1. Outline IntroductionCase studiesConclusion AppendixX-ray Computed Tomography: A New Dimension in Materials Science Fabien Lonard e Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging FacilityThe University of ManchesterIOM3 Young Persons Lecture Competition National FinalApril 13 th 2011

2. OutlineIntroduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixOutline1 Introduction Background Principles2 Case studiesMetalsPolymersBiomaterials3 Conclusion 3. OutlineIntroductionCase studiesConclusion AppendixBackgroundWhat is XCT?X-ray Computed Tomography or XCT is a non-destructive techniquefor visualising internal features within solid objects and for obtainingdigital information on their 3D geometries and properties.XCT allows the complete structure of an object to be examined to givethe precise size, shape and location of any internal feature or defect. Turbine bladePitting corrosion Vascular cast 4. Outline IntroductionCase studies ConclusionAppendixPrinciplesAcquisitionWhilst illuminated by a X-ray cone beam, the sample is rotated through360 on a high precision stage and a set of digital projections (i.e. 2Dradiographs) are acquired at regular increments. http://www.phoenix- xray.com/en/company/technology/principles_of_operation/principle_060.html 5. Outline Introduction Case studiesConclusionAppendixPrinciplesAcquisitionWhilst illuminated by a X-ray cone beam, the sample is rotated through360 on a high precision stage and a set of digital projections (i.e. 2Dradiographs) are acquired at regular increments. 6. OutlineIntroductionCase studies ConclusionAppendixPrinciplesAcquisitionThe gray levels in a projection correspond to dierences in X-rayattenuation along the X-ray paths.X-ray attenuation is primarily a function of X-ray energy and the densityand atomic number of the material being imaged. 7. Outline IntroductionCase studiesConclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection. 8. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 9. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 10. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 11. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 12. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 13. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 14. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 15. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 16. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 17. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 18. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 19. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 20. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 21. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 22. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 23. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 24. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixPrinciplesReconstructionReconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex andinvolves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science.Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform thenecessary operation called backprojection.Filtering + backprojection 25. OutlineIntroduction Case studies ConclusionAppendixPrinciplesVisualisationVisualisation requires computers capable of handling huge data sets toobtain and visualise qualitative and quantitative information frommaterial structure images. image processing image enhancement ltering and convolution feature extraction object separation Slice3D rendering reverse engineering quantication and analysis phases, grains, particles, pores, cracks. . . counts, distributions, areas, volumes, and orientationsPore selection Volume distribution 26. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixMetalsTitanium fan bladeInvestigation of internal webbing distortionObjective:to determine quantitatively thedistortion of the internal webstructureProblem:diculty to make precisemeasurement from a 2Dradiograph regardless of theorientationhttp://www.rolls- royce.com/Images/brochure_Trent900.pdf 27. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixMetalsTitanium fan bladeInvestigation of internal webbing distortionObjective:to determine quantitatively thedistortion of the internal webstructureProblem:diculty to make precisemeasurement from a 2Dradiograph regardless of theorientation 28. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixMetalsTitanium fan bladeInvestigation of internal webbing distortionObjective:to determine quantitatively thedistortion of the internal webstructureProblem:diculty to make precisemeasurement from a 2Dradiograph regardless of theorientation 29. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixMetalsTitanium fan bladeInvestigation of internal webbing distortionObjective:to determine quantitatively thedistortion of the internal webstructureProblem:diculty to make precisemeasurement from a 2Dradiograph regardless of theorientation 30. Outline IntroductionCase studies ConclusionAppendixMetalsTitanium fan bladeInvestigation of internal webbing distortion Direct measurement on 2D slice or comparison between 3D volume and CAD model (reverse engineering)Conclusion: the blades can be examined non destructively and theirdistortion assessed (magnitude and location). 31. OutlineIntroduction Case studies ConclusionAppendixPolymersAuxetic foamIn situ tensile loading of conventional and auxetic polymeric foam Objective: to understand the auxetic behaviour of polymeric foam (negative Poissons ratio ) Problem: dicult to describe the deformation of the structure in 3D during loading 32. OutlineIntroduction Case studies were cre ConclusionwereAppendixPolymers local) co localAuxetic foamb pss interacti intersolidi physica status larger n largeIn situ tensile loading of conventional and auxetic polymeric foam displ50 displaceM S. difculti difc Conventional foam Auxetic foamedges of edge as sugge as su pss bsolidi physica statusA voA 50 hexahed hexa S. McDonald et al.: In situ 3D X-ray microtomography study (C3D4)(C3D nation w natio dening den HoweveHow element elem element elem required requ FigConclusion: better understanding of auxetic behaviour thanks to the v6.7 onv6.7shocomplete 3D description of the foams structure. eight exp eigh co $2 0000 $2 0shaaux 33. OutlineIntroduction Case studies were cre ConclusionwereAppendixPolymers local) co localAuxetic foamb pss interacti intersolidi physica status larger n largeIn situ tensile loading of conventional and auxetic polymeric foam displ50 displaceM S. difculti difc Conventional foam Auxetic foamedges of edge as sugge as su pss bsolidi physica statusA voA 50 hexahed hexa S. McDonald et al.: In situ 3D X-ray microtomography study (C3D4)(C3D nation w natio dening den HoweveHow element elem element elem required requ FigConclusion: better understanding of auxetic behaviour thanks to the v6.7 onv6.7shocomplete 3D description of the foams structure. eight exp eigh co $2 0000 $2 0shaaux 34. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixBiomaterialsVelociraptor clawInvestigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor clawObjective: to understand the form and function relationship. What were the claws used for: climbing or disembowelling?Problem: impossible to test a fossilised specimen 35. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixBiomaterialsVelociraptor clawInvestigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor clawObjective: to understand the form and function relationship. What were the claws used for: climbing or disembowelling?Problem: impossible to test a fossilised specimen 36. OutlineIntroductionCase studies Conclusion AppendixBiomaterialsVelociraptor clawInvestigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor clawObjective: to understand the form and function relationship. What were the claws used for: climbing or disembowelling?Problem: impossible to test a broken fossilised specimen 37. OutlineIntroduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixBiomaterialsVelociraptor clawInvestigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claw1Scanning of the claw: the inner structure can be revealed2Digital repair3Modelling 38. OutlineIntroduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixBiomaterialsVelociraptor clawInvestigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claw1Scanning of the claw2Digital repair: the broken parts of the claw can be realigned to give a brand new claw3Modelling 39. OutlineIntroduction Case studiesConclusion Appendix Biomaterials Velociraptor claw Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor clawMANNING ET AL. 1Scanning of the claw 2Digital repair 3Modelling:the results reveal thatthe maximum stress isaround 60 MPa(for a failure stress of150-200 MPa) Fig. 6. Contour map of Mises stress (units in GPa) on (a) the outer surface of the claw and (b) through the mid-section.5. Velociraptor claw comprized of cortical and trabecular bone 40. OutlineIntroduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Biomaterials Velociraptor claw Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor clawMANNING ET AL. 1Scanning of the claw 2Digital repair 3Modelling:the results reveal thatthe maximum stress isaround 60 MPa(for a failure stress of150-200 MPa)Fig. 6. Contour map of Mises stress (units in GPa) on (a) the outer Conclusion: Velociraptor would surface ofbeen able to support its weight on have the claw and (b) through the mid-section. a very small contact surface of the claw while climbing.5. Velociraptor claw comprized of cortical and trabecular bone 41. OutlineIntroductionCase studies ConclusionAppendixSummarySummaryXCT is a non-destructive technique for visualising internal featureswithin solid objects, from fan blades to single carbon bres.Entirely non-destructive 3D imaging!Virtually any material can be analysed !Little or no sample preparation required !Resolution from 10 m to 50 nm !%Resolution limited by specimen size,high resolution requires small objects%Image artifacts can complicate data 49 million year oldreconstruction and interpretation Huntsman spider inBaltic amber%Not all features have suciently largeattenuation contrasts for useful imaging 42. Outline Introduction Case studies ConclusionAppendixDiscussionDiscussionThank you! Fabien Lonard efabien.leonard@manchester.ac.uk 43. Outline IntroductionCase studiesConclusion AppendixAuxetic foamFE models from XCT dataIn situ tensile loading of conventional and auxetic polymeric foamConventional foamAuxetic foamThe study exemplies the use of the tomography datasets as the basis forthe creation of microstructurally faithful FE models. 44. OutlineIntroduction Case studies Conclusion AppendixVelociraptor clawClimbing or disembowelling?Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claws 45. OutlineIntroductionCase studies Conclusion AppendixVelociraptor clawClimbing or disembowelling?Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor clawsTearing was never obtained regardless of the force applied. Theexperimental results are consistent with the nite element analysis.