Introduction to Cloud Computing

Prakash G Khaire

Cloud Computing Basics

• Cloud computing is hazy word• Computing occur in remote locations without

the need for human intervention.• Users don’t know how the computers, their

software or the network are functioning.• In real world, computing can be viewed in two

stages– Centralized– Desktop

Cloud Computing Basics

• Centralized computing did not give users enough control.

• As the cost of computing power continued to decrease, thecost of manpower to implement and manage computersystems have increased.

• Computer scientist have suggested– A vast grid of computers attached via the Internet, whose power is

combined for large-scale tasks, when needed. Thus, large numbersof computing system are used for particular tasks.

– A computing utility which would offer just as much computingpower as a society in an on-demand basis, as in the case ofelectricity.

History of Cloud Computing

• 1960, J.C.R dream that everyone on the earth to be connected with anyone andbe able to access programs and data at any location from any place.

• 1960, John McCarthy predicts that the computation being available as publicservice, as “Utility Computing”, where large business units like IBM can offermeter service for the business, similar to telephone companies operate fortheir consumers.

• 1964, an article in Atlantic Monthly published by Martin Greenberger, viewthe future of world where computers would become super powerfulworldwide and companies will be operating through wires all over the placein due course of time.

• In 21st century the computing model has transformed where computingservices will be available on demand like water, electricity, telephone and gasetc available in today’s society.

History of Cloud Computing

In late 1990, Sun Microsystems introduce the

concept called “Network is the Computer”.

With rise of internet in mid 1990s, changed the

usage of computer and information distribution.

With the idea of utility computing, Amazon began

to establish and control server farms, to offer apps

to their buyers.

History of Cloud Computing

• In such model, users access services based on their requirements withoutregard to where the services are hosted. This model has been referred toas utility computing(since 2007) as cloud computing.

• Cloud computing allows businesses as well as users to access applicationsas services from anywhere in the world on demand.

• Cloud computing has turned IT services into Utilities . Such a deliverymodel is made possible by the effective composition of severaltechnologies, which have reached the appropriate maturity level.

• Web 2.0 technologies has played a vital role in transforming the Internetinto a rich application and service delivery platform.

Example

• 21st Feb 2011, Sometime in ICC Cricket World Cup, India

Furious cricket fans slammed organizers of the World Cup on Monday as the official ticketing website crashed amid a scramble for 1,000 tickets available for the final. (Source: Times of India [Magazine])

• The manager of ICC posted a message in his Facebook fan page:

We are facing absolutely unprecedented amounts of traffic from all over the world with hundreds of millions of people hitting at once. Some of you may have trouble accessing the site. It seems that cricket fever has surpassed all anticipations and expectations. Please bear with us as our global network team works on bringing you the tickets you all have been waiting for. (Source: Kyazoonga FB page)

Example

• Each day between 8:00 AM and 9:00 AM, Since when? TillDate, Online Ticket Booking: IRCTC, India

The bookings and enquiry requests are 6–7 times higher duringthe peak hours than the rest of the day. So while the existinginfrastructure is well equipped to handle the daylong traffic, it isthe peak hour traffic that clogs servers.

(Source:http://www.techno-pulse.com/2011/01/what-irctc-learn-redbus-cloud-iaas.html)

Example

• In May 2009, India

The world’s largest democracy, 1 billion+ people, goes for its general election.

The Election Commission unveiled a new website for publishing results in realtime. It showed off preparations, which indicated it was well arranged to handle80.64 billion hits in eight hours (2,800 hits/second), clearly a decent number byany standard. Media reported on the election result day: 300,000 hits/secondmake Election Commission website crash. (Source: Times of India [Magazine])

Example

• Server crashes were reported across India when the online CAT examinationwas conducted by the esteemed IIMs (Indian Institute of Management) in2009; although they were smartly attributed to a virus and not to the numberof hits. It points to the fact that the cloud service without security aspect couldalso be powerless.

Reason for Server Crashes/Failure

• Increasing in the numbers of Internet users on daily basis.

Prevent Server Crashes/Failures

● Add additional servers to balance the load● In view of these facts, it will help us to make a sensible guess

o Facebook has 30,000 servers and is increasing its capacity on a dailybasis

o An unofficial estimate predicts Google Servers to be unbelievable innumbers, with 1 million servers across the world wide at present

● If the organization are economically sound to add servers, before doing so,they have to check the following

- The Red Cross may get that kind of traffic once in a decade.

- The website of the Indian Election Commission attracts visitors duringelections, i.e, preferably once in 5 years

● Thus, the majorities of the traffic are predictable and can be easily planned.

Scenario of Cloud Computing

Dynamism – Your infrastructure should supportyour changing needs

Abstraction – The business/consumer shouldfocus his attention more on its core competencyrather than distressing himself over secondaryresources such as the OS or the software.

Resource Sharing – Elastic architecture, wherethe resources will grow without any majorconfiguration modifications.

Basic Components of Cloud Computing

Basic Components of Cloud computing

1. World Wide Connectivity – Users should havenear-ubiquitous access to the Internet

2. Open access – Users should have fair, openminded access to the Internet

3. Reliability – The cloud’s performance shouldequal to or better recent standalone systems

4. Interoperability and user choice – Users mustbe able to progress among different clouds

Basic Components of Cloud computing

5. Security – It should ensure that data of users aresafe

6. Privacy – User’s right must be clearly definedand allow access based on rights

7. Economic Value – The cloud must providesubstantial savings and benefits

8. Sustainability – The cloud must increase powereffectiveness and reduce environment impact

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Dynamic Computing Infrastructure

• IT Service-Centric Approach

• Self-service Based Usage Model

• Minimally or Self-managed Platform

• Consumption-based Billing

Dynamic Computing Infrastructure

- It is needed for cloud computing

- The basis of a dynamic infrastructure is standardized,

scalable and secure physical infrastructure

- There should be various redundancies to ensure high levels of

availability, but mostly it must be easy to enlarge as the

demand increases, without requiring architecture restructure.

- Virtualization environment uses server virtualization to run the

services, these services needs to be easily provisioned and de-

provisioned via software automation.

Dynamic Computing Infrastructure

- We can be switched over from one physical server to another

as capacity demands increase or decrease.

- Virtualized environment uses server virtualization to run the

services, these services need to be easily provisioned and de-

provisioned via software automation.

- These service workloads have to be switched over from one

physical server to another as capacity demands increase or

decrease.

IT Service Centric approach

- Cloud Computing is service-centric business.

- Users of the cloud usually want to run some business

service or application for an exact timely purpose.

- Users would prefer to rapidly and easily access a

devoted application or service.

Self-service Based Usage Model

- Interaction with the cloud needs some level of user self-service.

- Self-service creates the chance to the users toupload, build, deploy, schedule, manage and reporton their business services on-demand basis.

- It provides easy-to-use, intuitive user interfaces thathelp the users to effectively manage the service-delivery life cycle.

What Cloud Computing Really is ?

And

What Cloud Computing Really isn’t ?

Minimally or self-managed Platform

- Best-of-breed clouds make self management through software automation, leveraging the following capabilities.

- A provisioning engine where the services are deployed should have high levels

of reuse.

- Mechanisms for scheduling the resources and reserving resource capacity.

- Capabilities for configuring, organizing and reporting to make sure resources are allocated and reallocated to several groups of users.

- Tools must be available for controlling access to resources and policies for resources to be utilized or operations to be performed.