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© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 1
FIBER OPTICINTERCONNECTIO
NTECHNOLOGY
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 2
History of DIAMOND SA16.05.58 Foundation of DIAMOND SA in Locarno. Processing of
diamonds and sapphires for sound systems, industrial jewels, jewels for the watch industry.
1975 Crisis in the watch-making industry …
1978 … diversification began
1980 Beginning of production of a series of high precision optical connectors. Applications: telecom, data, video, avionics, submarine etc. In order to keep up with the demand for this new product and to guarantee excellent customer service, the establishment of further subsidiaries was decided.
1985 DIAMOND has representatives in 20 countries all over the world. Losone: 200 employees
1987 Further approvals of DIAMOND connectors world-wide.
1993 Development of the new E-2000™ connector
1994 Intensive work in the field of telecommunications, CATV, LAN, sensor applications and measuring technique
1997 Introduction of the new company logo
TODAY DIAMOND SA has 10 subsidiaries and 46 representatives organisations in 40 countries with a total of 1000 employees world-wide. A new expantion is under construction.
DIAMOND is at the forefront of fiber optics: "DIAMOND, THE FIBER MEETING”.
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 3
tomorrow:beginning in 2001
200’000 connectors manufactured weekly
of which;
120’000 terminated in our manufacturing facility in Losone!
today:140.000 connectors manufactured weekly
of which;
70.000 terminated in our manufacturing facility in Losone!
Our production
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 4
FIBER OPTICS BASICS
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 5
(an example of telecommunication connections)
Copper cable Fiber optic cable(coaxial tube)
Number of telephone conversation 7'680 33'900per conductor pair
Number of conductor pairs per cable 12 144
Cable diameter (mm) 75 22
Cable weight (kg/km) 8'000 250
Maximum distance between 2 100repeaters (km)
Fiber Optic Cable Comparison with Copper Cable
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 6
Properties
Long distance transmission
Increased data transfer thanks to very large bandwidth
No electromagnetic influence
No grounding problems
Small, light and handy cables
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 7
1 x
1 =
3
Basics
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 8
Water tank
Light source
Expected way of the light
Effective way of the light
Total reflection at the boundary water-air
Light propagation
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 9
Speed of light in vacuum: C0 = 299’793 km/sec.
Speed of light in glass: Cglass = 200’000 km/sec.
Milan Zurich
1 Millisecond
Milan Zurich1,5 Millisecond
Glas
Vacuum
Speed of light
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 10
Wavelength (nm)
covered distance of a wave during one period (oscillation)
Frequency (Hz)
Number of oscillations (period per second)
Wavelength
Frequencyf
t
1 Sek.
Wavelength / Frequency
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 11
analogphone
AMradio
mobilephone
microwave oven
X-rays
Wavelength
Frequency [Hz]102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018
3000km 30km 300m 3m 3cm 0.3mm 3 mm 30nm 0.3nm
NFrange
HFrange
Microwavesrange
Opticalrange
X / gammarange
TV & FMradio
Wavelength range of electromagnetic transmission
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 12
Frequency Hz
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
2x1014 3x1014
5x1014
1x1015
Infraredrange
Ultravioletrange
wavelength nm
Visible range
single mode Laser
multi mode Laser
1. Optical window 850 nm2. Optical window 1300 nm3. Optical window 1550 nm
Laserrange
Radarrange
Wavelength range of optical transmission
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 13
Reflection
Total reflection
Perpendicularto division line
Division line Light path
Perpendicularto division line
Division lineLight path
Light reflection
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 14
Total reflection
Border ray
Light refraction
Light source
Optical denser Medium (n1)
Optical thinnerMedium (n2)
Light propagation in glass fiber
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 15
Coupling the ray of light
The light rays which are outside of the defined angle will be absorbed or propagated within the fiber coating.
Each fiber has its own acceptance respectively reflected beam angle.
NA = Sin = n12-n2
2
Numerical aperture
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 16
Fiber types
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 17
Fiber types
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 18
Signal at the fiber input Signal at the fiber output
Propagation of several modes Light conduction by refraction Fiber cores (50 µm and 62,5 µm)
Graded Index Fiber
Graded index profile - Multimode Fiber
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 19
Propagation of a single mode Fiber core (9µm)
Single mode fiber
Signal at the fiber outputSignal at the fiber input
Step Index profile - Single mode Fiber
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 20
Spectrums
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 21
Fiber attenuationTransmission windows
Dispersion 1st window 2nd window 3rd window
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 22
a = 10 log P out [W]
P in [W]= [dB]
The attenuation is given by the logarithmic relationship between the Input and the Output power.
-3dB = 1/2 P-10dB = 1/10 P-20dB = 1/100 P-30dB = 1/1000 P
Attenuation
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 23
If a light pulse is coupled within a fiber, then a spreader pulse is to be observed at the fiber end. This impulse spreading increases proportionally with the length.
Transmission impulse Receipt impulse
Dispersion
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 24
THE CABLE
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 25
coating
core
cladding
9 m250 m
250 m
125 m
125 mS
ingl
e m
ode
Mul
ti m
ode 50/62,5 m
Fiber construction
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 26
tensile forces
lateral pressure
humidity
expansion
overbending
The cable serves to protect the fiber against:
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 27
Primary coating
Core
Cladding
250 m
125 m
9/50/62,5 m
900 m(0.9 mm)
3000 m(3 mm)
Secondarycoating
KevlarthreadJacket
Fiber optic cable construction
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 28
Primary coating
Core
Cladding
250 m
125 m
9/50/62,5 m
3000 m / 3 mmSecondary coating(fiber bundle)
Kevlar thread
Jacket
Outdoor cable construction
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 29
Secondary protection techniques
Gel filling
Inner loose tube layer, Polyamide
Primary coated fiber, 250 m
Gel filling
Loose tube fiber
Tight buffered fiber
Secondary coating
Primary coating, 250 m
Fiber, 125 m
Loose tube fiber bundle
Inner loose tube layer, Polyamide
Primary coated fiber, 250 m
Outer loose tube layer, PTBF, Polyester
Outer loose tube layer, PTBF, Polyester
ca.
3 m
mca
. 1.
8 m
m0.
9 -
1 m
m
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 30
Secondary protection techniques
Loose tube fiber bundle
Outer loose tube layer, PTBF, Polyester
Inner loose tube layer, Polyamide
Primary coated ribbon fiber, 250 m
Micro loose tube fiber
Primary coated fiber, 250 m
Inner loose tube layer, Polyamide
Gel filling
ca.
6-10
m
mca
. 0.
9 m
m
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 31
1 Transmitter2 Receiver3 Fiber Optics Cable4 Repeater5 Connector6 Splice Connection7 Splitter8 Measuring and Service Point
Detachable connecting elements to connection for active equipment interconnection points / interface of several networks measuring, service and switching points in the network
Fiber
1
2
3 4
55 56
6
3
5
6
6
5
57
8
2
Fiber
Block Diagram of an Optical Link
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 32
Measurement for connection cables (patchcords)
Attenuation for both connections and fiber optics fiber
Insertion Loss MeasurementAccording to IEC 1300-3-4 (method 6); CECC 86000
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 33
Measurement for pigtails
Attenuation per fiber optic connections measured value
Insertion Loss MeasurementAccording to IEC 1300-3-4 (method 7); CECC 86000
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 34
1) According to IEC1300-3-6; CECC 86000
Measurement according to procedure 1) up to max. 55 dB measurement structure for discrete components or equipment configuration for series measuring measured value influenced by the quality of
single components Measurement according to procedure 2) up to
max. 90 dB
measured value only refers to the measured object
2) Precision reflectometer
1300
1550
WDM
CouplerDUT
Detector Display
Return Loss Measurement
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 35
DIAMONDFIBER OPTIC CONNECTORTECHNOLOGY
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 36
Sleeve-ferrule-principle
Sleeve-pin-principle with physical contact of the convex or angle convex polished connector front faces
Consists of a high precision split ceramic sleeve
Does not utilize phosphor bronze or metal to reduce possibility of endface contamination
Ferrule and split sleeve maintain precise tolerances
The antirotation nut prevents rotational movement of the front face:
- preventing fiber damage- allowing improved repeatability- enabling precise alignment of fiber and ferrule
frontfaces
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 37
9/50/62.5 m 125 m
Fiber coupling
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 38
High precision ferrule
The ferrule incorporates the fiber and guides itconcentrically into the sleeve
The ferrule’s coating is made of corrosion-resistent and non-abrasive material (tungsten carbide or ceramic)
A titanium insert for precise fiber alignment
The ferrule’s diameter of 2,5 mm is defined by international standards
The inner diameter of 128 µm allows for diameter variations of the outer diameter of the 125 µm fiber
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 39
Crimping technique
The titanium insert is the base for Diamond’s precision termination
process including active core alignment techniques
The axial fiber fixation is done with epoxy: The effective gluing zone of only 5 mm length results in reduced pressure from the adhesive on the fiber due to temperature changes
Ensures a constantly low insertion loss for all transmission wavelengths (1310 - 1550 nm)
Titanium-Insert
Fiber Epoxy
Zr O2
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 40
The Circular V-edge of the crimping piston gently deforms the titanium insert and reduces the hole diameter to the diameter of the fiber
The ferrule hole conforms to the actual fiber diameter including fiber tolerances
The fiber is guided into the center of the hole and ensures uniform distribution of the epoxy
At this point the eccentricity is approx. 1 µm
1st crimping
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 41
The second crimp actively aligns the fiber core on the ferrule’s axis
The 120° v-edge of the piston “moves” the fiber in 1/10 µm steps
Light is injected into the fiber in order to illuminate the core. The ferrule is inserted into a high precision Tungsten Carbide sleeve and rotated, in order to detect if there is still any eccentricity between the fiber and ferrule axis
After this operation the eccentricity is reduced to 0.25 µm max
The perfectly aligned fiber core results in consistently low Insertion Loss values for Diamond connectors
Active core alignment(2nd crimping)
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 42
The core eccentricity of fibers mounted in monoblock ferrules are optimized by rotating the ferrule on the connector body or the antirotation key on the connector body
The accuracy achieved with this method is a position of the core in a area within ± 50° in relation to the antirotation key
For a reference
50° 50°
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 43
Reflection to the front face
Reflections occur on fiber surfaces at the exit as well as entry connector endfaces
Defects on the endface and poor polishing quality, as well as air gaps between the fibers are responsible for reflections
Reflections reduce performance in: broadband systems optical fiber repeaters CATV systems WDM networks
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 44
Convex polishing of the fiber surface guarantees fiber contact for reduction of the reflections
Advantages of the titanium-insert Repeatable polishing Minimal fiber undercut or protrusion Less sensitive to fiber undercut or protrusion Low Reflectance
PC polishing (Convex)Reduction of the reflections
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 45
Angled polished connectors (APC) virtually eliminate reflection by
reflecting the light into the fiber cladding to be dissipated
The return loss of an angle polished connector is > 70 dB when unmated
APC polishing of a DIAMOND connector is done with the same effort as a PC polish, no price premium, or performance sacrifice as with other manufacturers
APC polishing for low reflectance
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 46
Fiber optics connectors standards
Standardisation is a condition for the compatibility between products of several manufacturers
Comparable optical values such as handling, security and flexibility are decision criteria for the choice of the standards
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 47
Fiber optics connectors standardsStandard Ferrule Polishing Fixation Application Fiber type Picture 2.5 mm Ferrule LSA (DIN) LSA-HRL (DIN-APC)
2.5 mm Spring Loaded
Convex PC Convex APC (8°)
Threaded Telecommunication Test equipment
MM & SM
ST™ 2.5 mm
Spring Loaded
Convex PC Nut with bajonet
LAN MM (SM)
FC 2.5 mm
Spring Loaded
Convex PC Convex APC (8°)
Threaded Telecommunication Test equipment
MM & SM
SC-PC SC-APC
2.5 mm Spring Loaded
Convex PC Convex APC (8°)
Push-Pull Telecommunication Test equipment LAN
MM & SM
E-2000™ 2.5 mm
Spring Loaded
Convex PC Convex APC (8°)
Push-Pull Telecommunication Test equipment LAN
MM & SM
© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 48
Fiber optics connectors standards 1.25 mm Ferrule F-3000™ & MU
1.25 mm Spring Loaded
Convex PC Convex APC (8°)
Push-Pull Telecommunication Test equipment LAN
MM & SM
Standard Ferrule Polishing Fixation Application Fiber type Picture Square Mini MT Ferrule MT-RJ Mini-MT
Duplex Convex PC RJ 45 LAN MM
(SM)
Square MT Ferrule MFS/MPO MT-Ferrule
4/8/12 fibers Convex PC Convex APC (8°)
Push-Pull Telecommunication Test equipment LAN
MM & SM
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