Water-Introduction

Guided By: Dr. Laxmikanth Lokhre

Balasubramanya .S. Tandur Roll No.14 Reg. No. 10M0170

Seminar Topics

Introduction- Balasubramanya

Water Quality- Awais Mahaldar

Water pollution- Ashish Kumar

Water Borne Diseases- Ashwin. S. A

Preventive measures- Basavaraj. Patil

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Water Forms and Distribution

About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.

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Sources of water

1) Rain2) Surface water i)Impounding reservoirs ii)Rivers and streams iii)Tanks ,ponds, lakes

3) Ground water

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Oceans

Contain more than 97% of the earth’s water.

Can be used after being desalinated.

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Prime source of water

Purest form of water

Dissolved solids- 0.0005%

Becomes impure as it passes through atmosphere

Acid rain

Rain

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Dams across rivers and streamsCharacteristics:

o Quality next to rain watero Impurities derived from catchment area

Impounding reservoirs

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Rivers

Most of the times polluted and unfit for drinking without treatment

Turbid during rainy seasons and clear in other seasons

Impurities from sewage, drainage from agriculture, industrial

wastesSelf purification- by oxidation, dilution, aeration, sunlight

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Tanks

Tanks are large evacuations to store surface water

Major water source in Indian villagesCertain amount of natural purification

by sunlight and oxidationSand filtration prior to useChlorination- additional protection

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Sand filtration in Tanks

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Wells

Traditionally important source of water

Different types of wellsKatcha wellPucca wellStep wellArtesian wellTube well

Sanitary well

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Deep and Shallow Wells

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Katcha well

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Pucca well

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Step well

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An artesian well is a pump-less water source that uses pipes to allow underground water that is under pressure to rise to the surface

For centuries, people have drilled artesian wells to drink filtered water that doesn't need to be manually or mechanically lifted up from the depths.

Artesian well

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Artesian Well

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Tubes made of Galvanized iron are drilled and is fitted with a strainer.

Lifted with hand-pump

Shallow- Driven wells

Deep- Bored wellsLife- 5-30 years

Tube well

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Sanitary well

Properly located , well constructed, protected against contamination

Points to be considered in construction of Sanitary well

1) Location2) Lining3) Parapet4) Platform5) Drain6) Covering7) Hand pump

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Sanitary well

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Types of WaterHard waterSoft water

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What is hard water?

Hard water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium

compounds such as :

magnesium bicarbonate [Mg(HCO3)2]

calcium bicarbonate [Ca(HCO3)2]

magnesium sulphate [MgSO4]

calcium sulphate [CaSO4]

Hard water can be Temporary or Permanent.

Temporary hard water contains magnesium

bicarbonate and calcium bicarbonate.

Permanent hard water contains Magnesium sulphate

and calcium sulphate.

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Lime-scale deposits

Softening temporary hard water

Temporary hard water contains calcium bicarbonate.

Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling the water. Lime-scale would be left behind.

This is relatively easy to remove, because it decomposes on heating to form solid calcium carbonate:

+

+

calciumbicarbonate

Ca(HCO3)2

(aq)

calciumcarbonate

CaCO3 (s)

water

H2O (l)

carbon dioxide

CO2 (g)

+

+

Softening hard water

Both temporary and permanent hard water can be softened by adding sodium carbonate (washing soda).The sodium carbonate reacts with the calcium compounds in the water to form calcium carbonate and soluble sodium compounds, which do not contribute to hardness:

+ +calcium

bicarbonate

Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)

sodiumcarbonate

Na2CO3 (s)

calciumcarbonate

CaCO3 (s)

sodiumbicarbonate

2NaHCO3 (aq)+ +

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Soft Water

Water with very low concentrations of minerals.

Advantages:Soap lathers easily and is sometimes difficult to

rinse off.No\minimal lime scale formation in pipes, vesselsPotable i.e. fit for human consumption

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Why do we need water?

70%

22%

8%

World Water Use

Irrigation IndustryDomestic

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Off-Stream Uses

AgricultureThermoelectricIndustrialMiningDomesticCommercial

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In-Stream Uses

Hydropower Recreation

Navigation Ecosystem Support

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Water- Human body needs

Water’s roles in the body Carries nutrients and waste products Maintains the structure of large molecules Participates in metabolic reactions Solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids,

glucose and others Lubricant and cushion around joints,

inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and in amniotic fluid during pregnancy

Regulation of body temperature Maintains blood volume

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Water and Human Body

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Drinking water consumption

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Legislations concerned to Water

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1974 to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution, and for the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water in the country. The Act was amended in 1988.

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act was enacted in 1977, to provide for the levy and collection of a tax on water consumed by persons operating and carrying on certain types of industrial activities. This tax is collected to augment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The Act was last amended in 2003.

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Govt. of India Policies

RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL DRINKING WATER MISSION(RGNDWM)

The Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme(ARWSP) was introduced in 1972-73 by the Government of India (GOI), to assist the States and Union Territories to accelerate the pace of coverage of drinking water supply.

The Technology Mission on drinking water and related water management was launched in 1986. It was also called the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM). The NDWM was renamed Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water mission (RGNDWM) in 1991

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Rainwater Harvesting policies

Bangalore In order to conserve water and ensure ground water

recharge, the Karnataka government in February 2009 announced that buildings, constructed in the city will have to compulsorily adopt rain water harvesting facility. Residential sites, which exceed an area of 2400 sq ft (40 x 60 ft), shall create rain harvesting facility according to the new law.

Chennai Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in three

storied buildings (irrespective of the size of the rooftop area). All new water and sewer connections are provided only after the installation of rainwater harvesting systems.

Similar initiatives are also taken in other states.

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Water Day- 22 MARCH

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Water Day

World Water Day has been observed on 22 March since 1993 when the United Nations General Assembly declared 22nd March as World Day for Water.

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2013 Water Day

In designating 2013 as UN International year

of Water co-operation the UNO recognizes that

co-operation is essential to strike a balance

between the different needs and priorities and

share this precious resource equitably using as an

instrument of peace.