MoscowMoscowMikhail NokhovMikhail Nokhov

Gymnasium # 1Gymnasium # 1

KhasavyurtKhasavyurt

The Coat of Arms of MoscowThe Coat of Arms of Moscow

The Flag of MoscowThe Flag of Moscow

The oldest evidence of The oldest evidence of humans on the territory of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Moscow dates from the Stone Age (Schukinskaya Stone Age (Schukinskaya Neolithic site on the Neolithic site on the Moscow River). Within the Moscow River). Within the modern bounds of the city modern bounds of the city other late evidence was other late evidence was discovered (the burial discovered (the burial ground of the ground of the Fatyanovskaya culture, the Fatyanovskaya culture, the site of the early-Stone Age site of the early-Stone Age settlement of Dyakovskaya settlement of Dyakovskaya culture, on the territory of culture, on the territory of Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River, Kuntsevskiy Setun River, Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc.forest park, etc.

In the end of 1st millennium AD In the end of 1st millennium AD the territory of Moscow and the the territory of Moscow and the Moscow Oblast was inhabited Moscow Oblast was inhabited by the Slavic tribes of Vyatichi by the Slavic tribes of Vyatichi and Krivichi. In the end of 11th and Krivichi. In the end of 11th century Moscow was a small century Moscow was a small town with the feudal center and town with the feudal center and trade suburb situated at the trade suburb situated at the mouth of the Neglinnaya River.mouth of the Neglinnaya River.

The first reference to Moscow The first reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when it was an dates from 1147 when it was an obscure town in a small obscure town in a small province inhabited mostly by province inhabited mostly by Merya, speakers of a now Merya, speakers of a now extinct Finnic language. In 1156, extinct Finnic language. In 1156, Knjaz Yury Dolgoruky built a Knjaz Yury Dolgoruky built a wooden wall and a moat around wooden wall and a moat around the city. After the sacking of the city. After the sacking of 1237-1238, when the Mongol 1237-1238, when the Mongol Khanate of the Golden Horde Khanate of the Golden Horde burned the city to the ground burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants.and killed its inhabitants.

In 1300 Moscow was ruled In 1300 Moscow was ruled by Daniil Aleksandrovich, by Daniil Aleksandrovich, the son of Alexander the son of Alexander Nevsky and a member of Nevsky and a member of the Rurik Dynasty. Its the Rurik Dynasty. Its favorable position on the favorable position on the headwaters of the Volga headwaters of the Volga river contributed to steady river contributed to steady expansion. Moscow was expansion. Moscow was also stable and prosperous also stable and prosperous for many years and for many years and attracted a large numbers attracted a large numbers of refugees from across of refugees from across Russia. By 1304, Yury of Russia. By 1304, Yury of Moscow contested with Moscow contested with Mikhail of Tver for the Mikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality of throne of the principality of Vladimir. Vladimir.

Ivan I eventually Ivan I eventually defeated Tver to defeated Tver to become the capital of become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal, and Vladimir-Suzdal, and the sole collector of the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol taxes for the Mongol rulers. By paying high rulers. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an tribute, Ivan won an important concession important concession from the Khan. Unlike from the Khan. Unlike other principalities, other principalities, Moscow was not Moscow was not divided among his sons divided among his sons but was passed intact but was passed intact to his eldest.to his eldest.

While Khan of the Golden While Khan of the Golden Horde initially attempted to Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the when the growth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince in Russia. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Moscow led a united Russian army to an Russian army to an important victory over the important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo. Kulikovo.

After that, Moscow took After that, Moscow took the leading role in the leading role in liberating Russia from liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan III had 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the finally broken the Russians free from Russians free from Tatar control and Tatar control and Moscow became the Moscow became the capital of an empire capital of an empire that would eventually that would eventually encompass all of encompass all of Russia and Siberia, Russia and Siberia, and parts of many and parts of many other lands.other lands.

In 1571 the Tatars from In 1571 the Tatars from the Crimean Khanate the Crimean Khanate seized and burned seized and burned Moscow. From 1610 Moscow. From 1610 through 1612, troops of through 1612, troops of the Polish-Lithuanian the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commonwealth occupied Moscow, as occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the tried to take the Russian throne. In 1611 Russian throne. In 1611 Moscow suffered a Moscow suffered a great fire. great fire.

In 1612, the people of In 1612, the people of Nizhny Novgorod and Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities other Russian cities conducted by prince conducted by prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin rose Kuzma Minin rose against the Polish against the Polish occupants,besieged occupants,besieged the Kremlin and the Kremlin and expelled them. In expelled them. In 1613, the Zemsky 1613, the Zemsky sobor elected Michael sobor elected Michael Romanov tsar, Romanov tsar, establishing the establishing the Romanov dynasty.Romanov dynasty.

Moscow ceased to be Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital when in Russia's capital when in 1703 Peter the Great 1703 Peter the Great constructed Saint constructed Saint Petersburg on the Baltic Petersburg on the Baltic coast. When Napoleon coast. When Napoleon invaded in 1812, the invaded in 1812, the Moscovites burned the Moscovites burned the city and evacuated, as city and evacuated, as Napoleon's forces were Napoleon's forces were approaching on approaching on September 14. September 14. Napoleon's army, Napoleon's army, plagued by hunger, cold, plagued by hunger, cold, and poor supply lines, and poor supply lines, was forced to retreat.was forced to retreat.

In January 1905, the In January 1905, the institution of the City institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced in officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Adrianov became Moscow's first official Moscow's first official mayor (current mayor is mayor (current mayor is Yuriy Luzhkov). In the Yuriy Luzhkov). In the beginning of 20th century, beginning of 20th century, several strikes and armed several strikes and armed risings in Moscow paved risings in Moscow paved the way to the October the way to the October Revolution. In 1918 the Revolution. In 1918 the Bolsheviks moved the Bolsheviks moved the seat of government from seat of government from Saint Petersburg back to Saint Petersburg back to Moscow. Moscow.

During the Great Patriotic During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet State War, the Soviet State Committee of Defense Committee of Defense and the General Staff of and the General Staff of the Red Army were the Red Army were located in Moscow. In located in Moscow. In 1941 16 divisions of the 1941 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 than 160,000 people), 25 battalions (18,000 battalions (18,000 people) and 4 people) and 4 engineering regiments engineering regiments were formed among the were formed among the Muscovites. In November Muscovites. In November 1941, German Army 1941, German Army Group Centre was Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven the city and then driven off in the course of the off in the course of the Battle of Moscow. Battle of Moscow.

Many factories were evacuated, together with Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be in a state of siege. Its the city was declared to be in a state of siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On May 1, 1944 a medal "For the the air. On May 1, 1944 a medal "For the defense of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal defense of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" were instituted. On May 8, 1965 due to the were instituted. On May 8, 1965 due to the actual 20th anniversary of the victory in World actual 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero War II Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero City. In 1980 it hosted the Summer Olympic City. In 1980 it hosted the Summer Olympic Games.Games.

In 1991 Moscow was the In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt scene of a coup attempt by conservators opposed by conservators opposed to the liberal reforms of to the liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev. When Mikhail Gorbachev. When the USSR was dissolved the USSR was dissolved in the same year, in the same year, Moscow became a capital Moscow became a capital of Russia. Since then, the of Russia. Since then, the emergence of a market emergence of a market economy in Moscow has economy in Moscow has produced an explosion of produced an explosion of Western-style retailing, Western-style retailing, services, architecture, services, architecture, and lifestyles.and lifestyles.

Mikhail Gorbachov and Boris Yetsin

The First President of

Russia

Boris Yeltsin.

The Second President of

RussiaVladimir

Putin.

The Third President of RussiaDmitry

Medvedev

Yuri Luzhkov

Mayor of Moscow

The Kremlin The Kremlin

The Spas TowerThe Spas Tower

The Kremlin Embankment The Kremlin Embankment

The White HouseThe White House

The State DumaThe State Duma

The History MuseumThe History Museum

Moscow’s architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is also well Moscow’s architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is also well known as the site of Saint Basil’s Cathedral, with its elegant known as the site of Saint Basil’s Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The Patriarch of Moscow, whose residence the Seven Sisters. The Patriarch of Moscow, whose residence is the Danilov Monastery, serves as the head of the Orthodox is the Danilov Monastery, serves as the head of the Orthodox Church. For a long time, the view of the city was dominated by Church. For a long time, the view of the city was dominated by numerous Orthodox churches.numerous Orthodox churches. The look of the city changed The look of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, mostly due to Joseph Stalin, drastically during Soviet times, mostly due to Joseph Stalin, who oversaw a large-scale effort to modernise the city. He who oversaw a large-scale effort to modernise the city. He introduced broad avenues and roadways, some of them over introduced broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, but he also destroyed a great number of ten lanes wide, but he also destroyed a great number of historically significant architectural works. Despite the economic historically significant architectural works. Despite the economic growth experienced in Moscow since the dawn of the twenty-growth experienced in Moscow since the dawn of the twenty-first century, many industries have undergone various crises in first century, many industries have undergone various crises in recent years. Some of them have been sold to foreign recent years. Some of them have been sold to foreign investors, such as OTIS and British American Tobacco, and investors, such as OTIS and British American Tobacco, and others have been closed down to make room for new buildings others have been closed down to make room for new buildings constructed as business centres.constructed as business centres.

Additionally, some industry is now being transferred out of Additionally, some industry is now being transferred out of Moscow to improve the ecological state of the city. Moscow to improve the ecological state of the city. Nevertheless, the city of Moscow remains one of Russia's Nevertheless, the city of Moscow remains one of Russia's major industrial centres.major industrial centres.

Saint Basil CathedralSaint Basil Cathedral

Cathedral of Christ the SaviorCathedral of Christ the Savior

The Variety Theatre The Variety Theatre

The Bolshoi TheatreThe Bolshoi Theatre

The Tretyakov Gallery The Tretyakov Gallery

Museum of the History of MoscowMuseum of the History of Moscow

Pushkin MuseumPushkin Museum

Ostankino PalaceOstankino Palace

Paveletsky Railway StationPaveletsky Railway Station

Paveletsky Tower Business Centre Paveletsky Tower Business Centre

Entrance to Moscow ZOOEntrance to Moscow ZOO

Kotelnicheskaya EmbankmentKotelnicheskaya Embankment

Kyivski Railway Station Kyivski Railway Station

The Building of Moscow UniversityThe Building of Moscow University

State Department StoreState Department Store

International Business CentreInternational Business Centre

All-Russia Exhibition CentreAll-Russia Exhibition Centre

Northern River TerminalNorthern River Terminal

Europe Square Europe Square

Stadium in Luzhniki Stadium in Luzhniki