification
This Classification is based on the type of interface
Operating System provides for the user to work in.
Character User Interface (CUI)
The User has to type the commands on the
command prompt to get the work completed.
Ex. DOS, UNIX.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
The User need not type any commands. He/She
just point and clicks on the desired Icon to get the
work done.
Ex. Windows (9X, XP, NT, 2000), Linux.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 60
Functions of OS
File Management
Memory Management
Process Management
Device Management
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 61
Types of Processing
Serial Processing
The job is processed at the time when it is submitted.
Batch Processing
The similar jobs are bunched together and are kept for processing at an later time.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 62
MS-DOS Overview
MS-DOS is an acronym for MicroSoft Disk Operating System
It is a CUI based operating system.
It provides user with a command prompt (generally called as C:\) where various command could be typed.
When one operates in the DOS environment, one interacts with the command interpreter, which interprets the commands given by user.
It provides an environment for execution of various application programs like MS-Word, MODBANKER, ISBS etc.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 63
What is Command
It is a string of characters which tells the computer what to do.
When one types commands to a computer, one is conversing with the operating system's command interpreter.
For example, to copy a file called file.txt from the 3-1/2" floppy drive to the hard drive, one could type
C:\> copy a:\file.txt c:\
The word "copy" is a DOS command which causes files to be copied from one location to another
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 64
Entering the DOS Environment
If the OS is DOS then the system will directly show prompt (C:\>)
If the OS is windows one must either terminate the Windows environment, or open a DOS shell within the Windows environment.
Ist Method: Terminating Windows Environment
Select “Restart in MS-DOS Mode” from Shut Down in Start Menu.
IInd Method: Opening DOS Shell in Windows
Select Start>Programs>Accessories>Command Prompt (XP)
Start>Programs>Accessories>MS-DOS Prompt (98)
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 65
Files and Directory
Files A file is a collection of Records.
It is the smallest unit of File System (Storage) in a computer.
Any document created using computer is a file. This document could either be a letter, any excel sheet, any image or even a database.
Directory A collection of files is directory (in DOS) or folder (in Windows)
It is analogous to the Office Folder which contains various documents.
A directory/folder eases the management of related files/ documents, like the various circulars related to personnel could be placed in a directory called “personnel” and all the circulars related to loans could be placed in a directory called “loans”.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 66
Filenames in DOS?
The filename in DOS have the following format.
<name>.<ext>
It has two parts the name and the extension.
The name could be of 8 characters and the extension of 3 characters.
The filename can contain alphabets and numbers. It cannot contain any special character other than underscore (_) and also no spaces.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 67
Organization of files in DOS
The DOS file system is a hierarchical file system.
Files are collected into directories, and directories may contain
both files and other directories.
There is always a directory which is not contained by any other,
called the root which is represented by the backslash '\'
character.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 68
Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)
Concept of Path: Every file can be specified by enumerating
all of the directories between the root and it, separated by the
backslash '\' character, and appending the file name to the end.
The drive which contains the root is specified at the head of the
path, separated from the root by a colon (':')
The hard drive is most commonly known as the C: drive, and
the floppy drives are usually called A:(3-1/2 inch) and B: (5-
1/4 inch).
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 69
Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)
/
circulars loans personnel
january february
retire.txt
rest.txt abc.txt
officer.txt new.dat
Fig. Hierarchical Structure of Files
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 70
Some DOS Commands
dir: Listing of all the directories.
C:\> dir
cls: Clears the screen.
C:\> cls
copy con: Creates a file.
C:\> copy con <filename>
< Write your Contents Here>
Press Ctrl-Z (^Z) to finish writing.
Ex: C:\> copy con test.dat
Lets Make UCO a top class Bank.
Ctrl-Z (^Z)
1 file(s) copied. (A Message will be shown on the system)
This will create a file named test.dat having some data.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 71
Some DOS Commands (Contd.)
edit: Edits a file.
C:\> edit <filename>
This will open a editor window where the contents of file can be seen. These contents could also be edited here and on saving, the contents of file will change.
type: Displays the content of a file.
C:\> type <filename>
This will display the contents of file on the computer. The contents of file could only be viewed but could not be changed, as in the case of edit.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 72
Some DOS Commands (Contd.)
md: Make Directory.
C:\> md (directory name>
This will create a directory with the specified name.
cd: Change Directory.
C:\> cd (directory name>
This will change the directory from current directory to the specified directory.
rd: Remove Directory.
C:\> rd (directory name>
If the directory is needed to be removed permanently from the computer, use this command. For this command to be executed it is necessary that the directory should be empty and user should be on a directory above it.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 73
Some DOS Commands (Contd.)
copy: Copies a file.
C:\> copy <source> <destination>
This will copy the file from the source location to the specified destination. The command creates a copy of the file on the destination i.e. the file would be found on both the location.
move: Moves a file.
C:\> move <source> <destination>
This will move the file from the source location to the specified destination. The file from the source location would be removed and would be moved to the destination.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 74
Some DOS Commands (Contd.)
ren: Renames a file.
C:\> ren <old filename> <new filename>
This will change the name (rename) of the file to a new name as
specified.
del: Deletes a file.
C:\> del <filename>
This will delete the file permanently from the system.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 75
Overview of Windows
Windows is an GUI based operating system.
It is also developed by Microsoft Corporation, which is headed by
Mr. Bill Gates.
Over the years the Microsoft have evolved various versions of
Windows. Win95, Win98, Win2000, Win ME, Win NT, Win XP.
It gives user a handy environment where he doesn’t have to
remember and learn the syntaxes of various commands as is the case
in DOS.
The user can just point and click on the Icons provided to him on the
screen.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 76
Folders and Documents
Folders are a way to organize your documents within drives in Windows as
are the directories in DOS.
A document is each thing that you create on a computer. A document can
be made using any type of software.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 78
QUIZ
1. Name any four devices of a Computer.
Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Light Pen.
2. What is the job of CPU?
Central Processing Unit controls and coordinates all the activities
of the computer.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 79
QUIZ
3. What is the unit of measuring the speed of the
processor?
Mega Hertz or Kilo Hertz ( No. of CPU
Cycles/second)
4. What is a computer network?
It is interconnection of computers to make a
LAN,MAN or WAN.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 80
QUIZ
5. Name any three storage devices.
Hard Disk, Magnetic Tape, Compact Disk.
6. What is command to create directory?
C:\>MD <<dir-name>>
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 81
QUIZ
7. What is Internet?
It is the network of networks.
8. What are different types of printers?
Dot Matrix Printer, Inkjet
Laser
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 82
QUIZ
9.What is the use of Scanner?
It is used to copy the real image on
paper to be stored as digital image in
the computer.
10. Why Operating system is required?
It is required to provide the interface
between the user and the computer.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 83
QUIZ
11. What is the difference between Primary Storage and
Secondary Storage?
Primary Storage is temporary storage, fast and costly.
Secondary storage is permanent, slow and
cheap.
11/5/2014 Introduction to Computers 84
QUIZ
12. What is MODEM. Why it is required?
It is Modulator Demodulator. It is used to
connect the PC to the Internet using Analog
Telephone Lines.
13. What is the maximum length of file
name in DOS?
First Name- 8 characters, Last Name- 3
characters.