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Water level sensors a comparative study
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STUDY ON WATER LEVEL SENSORS
Dr. N. SAI BASKAR REDDY, Co- Ordinator, ClimaAdapt Project, WALAMTARI
Presented by, Miss. Hafisa Hameed Miss. Jomol T Joseph KCAET,KAU, KERALA
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF :
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SENSORS?
• Receives energy from one system and transmit it to another
• i.e. physical variable into signal variable
• Energy transmitted may be electrical, mechanical or acoustical
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TYPES OF SENSORS
SENSORS
CONTACT
PRESSURE TYPE
CAPACITANCE TYPE
SHAFT ENCODERS
BUBBLER
NON CONTACT
ULTRASONIC
RADAR
MMC
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Pressure Sensors > contact type
• submerged at a fixed level under the water surface.
• measures the equivalent hydrostatic pressure of the water above the sensor diaphragm.
• It is like weighing the water.
Staff Gages
> contact type
• The Staff Gage provides a quick and easy visual indicator of water level.
• Made with a durable baked-on porcelain enamel finish on a metal plate.
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STAFF GUAGE
PRESSURE SENSOR
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Bubbler Systems> contact• are hydrostatic pressure sensors
• are used to measure water level by detecting the pressure required to force air through a submerged tube.
• the tube is mounted with the end of the tube below the water
surface being measured, and the air emerges from the bottom
of the tube as a stream of bubbles
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Digital Pulsed Doppler>contact type• Pulsed wave (PW) Doppler systems use a transducer that
alternates transmission and reception of ultrasound.
• One main advantage of pulsed Doppler is its ability to provide Doppler shift data selectively from a small segment along the ultrasound beam, referred to as the “sample volume”.
• The location of the sample volume is operator controlled.
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Aqua Profiler
> Contact type• The system is designed to measure both, the vector and the
magnitude (using twin velocity beams) of individual velocity cells to account for velocity variations within the flow and obtain the flow profile.
• A third vertical acoustic or hydrostatic sensor beam is used to measure water level.
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Ultrasonic transmitters
> Non contact• operate by sending a sound wave generated from a piezoelectric
transducer to the surface of the process material being measured.
• transmitter measures the length of time it takes for the reflected sound wave to return to the transducer.
• successful measurement depends on the wave, reflected from the process material and moving in a straight line back to the transducer.
• factors such as dust, heavy vapours, tank obstructions, surface turbulence, foam, and even surface angles can affect the returning signal when using an ultrasonic level sensor.
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Radar
> Non contact• Working principle is similar to ultrasonic sensors.
• operation of all radar level detectors involves sending
microwave beams emitted by a sensor to the surface of liquid.
• electromagnetic waves after hitting the fluids surface returns back to the sensor which is mounted at the top.
• The time taken by the signal to return back i.e. time of flight (TOF) is then determined to measure the level of fluid.
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SENSOR INSTALLATION
• Selection of right sensor
1. measuring range
>based on max. and min. water level
2. measurement interference
>natural or man made
e.g.: presence of large rock in canal gives
wrong reading
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3. installation
>details of permanent structures should
be collected.eg: bridge ,ridges etc.
4. environmental and seasonal conditions
>wind , wave, salinity ,bank stability etc.
should be determined
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• Data acquisition
>process of sampling signals such as voltage, current etc.
> these signals are further processed
• Telemetry
>includes reporting information
• Control
>necessary steps followed after data analysis
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DATA FLOW PATH
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COMPONENTS OF RADAR SENSOR SYSTEM
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DATA VISUALISATION
Graphical representation
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Tabular data representation
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COMPARISON
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SENSORS
WATER
LEVEL
ACCURACY
POWER
INPUT
COST/UNIT(Rs)
SERVICE OF AGENCY
1) CAMPBELL
SCIENTIFIC
1 year warrenty
>RADAR RANGING SENSOR 40275-72585
a)CS475-L 50mm-20m ± 5mm 9.6-16 Vdc
b)CS476-L 50mm-30m ±3mm 9.6-16 Vdc
c)CS477-L 400mm-70m ±15mm 9.6- 16 Vdc
>SONIC RANGING SENSOR 2565-55285
SR50A-L 0.5-10m ±1cm 9-18 Vdc
2) VIRTUAL
ELECTRONICS
>DIGITAL WATER LEVEL RECORDER-RADAR TYPE 3025-60125
DWLR-R 15m-70m ±2mm 12 v
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3)
HYDROVISION
>ULTRASONIC LEVEL
SENSOR
2575-50254
SEP3702 25m ±2% 24 Vdc
SHANGHAI
CX-RLM RADAR
WATER LEVEL
SENSOR WITH
ALARM
30 m <0.1% 4216-60230 1Year warranty
4) CHEMINS
WATER LEVEL
SENSOR LKZLD-
A
30 m <0.1% 24 Vdc
RADAR WATER
LEVEL SENSPOR
HD
30 m 6000-12000
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5) SHANGHAI
CX-RLM-081
PULSE RADAR
INFRARED
WATER LEVEL
SENSOR
20m <0.1% 7000-60230
RRF-15 70m ±5mm 60230-18690
VRPWRD51-56 20m ±10mm 48184-12460
VRPWRD35 20m ±3mm 24 Vdc 48184-12460
SHAANXI CHINA-RADAR WATER LEVEL
SENSOR
YK=RLT01 35m ±2mm 6023-72276
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FIELD OBSERVATIONS
LOCATION : DC4 Mirialaguda circle
• Sensor locations are identified with respect to the permanent structures in the canal network.
• Difficult to get continuous power supply for the power input. In such cases we can go for solar panels.
• Farmers are unaware about the sensors.
• Canal lining and maintenance works are now going on the field.
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• Major portion of the canal was unlined.
• Before installation of sensors canal maintenance should be done to get accurate measurement.
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LEVEL CONVERSION TO
DISCHARGE
• Using manning's formula
v = 1/n R 2/3 S ½
Q = Av
WAZERABAD MAJOR
BED WIDTH
TOP WIDTH
n SIDE SLOPE
REACH 1 6.28m 5m 0.02 1 ½: 1
REACH 2 4.54m 3m 0.03 1 ½ : 1
REACH 3 5.13m 3 m 0.02 1 ½ : 1
REACH 4 4.70 m 3m 0.02 1 ½ : 1
REACH 5 4.70 m 3m 0.02 1 ½ : 1
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PERMANENT STUCTURES
STRUCTURES
DISTANCE FROM
WAZERABAD MAJOR
CHILLAPUR BRIDGE 0.910 km
DILVARPUR BRIDGE 4.68 km
DILWAPUR S.L BRIDGE 10.22 km
S.L BRIDGE 13.20km
S.L BRIDGE 14.80 km
DROP CUM S.L BRIDGE 11 16.977 km
DROP CUM S.L BRIDGE 14 18.41 km
S.L BRIDGE 19.84 km
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UNLINED L6 MAJOR AT WAZEERABAD
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DROP 1 AT L5 MAJOR
PIPE 1 AT L5 MINOR
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ROCKS PLACED TO INCREASE WATER LEVEL DURING LOW FLOWS
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CONCLUSIONSBased on study
• Since radar is independent of external weather conditions such as rain, solar radiation, wind or fog, we believe that radar measurement is actually more suitable to the major canals for more accurate measurements. Economic considerations prefer ultrasonic sensors if environmental conditions allow.
• From the data collected among the suppliers, by the cost and error analysis, recommended radar sensors are,
>Digital water level recorder (DWLR-R)
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CANAL SENSOR TYPE LIMITATION MAINTANANCE
MARK
MAJOR RADAR NON CONTACT
COST LESS 9
MAJOR ULTRASONIC
NON CONTACT
TEMPERATURE VARIATION
LESS 9
MAJOR DIGITAL DOPPLER
CONTACT PERIODIC REMOVAL
6
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CANAL SENSORS TYPE LIMITATION
MARK
MINOR DIGITAL DOPPLER
CONTACT PERIODIC REMOVAL
9
MINOR PRESSURE SENSOR
CONTACT PERIODIC REMOVAL
5
SUB CANALS
STAFF GAUGES
CONTACT HUMAN HELP
5
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• Another consideration is that adjustment and operation of radar and ultrasonic instruments are easy than contact type.
• In open channels, the flow measurement error of ultrasonic sensors, due to temperature error, can amount to more than 20%. Temperature sensitivity is around ± 15 -20 0 C
• Previously, the price difference between radar and ultrasonic instrumentation was very high; today, the price of radar is comparable to that of ultrasonics. But while considering large scale installation a large amount variation will be there.
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Canals Sensors Type Description Average cost for
complete installation
(Rs)
Installation
Major RADAR Non-contact Highly accurate but
coastlier
30000- 60500 Stand alone poles or
by providing
extension hangings
Major ULTRASONIC Non-contact Accurate but depends on
temperature variation
15670- 35000 Stand alone poles or
by providing
extension hangings
Major Digital doppler Contact Measures velocity also 10000 – 30000 Mounted to canal
sides
Minor Digital doppler Contact Measures velocity also 10000 – 30000 Mounted to canal
sides
Minor Pressure sensor Contact Based on weight of water 5000-25000 Submerged in canals
Minor Staff guages Contact Human recording 1000 Mounted along canal
sided
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• Permanent structures like bridges and drops are found to be the suitable place for sensor installation.
• Major field challenge include theft and unawareness about sensors.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
• Operating Temperature Range: –40° to +80°C
• Storage Ranges
>Temperature: –40° to +80°C
>Relative Humidity: 20% to 80% RH
• Vibration Resistance: Mechanical vibrations with 4 g and 5 to 100 Hz
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SITE DATADROP NO: 1 0.914 Km
DROP NO: 3 8.045 Km
DROP NO: 5 11.529 Km
DROP CUM REGULATOR 8 15.690 Km
DROP NO: 12 17.160 Km
DROP NO: 16 20.589 Km
DROP CUM REGULATOR 23 22.433 Km
DROP NO: 25 23.622 Km
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HYDROVISION [email protected]
VIRTUAL ELECTRONICS [email protected]
CAMBELLSCIENTIFIC [email protected]
JAYCEETECH [email protected]
PROTOCOL INSTRUMENTS [email protected]
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MODELS AVAILABLE IN MARKET
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CAMPBELL SCIENTIFICRADAR RANGING SENSORS
CS475-L
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CS476-L
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CS477-L
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SONIC RANGING SENSOR
SR50A-L
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VIRTUAL ELECTRONICSDIGITAL WATER LEVEL RECORDER-RADAR TYPE
DWLR-R
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HYDROVISION
ULTRASONIC LEVEL SENSOR
SEP3702
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT• We would like to express our heart felt thanks to Er. L. Narayana Reddy,
Director general,WALAMTARI, for giving us this wonderful opportunity.
• We thank Dr. N. Sai Bhasker Reddy for his support, valuable guidance, profound suggestions, constant backing, prolific encouragement and advice throughout this project work at WALAMTARI. With deep respect.
• We sincerely acknowledge, Dr. Yella Reddy, for providing the necessary information and related data and for the timely help rendered by him.
• We express our heartfelt gratitude to Sravanthi, water manager, WALAMTARI, Pranith, WALAMTARI for providing relevant data and necessary help and support for field data collection.
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• We offer our hearty thanks to Vanitha ,AE (Irrigation and CAD Dpt), Ramesh, FTC for their sincere and timely help in getting the necessary information for the study.
• We express our heartfelt thanks to Krishna Reddy and Kiran for their help extended towards us in course of this work.
• Above all we bow our head before the God Almighty whose blessings empowered us to complete this work successfully.
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THANK YOU
