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A synthesis of a series of national and regional consultations on the future of agricultural/ pastoral extension in Ethiopia by Amdissa Teshome.
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Pastoral Extension SystemPastoral Extension System
AMDISSA TESHOMEINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE
ETHIOPIAN ECONOMY ETHIOPIAN ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION
21-23 JULY 2011
ETHIOPIAwww.future-agricultures.org
ORIGIN OF THE PRESENTATION
• This is not a research output in the conventional sense
• It is a synthesis of a series of national and regional consultations on the future of agricultural/ pastoral extension– 2 National consultations– 4 Regional consultations– Paper presentations + group
discussions + field visits to FTCs and FRGs
No. of participants
National 70
Regional 129
Total 199
Papers Gov’t Non-gov Total
National 2 4 6
Regional 8 5 13
Total 10 9 19
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OBJECTIVE
• To explain why past extension systems have failed to serve pastoral livelihoods
• To present national and regional responses to the critics
• To provide some international perspective on PES
• To suggest some issues for consideration in the design of PES
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BACKGROUND
• Ethiopian agricultural extension system is 50-100 years old
• It has gone through numerous models of extension (almost testing ground for imported models)
• Overall transfer of technology (ToT) has been the dominant model
• Participatory approaches by NGOs (small scale)
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STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES
Strength • The largest public extension system in SSA• Close to 100% coverage in terms of DAs and
FTCs• ATVETs for human capacity • Extension is now seen as critical to the
agricultural transformation agenda• Continues to attract donor support
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Weaknesses • No standard definition of extension • DAs relatively strong on subject matter but weak
on key elements of extension (i.e. communication, facilitation)
• No guidance on generalist or specialist DAs• Public sector domination (lack of institutional
pluralism) • Crop dominated and yet the majority of farmers
do not apply the recommended rates
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PASTORAL EXTENSION• Pastoralism is about NRM, people/ institutions and
livestock. An extension system that fails to address these in a holistic manner is not a pastoral extension system
• None of the extension models experimented in the past had pastoralism as a component
• The livestock/rangeland development projects of the past did not have strong extension element. – top-down;
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– focused on infrastructure but no consideration for maintenance and sustainability
– paid no attention to the emergence of agro-pastoralism
– Insufficient attention to drought – No provision for private sector development– Conflict was not given due attention
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NATIONAL RESPONSE
• Voluntary resettlement to facilitate provision of basic services including extension
• There are several policy statements making direct reference to pastoral extension
• Pastoral/agro-pastoral Agricultural Extension System drafted (see below)
• Pastoral Extension Team within MoA
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• PCDP: a 15 year project - one of its objectives is to provide extension appropriate to pastoral areas
• Parliamentary Standing Committee• Pastoralist Day pioneered by PFE• Pastoral (PSNP) Taskforce
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The draft Pastoral/agro-pastoral Participatory Agricultural Extension System (MoA)
An independent reviewer made several observations:
• The use of “agricultural extension” is not appropriate
• The level of stakeholder consultation not clear• Lots of emphasis on crop production. It does not
consider the various pathways available to pastoral communities.
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• The challenges of conflict and cross-border trade not addressed.
• DRM and climate change adaptation not covered
Some strong points:• the potential role of indigenous institutions and
community leaders recognized• DAs to work with community groups and leaders• Packages prepared for (i) pastoral/agro-pastoral;
(ii) mobile and sedentary; (iii) dry and wet season grazing areas
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REGIONAL RESPONSES
OROMIYA • BPR process has led to considerable restructuring • Six core processes dedicated to extension as
opposed to one in most regions• Separate core processes for livestock and
pastoralism• Extension located in three bureaus (i) Bureau of
Agriculture; (ii) Livestock Production, Health and Marketing Agency; and (iii) Pastoral Development Commission
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• Public sector will continue to be the main provider of extension
• Linking pastoralists and agro-pastoralists to agro-industry and markets
• Conserving natural resources
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SNNPR
• Presently, agricultural extension model adopted in pastoral areas:– Crop production– Natural resources protection – Livestock and fishery – Rural women
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• Interventions specific to pastoral areas are:– Introduced camels– Provided milk processing technologies– Provided improved forage seeds– Constructed animal health posts– Assigned animal health workers – Constructed ponds
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Future directions: • Number and professional mix of DAs to reflect
pastoral realities• Shift from animal headcount to more productive
livestock• Produce and store forage; improve handling of
natural pasture; improve water supply; market facilities and information
• Supply drugs at affordable prices on a timely basis• Introduce revolving funds using livestock as
collateral
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Proposed extesnion model - SNNPR
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Pastoral/agro-pastoral
Extension system
Water dev’t & utilisation
extension
Natural resources dev’t
& protection extension
Social services
extension
Land administration & utilisation
extension
Lowland agric. Dev’t extension
Early warning extension
Marketing extension
Animal health extension
Animal production extension
Forage/pasture extension
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Critic of Regional responses:• No mention of indigenous knowledge (people+
institutions)• Multiple agency involvement may generate
conflicting extension messages from different sources
• Institutions are either new or have no previous experience in extension
• Continued public sector dominance• Focusing on reducing livestock numbers.
Pastoralists have a reason for keeping livestock!
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INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Why is Ethiopia finding it difficult to put in place a PES?
• There is no as such a strong/ replicable PES experience worldwide.
• A pluralism of models/approaches is used in most countries in Asia and Africa.
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Country Extension approach/model
Angola Rural development and extension programme; FFS
Benin Participatory management; decentralised model; FFS
B. Faso FFS
Cameroon National agricultural extension; FFS
Ethiopia SG-2000 approach (modified T&V); PADETS; FFS (by NGO); Research-Extension Council
Ghana Unified extension system (modified T&V); pluralistic with NGOs and private companies as part of the national system; decentralised; FFS
Kenya Pluralistic system; FFS; DD driven; group based extension
Malawi Pluralistic; DD driven; decentralised; “one village one product”; FFS
Mali Modified T&V; both private and pastoral services for cotton; FFS; SG-2000
Mozambique Government-led pluralistic extension; FFS
Nigeria FFS; participatory; SG-2000
Rwanda Participatory; pluralistic; specialised bottom up approach; FFS
Tanzania FFS; group-based; SG-2000; private extension; pluralism
Uganda Pluralism; National Agricultural Advisory Service
Zambia Participatory extension approach; FFS
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Key issues in designing PES:• Participation of pastoral people (IK is key)• Provision of appropriate services (inc. mobile)• Livelihood diversification• Access to all markets (local/international) not only
for livestock but also for a range of products• Technical support which build on adaptive
capacities of pastoralists• Conflict avoidance• Expand financial services• Meet basic needs of women and empower them• Involve relevant stakeholders
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