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Calculating the Carbon Footprint of Development
ProjectsLynn Richards
US EPA Smart Growth ProgramJune 13th 2008
CNU 17 - Experiencing the New Urbanism
What are you counting?
• Construction • Building Energy Use• Transportation Related Emissions
– Residential– Office – Retail, Entertainment & Services– Manufacturing, Distribution Facilities,
etc.
Difference in CO2 Emissions - High vs. Low Density Residential
Development
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Construction Building Operations Transportation
Met
ric
Ton
s of
CO
2
Low Density
High Density
Source – Norman et al (2006) “Comparing High & Low Residential Density”
Where do the transportation reductions come from?
• Where and How you build– Easy access to retail, services,
entertainment = more walking and biking for non-work trips
– Safe routes to school = fewer drop-off trips – Proximity to transit = less commuting by
car– Regional Accessibility = shorter car trips
• E.g. driving 1 mile vs. 3 miles to the grocery store
The Five D’s
• Density• Diversity of Land Use Types• Neighborhood Design• Distance to Transit• Access to Regional Destinations
Neighborhood Scale D s
4 Units per Acre
(1) Residential Density
11 Units per Acre
Source: Campoli (2007) Visualizing Density, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
(2) Diversity of Land Use
Source: EPA White Paper: The Placemaking Premium. Victor Dover. 2007. Illustrations courtesy of Dover Kohl and Partners.
(3) Neighborhood Design - Network Connectivity
(3) Neighborhood Design, con’tTransit & Pedestrian Friendly
Design
Regional Scale D s
(4) Distance to TransitWhat Kind of Transit Are You
Accessing?Philadelphia
Chicago
Boston
Atlanta
LA
Wash. DC
How Close are You to the Station?
Source – Cervero (2006) Office Development, Rail Transit, and Commuting Choices
(5) Proximity to Destinations
M
M
M
M
M
Lower Density ZoningLower Density Zoning
Arlington, VA– (4) Distance to Transit and (5) Regional Destinations
Doubling of Each D Reduces VMT by…
-16%
-14%
-12%
-10%
-8%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
Densit
y
Diversi
ty
Desig
n
Distan
ce to
Tran
sit
Region
al Des
tinati
ons
Source – Ewing (2009) Travel and the Built Environment - A Meta-Analysis
Different Modeling Approaches
• Simple adjustment factors (aka back of the envelope)
• Analysis using baseline data from census or regional transportation models
• Sketch planning models (INDEX, Places, etc)
• Site-level analysis combined with a regional transportation model run (Atlanta Station INDEX + ARC Model--standard regional travel model)
Mixed Use Trip Generation Tool
• National Study of Mixed Use Areas – 239 mixed use developments– In six different regions– Over 30,000 trip records
• Resulting Tool More Accurately Accounts for…– Trips that stay on site– Trips that leave, but use transit– Trips that leave, but are on-foot
Example: Traditional Residential and Office Project
• 100 Acres• 200 Single
Family Homes• 40,000 sq ft
Supermarket• 5,000 sq ft Fast
Food Restaurant
• 200,000 sq ft office building
10,000 Daily Trips
Traditional Residential, Office, Retail Project
Smaller Grocery Store and Different Retail / Residential
Configuration (apply density, diversity, and
design)• 100 Acres• 100 Single Family Homes• 100 Multi Family Homes• 30,000 sq ft Supermarket• 5,000 sq ft Sit Down
Restaurant• 10,000 sq ft Health Club• 200,000 sq ft office
building
8,000 Daily Trips
Smaller Grocery Store and Different Retail
Better Local and Regional Accessibility
(apply distance to transit and regional destination)• Same land use
configuration• Double
intersection density on site
• 500,000 jobs within a 30 min transit trip
• 50,000 jobs within 1 mile
M
M
M
M
M
6,500 Daily Trips
Better Local and Regional Accessibility
An Example: Tysons Corner / Dulles Metro Extension
Existing Conditions…
Source: PB PlaceMaking “Tysons Corner: Path to the 21st Century: Draft Summary of Findings” Prepared for Tysons Land Use Task Force 27 February 2008
Planned Future…
Tysons: What’s the GHG Impact?
• Households built somewhere else in Fairfax County– 0.5 Million Metric Tons CO2 per year
• Increased transit share for work trips – 1.6 Million Metric Tons CO2 per year
• Retail and other trips staying “on-site”– 0.2 Million Metric Tons CO2 per year
• Total = 2.3 Million Metric Tons CO2 per year– More than double the reductions from Fairfax
County‘s current Climate Action Plan– About ¼ of the emissions from a coal fired power
plant (annual)
Take Away Points…
• Where and how you grow can reduce carbon footprint
• Good development can be a strategy to help communities meet their carbon reduction goals
• Some tools exist, more are needed– its an emerging area
Thank You Lynn Richards,
EPA’s Smart Growth Program
202-566-2858
But who you *really* want:
John Thomas, resident transportation geek
202 566 1285