- 1. Eric Stormer Virginia Cooperative Extension Norfolk
Unit
2. Site selection Soil preparation Purchasing plants Planting
Soil management Pruning & training Sanitation Harvest 3. Bud
Cross-pollination Precocity Incomplete (flower) Complete (flower)
Vector Rootstock Ever-bearing Cultivar Photoperiod Chilling hours
Scion Family Genus Species 4. Size of planting Available space;
spacing requirements Adaptability to site Bearing age influenced by
rootstock Life expectancy Anticipated yields Pollination
requirements 5. The Byrne and Bacon explanation of calculations
used by the Utah model: The Pomology Weather Services program
calculations for the Utah model: 1 hour below 34F = 0.0 chill unit
1 hour 35 - 36F = 0.5 chill units 1 hour 37 - 48F = 1.0 chill units
1 hour 49 - 54F = 0.5 chill units 1 hour 55 - 60F = 0.0 chill units
1 hour 61 - 65F = -0.5 chill units 1 hour >65F = -1.0 chill
units 1 hour below 34F = 0.0 chill unit 1 hour 34.01 - 36F = 0.5
chill unit 1 hour 36.01 - 48F = 1.0 chill unit 1 hour 48.01 - 54F =
0.5 chill unit 1 hour 54.01 - 60F = 0.0 chill unit 1 hour 60.01 -
65F = -0.5 chill unit 1 hour >65.01F = -1.0 chill unit 6. Sleep
Hunting 7. If used, sprays programs must be closely followed for
best results Earlier maturing fruits are less likely to be affected
than later maturing fruits Prune/Thin regularly to ensure coverage
Plant dwarf or semi-dwarf trees 8. Collect and burn debris Remove
and destroy dropped fruit Rake and burn apple and cherry leaves
Scrape and remove loose bark from trunks, crotches and main limbs
of trees Prune out and destroy dead and diseased limbs, branches
and twigs 9. Fragaria X ananassa (Strawberry) Malus domestica
(Apple) Prunus cerasus; P. avium (Cherry) Pyrus communis; P.
pyrifolia (Pear) Prunus domestica; P. salicina (Plum) Prunus
persica (Peach, Nectarine) Rubus spp. (Blackberry) Rubus idaeus; R.
occidentalis (Raspberry) 10. Spiraeoideae the Spirea subfamily
Rosoideae the Rose subfamily Amygdaloideae the Peach subfamily
Maloideae the Apple subfamily 11. Spiraeoideae few (5); free
superior follicles 9 Rosoideae many superior achenes or druplets 7
or 9 Amygdaloideae 1 - 5 superior drupe 8 Maloideae 2 - 5 inferior
pome 17 Subfamily Carpels Ovary Fruit Chromosomes The Four
Subfamilies of the Rosaceae 12. Malus domestica, Golden Delicious
13. Malus domestica, Ginger Gold Malus domestica, Summer Rambo 14.
Malus domestica, Gold Rush Malus domestica, Enterprise 15. Prunus
avium, L. Napoleon syn. Royal Ann Prunus avium, L. Windsor 16.
Blackgold Emperor Francis Royalton 17. North Star Montmorency 18.
European Pear Pyrus communis cvs. Asian Pear Pyrus pyrifolia cvs.
19. Harrow Delight Moonglow Seckel 20. Kieffer New Century 21.
European Plum, Prunus domestica Japanese Plum, Prunus salicina 22.
European Plum Prunus domestica, cv. 23. White Hale Peach Flavortop
Nectarine 24. Full sun Avoid frost pockets Avoid low/wet spots
Avoid exposure to strong prevailing winds Fertile, sandy loam high
in organic matter is best Space availability; avoid overcrowding
results in low yields, weak plants and can foster diseases. 25.
Inspect plants upon arrival Roots should be moist, and have a
bright, fresh appearance Shriveled roots indicate that plants
froze, dried out (or both) in storage or in transit. 26. If cannot
be set immediately, heal in or keep in cold storage If in cold
storage, wrap roots in plastic to prevent drying Store plants at
temperatures just above freezing, to discourage growth 27.
Blackberry Rubus spp. Red Raspberry Rubus idaeus 28. Black
Raspberry Rubus occidentalis L. 29. Plant vigor Productivity
Quality of fruit produced Disease resistance of cultivar grown 30.
Produce a crop during 2 to 3 week period Tend to produce larger
fruits than other types Are sub-classified as early, mid-season and
late producers Tend to produce more runners (stolons) than other
types 31. Produce 3 periods of fruiting (spring, summer and fall)
Do not produce many runners Generally less vigorous and less
productive than regular (June bearing) cultivars Ozark Beauty is
the only cultivar recommended in eastern Virginia by VCE 32. Plants
dont respond to day length the way other conventional cultivars do
Continue to bear fruit over a longer period of time than other
types Produce few runners; are well suited to limited space
(terraced beds, barrels, as edging plants and ground covers)
Recommended cultivars include Tribute and Tristar 33. Where late
frosts occur, select a slightly hire site; air drainage pH
preferably 5.6 6.5 Soil must be thoroughly prepared; loose, free of
lumps 34. Avoid planting early varieties on south facing slopes
Avoid planting where tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants (Solanaceae
Family) have been grown Avoid setting plants in soil recently in
sod; plant a clean-cultivated crop on the site for 1 2 years prior
to planting; grubs, ants can otherwise be problematic 35. Select
virus-free one year old plants Set plants in early spring, 3 4
weeks prior to last expected frost Space at least 12 apart, in rows
3 3.5 apart Plant crown at soil level Spread roots, firm soil
carefully to avoid air pockets 36. Cultivate for weed control
approximately every 2 weeks In colder area, winter mulch with straw
or pine needles, 2 4 deep; remove half after last spring frost 37.
If soil analysis dictates, fertilize (10-10-10) at a rate of 1 lb.
per 100 feet of row, and cultivate into soil prior to planting
Brush fertilizer off of foliage If growing in heavy soils, avoid
fertilizing in spring If growing in sandy soils, spring fertilize
before growth begins 38. Best for June-bearing cultivars Set plants
18 24 apart, and allow runner plants to become established in all
directions in a row 16 18 wide, to encourage good grade of fruit,
and ease in picking 39. Limits the number of daughter plants
growing from the mother plant; all late formed runners are removed
as they appear Retained daughter plants are set by hand, usually 6
12 apart Advantages: higher yields; larger berries; fewer disease
problems 40. During first growing season, remove all flowers of
June bearing strawberries as soon as they appear Encourages
development of roots, runners Ensures large crop subsequent year
41. Remove blossoms until the end of June, after which allow
flowers to set fruit for summer/fall harvest Allow plants to fruit
second year; consider replacement afterwards 42. If in vigorous
condition, may be retained another year, up to four years
Immediately after harvest, mow off foliage 1 above crowns and
remove Fertilize; narrow rows to 6 12 width; thin plants to 4 6
spacing; water (1 weekly) to promote new growth Fertilize again in
fall; mulch after frost 43. Purchase virus-free plants Plant in
well-drained soil to reduce likelihood of disease, such as red
stele (Phytophthera fragariae) Rotate planting site every 3 4 years
Remove damaged fruits during harvest Renovate beds properly Monitor
and control insects and weeds 44. Sugar content is highest and
flavor best when strawberries develop overall red color and fully
ripen prior to harvest Harvesting may be necessary every day during
peak season Pick berries by the stem to prevent bruising 45.
Northern highbush (V. corymbosum L.) Rabbiteye (V. ashei Read)
Lowbush (V. angustifolium,V. myrtilloides, and possibly V. britonii
and V. lamarckii.) Southern highbush (V. corymbosum hybrids of V.
darrowi, V. ashei, and other souther spp.) Half-high highbush (V.
corymbosum X V. angustifolium) 46. Vaccinium, Rahi 47. Vaccinium,
San Joaquin 48. Vaccinium, Pink Lemonade 49. American (Bunch)
Grapes, includes the Fox Grape, Vitis lambrusca, and inter-
specific hybrids 50. Wine Grapes inter-specific hybrids, as well as
cultivars of the European wine grape, V. vinifera 51. Muscadine
Grapes, Vitis rotundifolia syn. Muscadinia rotundifolia 52. Plant
in full sun Perform best in fertile, sandy loam, high in organic
matter pH of 6.0 6.8; may vary with type grown Plant in early
spring; 3 4 weeks prior to last frost date 1 year old plants
preferred 53. Trim roots to 6 length to encourage formation of
feeder roots near trunk Dig hole wide enough for roots to spread
out, plant at same depth as in nursery; prune to a single cane with
2 buds Spacing Considerations At least 8 between American Bunch
types 10 + between Muscadines 54. Mulch is preferable; hardwood or
softwood, 4 6 depth Nitrogen only fertilizer may be only nutrient
needed; test soil Monitor growth; if average cane length is less
than 3, additional nitrogen may be needed 55. Training systems vary
with types grown; amount of fruiting wood desired varies, as does
the amount of foliage produced Vines fruit only on previous seasons
growth; two year and older wood is not fruitful. Before pruning, an
average vine may have 200-300 buds capable of bearing fruit, but
the plant would be incapable of sustaining such a large crop, or
adequate foliage 56. All 1 year old canes should be pruned back to
become spurs, each of which should contain 3 to 5 nodes, for
fruiting; or 1 node, for vegetative growth (renewal spurs) used for
the following years fruiting wood In any pruning system, a mature
vine (3 or more years old) will lose 85% - 90% of 1 year old growth
during dormant pruning to allow the vine to maintain its structure,
evenly distribute fruit along branches (cordons) and enhance fruit
quality 57. Mid-Trellis Cordon System For use with French hybrids
and V. Vinifera cultivars 58. High-Trellis Cordon System For use
with American bunch grapes and Muscadines. 59. American Persimmon,
Diospyros virginiana Japanese Persimmon Diospyros kaki 60. Dwarf
Pomegranate Punica granatum var. nana 61. Eric Stormer Virginia
Cooperative Extension Norfolk Unit
