INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

1 History1 History 1.1 Early telecommunications1.1 Early telecommunications1.2 The telegraph and the telephone 1.2 The telegraph and the telephone 1.3 Radio and television1.3 Radio and television

1.4 Computer networks and the 1.4 Computer networks and the InternetInternet

2 Key concepts2 Key concepts2.1 Basic elements 2.1 Basic elements 2.2 Analog versus digital 2.2 Analog versus digital

communicationscommunications2.3 Telecommunication networks2.3 Telecommunication networks2.4 Communication channels2.4 Communication channels2.5 Modulation2.5 Modulation

3 Society and telecommunication3 Society and telecommunication3.1 Economic impact3.1 Economic impact

3.1.1 Microeconomics 3.1.1 Microeconomics 3.1.2 Macroeconomics 3.1.2 Macroeconomics

3.2 Social impact 3.2 Social impact f3.3 Other impacts f3.3 Other impacts

4 Telecommunication and 4 Telecommunication and governmentgovernment

5 Modern telecommunication5 Modern telecommunication5.1 Telephone5.1 Telephone5.2 Radio and television5.2 Radio and television5.3 The Internet5.3 The Internet5.4 Local Area Networks and Wide Area 5.4 Local Area Networks and Wide Area

NetworksNetworks6 Telecommunication by region6 Telecommunication by region

MODERN TELECOMMODERN TELECOM

TELEPHONE TELEPHONE 5.1 Mobile telephone5.1 Mobile telephone5.2 Landlines5.2 Landlines

TelephoneTelephone On landlines, intra-circle calls are considered On landlines, intra-circle calls are considered

local calls while inter-circle are considered local calls while inter-circle are considered long distance calls. Currently Government is long distance calls. Currently Government is working to integrate the whole country in working to integrate the whole country in one telecom circle. For long distance calls, one telecom circle. For long distance calls, the area code prefixed with a zero is dialed the area code prefixed with a zero is dialed first which is then followed by the number first which is then followed by the number (i.e. To call (i.e. To call Delhi, 011 would be dialed first , 011 would be dialed first followed by the phone number). For followed by the phone number). For international calls, "00" must be dialed first international calls, "00" must be dialed first followed by the followed by the country code, , area code and and local local phone number. The country code for . The country code for India is 91.India is 91.

Telephone Subscribers (Wireless and Telephone Subscribers (Wireless and Landline):Landline): 787.28 million (Oct 2010) 787.28 million (Oct 2010)

Land Lines:Land Lines: 35.09 million (Oct 2010) 35.09 million (Oct 2010)Cell phones:Cell phones: 752.19 million (Oct 2010) 752.19 million (Oct 2010)Monthly Cell phone Addition:Monthly Cell phone Addition: 22.62 22.62

million (Dec 2010) million (Dec 2010) Teledensity:Teledensity: 66.16% (Dec 2010) 66.16% (Dec 2010) Projected Teledensity:Projected Teledensity: 1 billion, 84% 1 billion, 84%

of population by 2012.of population by 2012.

Mobile telephonesMobile telephones

India is divided into 23 telecom India is divided into 23 telecom circles. They are listed below: circles. They are listed below:

AssamAndhra PradeshBihar & & JharkhandChennaiDelhi & & NCRGujarat & & Daman & DiuHaryanaHimachal PradeshJammu and KashmirKarnatakaKerala & & Lakshadweep

KolkataMadhya Pradesh & & ChhattisgarhMaharashtra (excluding Mumbai) & (excluding Mumbai) & GoaMumbaiNorth Eastern States (North Eastern States (

Arunachal Pradesh, , Manipur, , Meghalaya, , Mizoram, , Nagaland, & , & Tripura))

OrissaPunjab

RajasthanTamil Nadu excluding Chennai & excluding Chennai &

PuducherryEastern Eastern Uttar PradeshWestern Western Uttar Pradesh & &

UttarakhandWest Bengal (excluding Kolkata), (excluding Kolkata),

Andaman & Nicobar Islands & & Sikkim

The following table gives details The following table gives details regarding the subscriber base of regarding the subscriber base of each Mobile Service Provider in India each Mobile Service Provider in India as of 31 December 2010as of 31 December 2010

A list of ten states (including the A list of ten states (including the metros Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai metros Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in their respective states) with the in their respective states) with the largest subscriber base as of Oct largest subscriber base as of Oct 31st 2010 is given below31st 2010 is given below

LandlinesLandlines

The list of eight states (including the The list of eight states (including the metros Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai metros Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in their respective states) with in their respective states) with largest subscriber base as of largest subscriber base as of September 2009 is given below September 2009 is given below

InternetInternet

Low Speed Broadband (256 Low Speed Broadband (256 kbit/s - 2 mbit/s)kbit/s - 2 mbit/s)

The current definition of Broadband The current definition of Broadband in India is speeds of 256 kbit/s. TRAI in India is speeds of 256 kbit/s. TRAI on July 2009 has recommended on July 2009 has recommended raising this limit to 2 Mbit/s.raising this limit to 2 Mbit/s.[43]

High Speed Broadband (over 2 Mbit/s)High Speed Broadband (over 2 Mbit/s) Airtel has launched plans up to 16 Mbit/s on has launched plans up to 16 Mbit/s on

ADSL2+ enabled lines and is piloting new 30 ADSL2+ enabled lines and is piloting new 30 Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s plans in limited areas.Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s plans in limited areas.[44]

Beam Telecom offers plans up to 6 Mbit/s for offers plans up to 6 Mbit/s for home users and has 20 Mbit/s plans available for home users and has 20 Mbit/s plans available for power users in only Hyderabad city.power users in only Hyderabad city.[45]

BSNL offers ADSL up to 8 Mbit/s in many cities.It offers ADSL up to 8 Mbit/s in many cities.It also started offering FTTH speeds ranging from also started offering FTTH speeds ranging from 256Kbps to 100Mbps.256Kbps to 100Mbps.[46]

Hayai Broadband will offer FTTH services up to will offer FTTH services up to 100 Mbit/s, with an Internal network speed of 1 100 Mbit/s, with an Internal network speed of 1 Gbit/s.Gbit/s.

Honesty Net Solutions offers Broadband over offers Broadband over Cable at up to 4 Mbit/s.Cable at up to 4 Mbit/s.

MTNL offers VDSL at speeds up to 20 Mbit/s in offers VDSL at speeds up to 20 Mbit/s in selected areas selected areas [47]

StatisticsStatistics

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) Internet Service Providers (ISPs) & Hosts:& Hosts: 86,571 86,571

Country code (Top-level domain): (Top-level domain): .in

BroadcastingBroadcasting

AIR Radio Tower

Radio broadcast stations:Radio broadcast stations: AM 153, 153, FM 91, 91, shortwave 68 (1998), 68 (1998), Domestica Radio,,Broadcasting

Radios:Radios: 116 million (1997) 116 million (1997)Television terrestrial broadcast Television terrestrial broadcast

stations:stations: 562 (of which 82 stations 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)power) (1997)

Next generation networks Next generation networks Indian telecom networks are not so Indian telecom networks are not so

intensive as developed country’s intensive as developed country’s telecom networks and India's telecom networks and India's teledensity is low only in rural areas. teledensity is low only in rural areas. 670,000 route kilometers (419,000 670,000 route kilometers (419,000 miles) of miles) of optical fibres has been laid in has been laid in India by the major operators, even in India by the major operators, even in remote areas and the process remote areas and the process continues. continues. BSNL alone, has laid alone, has laid optical fibre to 30,000 to 30,000 Telephone Exchanges out of their 36 out of their 36 ExchangesExchanges

InternationalInternationalNine satellite earth stations - 8 Nine satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat

((Indian Ocean) and 1 ) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian (Indian Ocean region).Ocean region).Microwave

Nine gateway exchanges operating Nine gateway exchanges operating from from Mumbai, , New Delhi, , Kolkata, , Chennai, , Jalandhar, , Kanpur, , Gandhinagar, , Hyderabad and and Ernakulam..

Submarine cablesSubmarine cablesLOCOM linking Chennai to linking Chennai to Penang, ,

MalaysiaIndia-UAEcable linking linking Mumbai to to

Al Fujayrah, UAE., UAE.SEA-ME-WE 2 (South East Asia-Middle (South East Asia-Middle

East-Western Europe 2)East-Western Europe 2)SEA-ME-WE 3 (South East Asia-Middle (South East Asia-Middle

East-Western Europe 3) - Landing East-Western Europe 3) - Landing sites at sites at Cochin and and Mumbai. Capacity . Capacity of 960 Gbit/s.of 960 Gbit/s.

Telecom Training in IndiaTelecom Training in India

The incumbent telecom operators (BSNL The incumbent telecom operators (BSNL & MTNL) have maintained several & MTNL) have maintained several telecom training centres at regional, telecom training centres at regional, circle and district level. BSNL has three circle and district level. BSNL has three national level institutions, namely national level institutions, namely Advanced Level Telecom Training Advanced Level Telecom Training CentreCentre (ALTTC) at Ghaziabad, UP; (ALTTC) at Ghaziabad, UP; Bharat Ratna Bhim Rao Ambedkar Bharat Ratna Bhim Rao Ambedkar Institute Of Telecom Training at Jabalpur, Institute Of Telecom Training at Jabalpur, MP; and National Academy of Telecom MP; and National Academy of Telecom Finance and Management.Finance and Management.

Communication Industry in Communication Industry in IndiaIndia

The Communication Industry in India The Communication Industry in India is one of the rapidly emerging is one of the rapidly emerging sectors in India and is estimated to sectors in India and is estimated to surface as the second biggest surface as the second biggest international telecom market international telecom market

Future of Communication Industry Future of Communication Industry in Indiain India

Indian Communication Industry has a Indian Communication Industry has a flourishing future in its value-added flourishing future in its value-added services market. The pre-set target of services market. The pre-set target of the 11th plan from FY 2007 - 12 is to the 11th plan from FY 2007 - 12 is to provide 600 million cellular phone provide 600 million cellular phone connectivity aided by an investment connectivity aided by an investment of USD 74 billion.of USD 74 billion.

Moreover, it is estimated that by the Moreover, it is estimated that by the FY 2012 the profits generated by FY 2012 the profits generated by Indian Communication Industry will Indian Communication Industry will touch USD 55 billion against the touch USD 55 billion against the current USD 31 billion.current USD 31 billion.

Indian Telecom Industry Facts

One of the fastest growing cellular markets in the world in terms of number of subscriber additions – 19.35 million in 3 months (April to June 2007) Expected to reach total subscriber base of about 500 million by 2010 (i.e., more than one phone for every household)

Annual growth rate of the telecom subscribers – 47 percent (2006–07)

More GSM subscribers than fixed-line subscribers

Total telecom subscribers – 225.21 million (June 2007)

Tele density – 19.86 percent (June 2007)

Number of new mobile subscribers added every month – 7.34 million (June 2007)

ARPU for GSM – USD 6.6 per month

Telecom equipment market – USD 17,100 million (2006–07)

Handset market – USD 4,750 million (2006–07)

Major Players in different Major Players in different segments of Indian telecom segments of Indian telecom

industryindustry Basic Services Operators

BSNL

MTNL

Reliance

TTSL

MOBILE SERVICES

Airtel

Vodafone

Idea

Reliance

BSNL

GSM Services Operators

Internet Services Operators

BSNL

MTNL

Reliance

TTSL

Airtel

CDMA Services Operators

Reliance

TTSL

BSNL

Type State-owned enterpriseIndustry Telecommunication

Founded 19th century, incorporated 2000

Headquarters New Delhi, India

Key people Gopal Das ( CMD)

Products

Wireless

Telephone

Internet

Television

Revenue 32,045 crore (US$ 7.27 billion) (2009-10)[1]

Net income 575 crore (US$ 130.53 million) (2009-10)

Employees 299,840 (March 31, 2009)[2]

Website Bsnl.co.in

Type Public  

Industry TelecommunicationsFounded 7 July 1995 (1995-07-07)Founder(s) Sunil Bharti MittalHeadquarters New Delhi, India

Area served South Asian & African countries and the Channel Islands

Key people

Sunil Mittal(Chairman) and (MD)Sanjay Kapoor(CEO)

Products

WirelessTelephoneInternetSatellite television

Revenue 35,699.27 crore (US$ 8.1 billion) (2009) [1]

Net income 9,426.16 crore (US$ 2.14 billion) (2009)[1]

Employees 25,543 (2009)[2]

ParentBharti Enterprises (63.56%)SingTel (32.04%)Vodafone (4.4%)

Website Airtel.in

Type Joint Venture

Industry Mobile telecommunications

Founded 1999

Headquarters Gurgaon

Key peopleSandip Das, CEO

Gurdeep Singh, COO

ProductsMobileTelecommunication

operator

Parent

Maxis Communications

(74%)

Apollo Hospital (26%)

Website Aircel.com

Type Public

Founder(s) Dhirubhai Ambani(2004)

Industry Telecommunications

Headquarters ,serving area Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra,

Key people Anil Ambani (Chair man) Satish Seth (MD)Products Wireless Telephone Internet Data Cards Recharge Vouchers Television

Revenue 22,948 crore

Net income 6,045 crore

Employees 31,884

Parent Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani

Type Limited

Industry Mobile telecommunications

Founder(s) Predecessor Hutchison Essar (1994)

Headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra

Products Mobile , networks, . Owner(s) Vodafone Group (67%) Essar Group (33%)On September 20, 2007 Hutch became Vodafone in one of the biggest brand transition exercises in recent times.

The marketing brand was officially changed to Vodafone on 20 September 2007.

2001:A 'You and I' print advertisement of Hutch featuring Cheeka (dog)

Type Public

Industry Telecommunications

Founded 1995

Headquarters Santacruz East, Mumbai, IndiaKey people Kumar Mangalam Birla(Chairman) Sanjeev Aga(MD) Rajat Mukharjee (VP Corporate Affairs) Products Mobile

Revenue 12,447.08 crore

Net income 953.94 crore(2010) Parent Aditya Birla Group (49.05%) Axiata Group Berhad (15%) Providence Equity (10.6%) WEBSITE www.ideacellular.com

Type Public

Industry Telecommunications

Founded 1996

Headquarters Navi Mumbai, India Key people Mr. Ratan N.

Tata (Chairman) Anil Kumar Sardana(MD)

Products Wireless Telephone Internet Television

Employees 350,000Parent Tata Group Divisions Tata

Indicom (CDMA) Tata DoCoMo (GSM) Virgin Mobile India (CDMA/GSM)

Website Tatateleservices.com

0

10

20

30

40

50

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007At Year Ending March

Tel

eden

sity

(%

)

Urban Total Rural

Urban Rural Teledensity in India

4G4GFourth-Generation Cellular Communication System

AgendaAgenda

Introduction Evolution of Data Standards WiMAXThe Road Ahead Closing Thoughts

4G Definition4G Definition

4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies and protocols aimed at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data.

4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100 Mbps while moving and 1 Gbps while stationary.

Fourth Generation Cellular Communication (4G)

Evolution of Data Evolution of Data StandardsStandards

The radio telephone system preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology (1G).

The radio telephone system contained one central antenna tower per region. The central antenna required radio phones to have a powerful transmitter, capable of transmitting up to 50 miles. The number of radio telephones per region was limited by the number of available channels.

Unlike closed radio systems, radio telephones were connected to the public telephone network and were typically mounted in cars, trucks, and briefcases.

Zero Generation Mobile Systems (0G)

Evolution of Data Evolution of Data StandardsStandards

The 1G cellular telephone system divided cities into small cells. This division allowed extensive frequency reuse across a city, allowing millions to use cell phones simultaneously.

1G cell phone technology encompassed analog standards introduced in the 1980s and continued until replaced by 2G digital cell phones.

First Generation Cellular Communication (1G)

Evolution of Data Evolution of Data StandardsStandards

Second Generation Cellular Communication (2G) 2G digital technologies can be divided into two standards:

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) - GSM: Originally from Europe but used worldwide - iDEN: Proprietary network used by Nextel in the US - PDC: Used exclusively in Japan

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - IS-95: Commonly referred to as CDMA and used in the Americas and parts of Asia

Evolution of Data Evolution of Data StandardsStandards

Third Generation Cellular Communication (3G)

3G networks provide the ability to transfer voice data and non-voice data (music downloads, emails and instant messaging) over the same network simultaneously.

3G networks deliver broadband capacity and support greater numbers of voice and data customers at lower incremental costs than 2G.

Standards: - W-CDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

- EVDO: Evolution-Data Optimized

3G vs. 4G3G vs. 4G

Less Complexity, Faster Transmission

Unlike the 3G networks which are a combination of circuit switched and packet switched networks, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will allow low-latency data transmission.

3G

Leading U.S. Carrier 3G EVDO network currently averages 400 to 700 Kbps with peak

rates up to 2 Mbps.

4G

International Carrier is testing 4G communication at 100 Mbps while moving, and 1

Gbps while stationary.

3G vs. 4G3G vs. 4G

010

2030

4050

6070

8090

100

Mb

ps

3G 4G

4G Possibilities4G Possibilities

Enhanced Mobile Gaming

Experience enhanced wireless capabilities that deliver mobile gaming interaction with latency less than five milliseconds.

Play online multiplayer games while traveling at high speeds or sitting outside.

4G Possibilities4G Possibilities

Personal Media Repository

Create a personal media repository that can be accessed from home and on the road to view photos, watch movies and listen to your personal music collection.

4G4G3G3G

2G2G1G1G0G0G

4G Possibilities4G Possibilities

Virtual Presence

Use hologram-generating virtual reality programs that provide an artificial presence just about anywhere.

For example, decide if you want to personally respond when someone rings your front door while you are away from home.

4G4G3G3G

2G2G1G1G0G0G

4G Possibilities4G Possibilities

Broadband Access in Remote Locations

4G networks will provide a wireless alternative for broadband access to residential and business customers.

In addition, 4G will provide the first opportunity for broadband access in remote locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL access.

4G4G3G3G

2G2G1G1G0G0G

WiMAXWiMAX

World Interoperability for Microwave AccessThere are two main applications of WiMAX:

1) Fixed WiMAX (IEEE 802.16-2004) - Fixed WiMAX applications are point-to-multipoint enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL for homes and businesses.

2) Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) - Mobile WiMAX offers the full mobility of cellular networks at true broadband speeds.

WiMAX AdoptionWiMAX AdoptionFixed WiMAX Adoption

Fixed WiMAX is currently available however the adoption rate is impacted by the high cost of equipment in comparison to cable or DSL.

Fixed WiMAX provides greater benefits for developing countries that do not already have physical infrastructure to support wired broadband access.

Mobile WiMAX Adoption

Mobile WiMAX equipment will arrive to carriers toward the end of 2007. However, mobile equipment testing typically takes between 12 to 18 months before the equipment is introduced to the consumer market.

WiMAXWiMAXFixed WiMAX Architecture

WiMAXWiMAXMobile WiMAX Architecture

4G Access Options4G Access Options

Embed 4G technology into all end-user devices

Develop mobile personal gateways

Develop external interfaces with 4G peripherals

Embedded Laptop Partnerships

Potential 4G Peripherals

Smaller footprint peripherals have a greater potential to support multiple devices.

PCMCIA Express Card USB Compact Flash Secure Digital

Closing ThoughtsThe lack of clarity and overuse of the term 4G could prove its biggest opportunity, or could spell its premature demise.

As carriers begin to rollout 3G the term 4G may be rendered meaningless by lack of definition.

However, the rollout of mobile broadband will have a profound impact on the way we work and live.

Closing Thoughts