Poultry production in Ethiopia: An overview

Poultry production in Ethiopia: an overview

CH4D research team

Presented by Tadelle Dessie Chicken Health 4 Development Project Launch

ILRI, Addis Ababa 18 January 2011

Contents

• Introduction • Past research and

developement attempts– Pullet, fetile egg and cock

distrbution

• Studies on the village system (1990‘s)

• What can we learn from past attempts

Contents

Introduction

Past research and

developement attempts

Pullet, fetile egg and cock

distrbution

Studies on the village system

(1990‘s)

What can we learn from past

attempts

Poultry

• Fulfilling different purposes in different times

• Transformed to big industry –in north

• Forms of production systems in DC’s

• Large in number and wider in distribution

Introduction

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Production systems in Ethiopia

• Village production system• Commercial production system• Small scale production system

Based on:

• Objectives of the producer• Type and number of animals• Management system followed

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Past research and developement attempts

• Pullets, fertile eggs and cocks• Private farms started

• Aimed at increasing Pn and pvity

Little attention to the system and animals

Modern poultry production - 1950’s

• But it was with out testing the locals

Even though local chicken have:-a number of fitness treats-Good mothers-Requires low input etc

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Studies on the village poultry proction systems

(1990‘s)

• Four PhD theses • Thesis based works

• A number of MSc theses

Starting from the 1990’s –local ecotypes

• A number of DVM theses

local ecotypesExotic birds as a reference breed

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Main objective

To advance a system oriented identification, characterisation and evaluation of local chicken

ecotypes and the system

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Specific objectives

• Asses functions and importance of chicken production systems

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Specific objectives

• Assess functions and importance of chicken production systems

• Understand production objectives and purposes

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Specific objectives



• Valuate performance traits

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Specific objectives



• Valuate performance traits • Identify and analyse constraints and

opportunities

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Specific objectives




opportunities • Evaluate the phenotypic

performance (both intake and output traits)

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Specific objectives




opportunities • Evaluate the phenotypic performance

(both intake and output traits) • Estimate the genetic distance

between and within the ecotypes

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Specific objectives




opportunities • Evaluate the phenotypic performance

(both intake and output traits) • Estimate the genetic distance

between and within the ecotypes

• Breed improvement –selection- on station- egg production

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Materials & Methods

• Module I: On-farm investigation of poultry systems and ecotypes

• Module II: On-station perfomance evaluation of the different ecotypes of local chicken

• Module III: Measuring the genetic distance between and within the different chicken ecotypes

• Module IV: Breed improvement -selection

Four program modules/approches:Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Module IOn-farm investigations

Structures of the studies

• agro-ecological zones– Ranges 2 to 7 zones

• A number of market sheds from each agro-ecological zone – One to two villages / market shed

• 25 to 30 households from each village

150 to 350 households

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Module IOn-farm investigation

Methods of data collection

• Structured questionnaire integrated With Participatory methods• Transect walk and • Recall survey

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Materials

• Two to seven ecotypes (Eggs from Households or layers from the

market)• Reference breed (White leghorn, Fayoumi)

Module IIOn-station investigation

Management chicks• Agricultural Research Centres and HLI’s• Deep litter system• Feed on starter and grower rations• Vaccinated for NCD

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

Data collected• Body weight - every two weeks

• Feed intake -daily

• Mortality -when it occurs

• Carcass and related traits

• Egg production traits

• Functional traits e.g. Fertility and

hatchability

• Disease resistance is not considered

Module IIOn-station investigation

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



distrbution


(1990‘s)


attempts

DNA Isolation

Genomic DNA

Wholeblood

3 … n=251 2Ecotype 1

Ecotype 7

.

.

Module IIIMeasuring the genetic

distanceContents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)

What can we learn from

past attempts

Genetic markers• Microsatellite markers

Module IIIMeasuring the genetic

distance

- 10 to 25 primers

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Highlights of results

a aabb

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Village production system

• >80% of meat and egg• >90% of chicken population

• Source of protein and small cash

Predominant production system

• Continuous predominance of markets

• Preferred by local consumers

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Hen performance history

a aabb

50% of chicks died

Non -stimulated46 eggs/year

-Disease-Predation-Feed-Information

• Constraints

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Hen performance history and measures to improve laying

a aabb

Stimulated76 eggs/year

50% of chicks died

Non -stimulated46 eggs/year

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Input-output relationships

ReproductionSaleConsumptionManure

Output

Market value

Non-market value-Cleaning the environment

-Socio-religious function-Tick control

Foundation stock Replacement stock Grain supplements

-SFRB

Market value

Non-market value

Input

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

• Prevalence rate - 97.5%

• Prevalent disease – 98.2% – Newcastle (locally ‘fengil’ or

‘kofis’)

• Mortality- 31.4% - 66.8%

• Treatment – 95% – used Traditional method (Ethno-

veterinary)

• Vaccination – 3.6%

• Treatment – 8.9 %

Health & Disease control measures

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Mean use pattern of chicken (%)

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

• Major functions village birds:

1st. Sale as source of income (51.4%)

2nd. Hatching (Replacement) (45%),3rd. Home consumption (44.3%), 4th. Socio cultural and/or religious

functions (36.4%), &

• Major functions of Eggs:1st. Hatching (71.7 %),2nd. Sale for income (58 %) and 3rd. Home consumption (68.6%).

Mean live body weight (+SE) of chicken ecotypes

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Ecotypes

Liv

e b

od

y w

eig

ht

(g)

Day old 42 d 84 d 126 d

a d c b

e e

a

c b b

c c

a

c b b

c c

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Mean live body weight (+ SE)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

8 weeks 10 weeks 12 weeks 18 weeks

Ages

Mea

n liv

e bo

dy w

eigh

t (g)

Male Female

36%

35%

39%

36%

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

0

2

4

6

8

10

Tilili

Horro

Chefe

Jars

oTep

i

Fayou

mi

Ecotype

AD

G (

g)

0

2

4

6

8

10

FC

R

Average Daily Gain (ADG)

Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

Mean daily body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

0

2

4

6

8

10

Tilili

Horro

Chefe

Jars

oTep

i

Fayou

mi

Ecotype

AD

G (

g)

0

2

4

6

8

10

FC

R


Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)a

c b bc

d d


Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

0

2

4

6

8

10

Tilili

Horro

Chefe

Jars

oTep

i

Fayou

mi

Ecotype

AD

G (

g)

0

2

4

6

8

10

FC

R


Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)


a a

b b

a a

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Coefficients of variation (%) of live body weight (Animal-

level)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Ecotype

Co

eff

icie

nt

of

va

ria

tio

n (

%)

Male Female

22-37 %

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Mean Heterozygosity levels (gene diversity level)

Ecotypes Het. %

Tilili 63Horro 57Chefe 63Jarso 55Tepi 61Fayoumi 60

- 4% (MCW78 in Jarso) to 92%(ADL268 in Tilili)- Desplys high within ecotype genetic variation

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Unbiased standard genetic distance

(pairwise ecotype comparisons)-Retrieved using 100 permutations and 100 bootstrap replicates

Ecotypes Tilili Horro Chefe Jarso Tepi Fay.Tilili ***Horro 0.047 ***Chefe 0.095 0.089 ***Jarso 0.102 0.108 0.089 ***Tepi 0.094 0.094 0.193 0.188 ***Fayoumi 0.251 0.254 0.336 0.351 0.307 ***

- Moderate genetic divergence among ecotypes

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Neighbour Joining tree (unbiased standard genetic distance)

-Assorted the ecotypes according their origin-Bootstrapping values were between 53 to 100 % in NJ trees-Local ecotypes formed two distinct groups-cluster

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Correlation between genetic and geographic distances

r=0.62

-Isolation by distance based on normalised mantel statisticContents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Summary of the study results!

• The production system:– Indigenous and integral part of the

farming system– Form the basis for transforming from

subsistence to more economically productive system based on:

Semi-scavenging model that combined technical improvement with institutional and organisational support aiming at increasing flock productivity

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts


•The ecotypes: Fairly large variation

between ecotypes and presence of reasonable genetic divergence

Thus, it is recommended that testing the combing ablity by crossing between distant ecotypes

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts


• The ecotypes:

The existance of large between bird variation within ecotypes for most traits and the presence of high hetrozygosity values as a gene diversity level

It is therefore, important to use this variability for rapid improvement of

local ecotypes through selection

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts


• The ecotypes:

High genetic variation manfested: ...moderate genetic divergence among ecotypes...unique alleles in most of tested loci…high microsatellite polymorphism...large number of alleles…high heterozygosity values

Sustainable utilisation and conservation.However more detailed stdy using more microsatllite loci and genome wide genotyping

for traits of interest is recommended

Contents

Introduction

Past research and



(1990‘s)


past attempts

Technology

Poultry production in Ethiopia: An overview