Water ManagementWater Management

Ian Dennis BVSc CertPM MRCVSIan Dennis BVSc CertPM MRCVS

FactsFacts

•• 75 to 95% of the weight of the body is water75 to 95% of the weight of the body is water•• It is required for It is required for

Maintenance of mineral homeostasisMaintenance of mineral homeostasisAdjustment of body temperatureAdjustment of body temperatureExcretion of end products of digestion (particularly urea)Excretion of end products of digestion (particularly urea)c e o o e d p oduc s o d ges o (pa cu a y u ea)c e o o e d p oduc s o d ges o (pa cu a y u ea)For the achievement of satietyFor the achievement of satietyFor the satisfaction of behavioural drivesFor the satisfaction of behavioural drives

Source: P. H. Brooks 1989

Influences on Water ConsumptionInfluences on Water Consumptionpp

•• Delivery systemsDelivery systems•• Delivery rateDelivery rate•• Delivery rateDelivery rate

Influences on Water Consumption?Influences on Water Consumption?pp

•• High environmental temperature increases High environmental temperature increases water consumption??water consumption??

•• Increasing minerals in the diet Increasing minerals in the diet gg(particularly salt) increase water (particularly salt) increase water consumptionconsumptionpp

•• Diarrhoea increases water demandDiarrhoea increases water demand•• Quality of waterQuality of water•• Quality of waterQuality of water

Source: P. H. Brooks 1989

Recommended maximum levelsRecommended maximum levels

Colony count 3 days 22°C 1000 (cfu/ml)C l t 2 d 37°C 1000 ( f / l)Colony count 2 days 37°C 1000 (cfu/ml)Coliforms 1000 (cfu/100 ml)E.coli 10 (cfu/100 ml)Total Dissolved Solids 3,000 ppmSulphates 1,000 ppmNitrates 100 ppmNitrates 100 ppmNitrites 10 ppmIron 0.5 ppmM i 400Magnesium 400 ppmCalcium 1,000 ppmHardness 180 ppmpH (ideal range) 6.5-8.5

Microbiology ResultsMicrobiology ResultsgygyUnit

U

Units

Upper limit

s 1 2 3 4 5

Colony count 3 days 22°C (cfu/ml) 1000 486 >300 972 324 101

Colony count 2Colony count 2 days 37°C (cfu/ml) 1000 1458 >300 29 59 62

Coliforms(cfu/100

ml) 1000 7 >100 2 16 0Coliforms ml) 1000 7 >100 2 16 0

E.coli(cfu/100

ml) 10 1 >100 1 11 0

Water RequirementsWater Requirementsqq

Daily Daily litreslitres

Minimum flow ratesMinimum flow rateslitres/minutelitres/minute

CodesCodes MuirheadMuirhead DenmarkDenmark CodesCodes MuirheadMuirhead DenmarkDenmark

20 to 40 kg20 to 40 kg 2.0 2.0 –– 5.05.0 3.33.3 2.252.25 1.0 1.0 –– 1.51.5 1.41.4 1.21.2

40 to 100 kg40 to 100 kg 5.0 5.0 –– 6.06.0 4.24.2 5.0 5.0 –– 6.06.0 1.0 1.0 –– 1.51.5 1.71.7 1.21.2

Height of drinkersHeight of drinkersggWeight inWeight in

kgkgWeight out Weight out

kgkg9090°° AngleAnglecm above floorcm above floor

4545°° AngleAnglecm above floorcm above floorkgkg kgkg cm above floorcm above floor cm above floorcm above floor

5 5 2020 25 25 -- 4040 30 30 -- 5050

77 2525 3030 4545 3535 55557 7 2525 30 30 -- 4545 35 35 -- 5555

1515 3030 35 35 -- 4545 45 45 -- 5555

3030 100100 45 45 -- 6565 55 55 –– 7575

SowsSows 7575 9090

Bowls Bowls –– bottom rim of bowl above floorbottom rim of bowl above floor

WeanersWeaners 10 cm10 cm FinishersFinishers 30 cm30 cmWeanersWeaners 10 cm10 cm FinishersFinishers 30 cm30 cm

Water ConsumptionWater Consumptionpp•• Rule of “thumb”Rule of “thumb”

20 0k i i b20 0k i i bBetween 20 to 40kg consumption is about Between 20 to 40kg consumption is about 850ml per 10kg bodyweight850ml per 10kg bodyweightBetween 40 to 60kg consumption is about Between 40 to 60kg consumption is about 1 litre per 10kg bodyweight1 litre per 10kg bodyweight

•• Fordham Bowl holds about 1Fordham Bowl holds about 1½ to 2 litres½ to 2 litres

Time spent drinkingTime spent drinkingp gp g

•• Weaned pigs 1 to 3 weeks post weaningWeaned pigs 1 to 3 weeks post weaning–– 2 to 5 minutes per day2 to 5 minutes per dayp yp y

•• Pigs 10 to 14 weeks oldPigs 10 to 14 weeks oldPigs 10 to 14 weeks oldPigs 10 to 14 weeks old–– 4 to 7 minutes per day (up to 30 minutes)4 to 7 minutes per day (up to 30 minutes)

When do pigs drink?When do pigs drink?p gp g

•• Weaned pigs highest consumptionWeaned pigs highest consumption•• Weaned pigs highest consumption Weaned pigs highest consumption between 8.30 to 17.00between 8.30 to 17.00

•• 20 to 90kg pigs 20 to 90kg pigs –– 2 hours after am feed and 2 hours after am feed and

1 hour after pm feed1 hour after pm feed–– 65 to 75% of daily intake between65 to 75% of daily intake between65 to 75% of daily intake between 65 to 75% of daily intake between

8.00 to 19.008.00 to 19.00

ABP RequirementsABP RequirementsqqAll pigs over 2 weeks of age must have permanent access to a All pigs over 2 weeks of age must have permanent access to a sufficient quantity of fresh drinking watersufficient quantity of fresh drinking water

Nipples or MiniNipples or Mini--BowlsBowls BowlsBowls

Ad lib feedingAd lib feeding 1 per 15 pigs1 per 15 pigs 1 per 30 pigs1 per 30 pigsAd lib feedingAd lib feeding 1 per 15 pigs1 per 15 pigs 1 per 30 pigs1 per 30 pigsRestrict feedingRestrict feeding 1 per 10 pigs1 per 10 pigs 1 per 20 pigs1 per 20 pigsTrough spaceTrough space Weight of pigsWeight of pigs No of pigsNo of pigsTrough spaceTrough space Weight of pigsWeight of pigs No. of pigsNo. of pigs

0.3 m0.3 m <<15kg15kg 40400 3 m0 3 m 15 to 35kg15 to 35kg 30300.3 m0.3 m 15 to 35kg15 to 35kg 30300.3 m0.3 m >>35kg35kg 2525

ABP RequirementsABP Requirementsqq

•• The water delivery system shall be The water delivery system shall be capable of supplying the necessary capable of supplying the necessary quantity to satisfy the demands of all sowsquantity to satisfy the demands of all sows

•• In wet feeding systems a minimum of one In wet feeding systems a minimum of one et eed g syste s a u o o eet eed g syste s a u o o eseparate clean water drinker per pen of separate clean water drinker per pen of any type or size shall be availableany type or size shall be availablea y ype o s e s a be a a ab ea y ype o s e s a be a a ab e

Water Waste from Nipple DrinkersWater Waste from Nipple Drinkerspppp

Period 1Period 1 Period 2Period 2Wt KgWt Kg 5353 7272Flow rate ml/minFlow rate ml/min 700700 10001000Av. Water intake l/dayAv. Water intake l/day 4.04.0 5.45.4Water wastage %Water wastage % 2525 2727

• J. Anim. Sci. 2005.83:1413-1422

Ni l d i k t 50 b h ld h i ht f ll t i• Nipple drinkers set 50mm above shoulder height of smallest pig

Water Waste from Nipple DrinkersWater Waste from Nipple Drinkerspppp

53 kg pig53 kg pig Water intake ml/minWater intake ml/min Waste %Waste %Flow rate 650ml/minFlow rate 650ml/min 467467 2828Flow rate 1300ml/minFlow rate 1300ml/min 795795 3939

72 kg pig72 kg pig

Flow rate 1000ml/minFlow rate 1000ml/min 722722 2828Flow rate 2000ml/minFlow rate 2000ml/min 14221422 292999

Water Waste from Nipple DrinkersWater Waste from Nipple DrinkersHeight adjustmentHeight adjustmentHeight adjustmentHeight adjustment

11 Bowl drinkerBowl drinker1.1. Bowl drinkerBowl drinker2.2. Nipple drinker adjusted to recommended Nipple drinker adjusted to recommended

heightheight3.3. High nipple drinker with step High nipple drinker with step –– 730mm730mm4.4. Low nipple drinker Low nipple drinker –– 480 mm480 mm

•• Water disappearance & manure output the Water disappearance & manure output the same for 1 2 & 3 but these were 15 to 12%same for 1 2 & 3 but these were 15 to 12%same for 1, 2 & 3 but these were 15 to 12% same for 1, 2 & 3 but these were 15 to 12% lower , respectively, than 4lower , respectively, than 4

Water WasteWater Waste

Pig International No.9 – Volume 35 – November 2005

Drinking SpeedDrinking Speedg pg p

Pig International No.9 – Volume 35 – November 2005

Water use from different drinker typesWater use from different drinker typesypyp

d kd k•• 5 drinker types5 drinker types•• Pigs weaned at 21 days over 3 weeksPigs weaned at 21 days over 3 weeks11 Arato 76 nippleArato 76 nipple1.1. Arato 76 nippleArato 76 nipple2.2. Lubing bite (type 1)Lubing bite (type 1)3.3. Lubing bite (type 2)Lubing bite (type 2)3.3. Lubing bite (type 2)Lubing bite (type 2)4.4. MonoMono--flo nippleflo nipple5.5. Alvin bowlAlvin bowl

Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission 1988Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission 1988

Water use from different drinker typesWater use from different drinker typesypyp

•• Feed intake was not influenced by drinker typeFeed intake was not influenced by drinker typey ypy yp•• Daily gain was significantly improved by Arato 76 Daily gain was significantly improved by Arato 76

followed by Alvin bowlfollowed by Alvin bowl•• MonoMono--flo piglets had lowest daily gainsflo piglets had lowest daily gains•• Annually the 0.57 l daily difference between Arato 76 & Annually the 0.57 l daily difference between Arato 76 &

MonoMono--flo = 260 tonnes extra slurry from 1000 sow unitflo = 260 tonnes extra slurry from 1000 sow unitMonoMono flo = 260 tonnes extra slurry from 1000 sow unit flo = 260 tonnes extra slurry from 1000 sow unit rearing 21.5 p/s/yrearing 21.5 p/s/y

Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission

Water use from different drinker typesWater use from different drinker typesypyp

•• 4 drinker types4 drinker types•• Pigs 20kg to slaughterPigs 20kg to slaughter1.1. Arato 80 biteArato 80 bite2.2. Lubing bite (type 1)Lubing bite (type 1)3.3. Lubing bite (type 2)Lubing bite (type 2)4.4. MonoMono--flo nippleflo nipplepppp

Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission 1988Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission 1988Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission 1988Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission 1988

Water use from different drinker typesWater use from different drinker typesypyp

•• Ad lib feeding drinker type had no influence on pig performanceAd lib feeding drinker type had no influence on pig performance•• Restricted feeding daily gain better with Lubing bite drinkersRestricted feeding daily gain better with Lubing bite drinkers•• MonoMono--flo under both feeding regimes flo under both feeding regimes –– highest water usage & highest water usage &

lowest daily gainslowest daily gainso est da y ga so est da y ga s•• Annually the 4l daily difference between MonoAnnually the 4l daily difference between Mono--flo & others = 9000 flo & others = 9000

tonnes extra slurry from 1000 sow unit finishing 20 p/s/ytonnes extra slurry from 1000 sow unit finishing 20 p/s/y

Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission Dr Pinder Gill. Meat & Livestock Commission

Relationship between feed & waterRelationship between feed & waterpp

•• Water:feed relationship of 2.5:1 often proposedWater:feed relationship of 2.5:1 often proposedWater:feed relationship of 2.5:1 often proposedWater:feed relationship of 2.5:1 often proposed•• Pig eating 2kg requires 4.5l/dayPig eating 2kg requires 4.5l/day•• Lactating sow can drink up to 4x feed intakeLactating sow can drink up to 4x feed intake•• Lactating sow can drink up to 4x feed intakeLactating sow can drink up to 4x feed intake•• Drinkers 1 per 7Drinkers 1 per 7•• Flow rateFlow rate minimum 2l/mminimum 2l/m•• Flow rate Flow rate –– minimum 2l/mminimum 2l/m•• Optimal temp = 20Optimal temp = 20ºC Below this may drink lessºC Below this may drink less

Effect of environmental temperatureEffect of environmental temperaturepp

•• La Buvette bowls at 1 litre/minLa Buvette bowls at 1 litre/minLa Buvette bowls at 1 litre/minLa Buvette bowls at 1 litre/min•• 25 to 105kg b/weight25 to 105kg b/weight•• 3l of water per kg feed at 253l of water per kg feed at 25ºCºC•• 3l of water per kg feed at 253l of water per kg feed at 25ºC ºC •• 3.4l of water per kg feed at 293.4l of water per kg feed at 29ºCºC•• Growth winter months = 827g/dGrowth winter months = 827g/d•• Growth summer months = 702g/dGrowth summer months = 702g/dGrowth summer months 702g/dGrowth summer months 702g/d

Villefranche de Rouergue Institut Technique du Porc 1996

SowsSows

•• PregnancyPregnancy –– 5 to 12+ l/s/d5 to 12+ l/s/d•• Pregnancy Pregnancy 5 to 12+ l/s/d5 to 12+ l/s/d–– BPEX BPEX –– 5 to 8 l/s/d5 to 8 l/s/d

•• LactationLactation up to 50 l/s/dup to 50 l/s/d•• Lactation Lactation –– up to 50 l/s/dup to 50 l/s/d–– BPEX BPEX –– 15 to 30 l/s/d15 to 30 l/s/d

Restricted water will cause cystitisRestricted water will cause cystitis

Flow rateFlow rate

•• 1000 x 90kg pigs1000 x 90kg pigsg p gg p g•• 1 nipple per 10 pigs1 nipple per 10 pigs•• Flow rate 1 2l/minFlow rate 1 2l/min•• Flow rate 1.2l/minFlow rate 1.2l/min•• 100 x 1.2 = 120 l/min100 x 1.2 = 120 l/min•• 6 litres per pig6 litres per pig•• 1200ml x 80% = 960ml/min1200ml x 80% = 960ml/min•• Requires 6 minutes to drink per dayRequires 6 minutes to drink per day