hem/o and hemat/o plasma - 55% formed elements - 45% serum - plasma without clotting proteins
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- hem/o and hemat/o plasma - 55% formed elements - 45% serum -
plasma without clotting proteins
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- RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis WBC - leukocytes -
leukopoiesis Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis
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- erythr/o - red cyte - cell Hemoglobin - blood protein
transports oxygen Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte RBCs produced
by red bone marrow
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- leuk/o - white Protect the body against invasion Pass through
capillary walls
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- Granulocytes neutrophils (phagocytosis) eosinophils (allergies)
basophils (promote inflammation) Agranulocytes lymphocytes
(production of circulating antibodies) monocytes (macrophages)
Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus,
abscess.
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- smallest formed element made in bone marrow essential to blood
coagulation In case of injury, blood comes in contact with any
tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick
together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of
reactions, formation of clot.
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- plasma 92% water 8% plasma proteins albumin globulin fibrinogen
serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen
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- To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances
pathogenic microorganisms allergens toxins malignant cells
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- Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained
within a single set of organs or vessels Action depends on
structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary
systems Works primarily through antigen-antibody reaction
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- Major structures lymph vessels lymph nodes lymph fluid tonsils
Also spleen thymus
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- lymph/o drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the
blood transport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body
cells carry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away
from digestive system control of infection
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- Lymph originates in blood plasma Interstitial fluid cleans and
nourishes body tissues collects cellular debris, bacteria return to
blood or lymph capillaries
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- located in lymph vessels small round or oval structures
(filters) depositories for cellular debris bacteria and debris
phagocytized
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- inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes)
almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in
nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process
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- sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue filter for lymph phagocytic
cells hemolytic
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- lymphatic tissue mediastinum primary role: changes lymphocytes
to T cells for cellular immunity
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- masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not
lymph located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to
outside and hence to contamination any or all may become so loaded
with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance should not be
removed unless absolutely necessary.
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- Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign
(virus, bacterium, toxin) Antibody - a disease fighting protein
developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen
Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction
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- monocytes formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by
body become macrophages macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects
body by ingesting invading cells lymphocytes - major class of WBCs
formed in lymphatic tissue
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- T cells or T Lymphocytes mature in thymus gland Cell mediated
immunity B cells or B Lymphocytes mature in bone marrow
antibody-mediated immunity
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- T Cell (cell mediated immunity) circulating lymphocytes
produced in bone marrow matures in thymus live for years primary
function: coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms
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- helper T cells - essential to proper functioning of immune
system. Memory cells- remember antigens and stimulate a faster
response if same antigen introduced at a later time
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- Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood
antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs A - A antigen B - B
antigen AB - both AB antigens O - no AB antigens
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- Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen
Antigens on the donors RBCs react with the antibodies in patients
plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.
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- Rh factor is antigen present on RBC Rh positive and Rh negative
Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of
her Rh-positive fetus. hemolytic disease of the newborn prevented
with RhoGAM
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- Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a
specific disease Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present
at birth and obtained during life
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- Health Age Heredity
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- Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced symptom of disease
erythropenia hypochromasia Low hematocrit
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- Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) HIV infects
T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years AIDS
name applied during advanced stages of disease After immune system
destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.
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- Hypoproteinemia lowers osmotic pressure within blood large
amounts of plasma pass out of blood poor lymph drainage increased
capillary permeability congestive heart failure localized edema,
ascites
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- Hereditary blood clotting disorder sex-linked, usually in men
lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting hematomas
hemarthrosis
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- Acute infection caused by virus. Fever, sore throat, swollen
lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly,
abnormal liver function, and bruising. transmitted by droplet
infection Infection confers permanent immunity
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- Metastasis, Metastasize Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma
Adenocarcinoma Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.)
Osteosarcoma Myosarcoma Myeloma
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- Major oncological disorder of blood- forming organs malignant
cells replace health bone marrow cells acute myelogenous leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemia
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- Malignant disorder Painless, progressive enlargement of
lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegaly
Anorexia, weight loss, +9, anemia, leukocytosis
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- Is a hypersensitive disorder of the immune system. Allergic
reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known
as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid.
Allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity.
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- It is characterized by excessive activation of certain white
blood cells called mast cells and basophils by a type of antibody
known as IgE, resulting in an extreme inflammatory response. Common
allergic reactions include eczema, rash, hay fever, asthma attacks,
food allergies, and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such
as wasps and bees.
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- Is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent
parts as self, which allows an immune response against its own
cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an unusual
immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Prominent examples
include Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE Rheumatoid arthritis
RA
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- Transplant rejection occurs when a transplanted organ or tissue
is not accepted by the body of the transplant recipient. This is
explained by the concept that the immune system of the recipient
attacks the transplanted organ or tissue.
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- This is expected to happen, because the immune system's purpose
is to distinguish foreign material within the body and attempt to
destroy it, just as it attempts to destroy infecting organisms such
as bacteria and viruses When possible, transplant rejection can be
reduced through the use of immunosuppressant drugs
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- M.R., a 36-year-old certified registered nurse anesthetist
(CRNA), was diagnosed 7 years ago with latex allergy. She first
noticed that she developed contact dermatitis when she wore
powdered latex gloves. She soon developed tachycardia, hypotension,
bronchospasm, urticaria, and rhinitis with contact or proximity to
latex in surgery. She had one frightening episode of anaphylaxis.
Her allergy is of the type I hypersensitivity, IgE T-cell-mediated
latex allergy, which was diagnosed by a skin-prick test. M.R.
avoids all contact with any natural rubber latex in her home and at
work. She can only work in a pediatric OR because they are
latex-free, since many children with congenital disorders are latex
allergic. She wears a medical alert bracelet, uses a bronchodilator
inhaler at the first symptom of bronchospasm, and carries a syringe
of epinephrine at all times.