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8/7/2019 14714204 Chapter 23 World War I Part II
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Chapter 23, Part 2World War I
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³MODERN WARFARE´
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Trench Warfare
Warfare in the trenches of the Western Frontproduced unimaginable
horrors. Battlefields werehellish landscapes of barbed wire, shell holes,mud, and injured and
dying men. Theintroduction of poison gasin 1915 produced newforms of injuries.
PAGE 722-723
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Realities of War (3:34)
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trench warfare
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PAGE 716 BattlePAGE 716 Battle
of the Sommeof the Somme
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1912 Practice Trenches in
Northern England
Today ± a national
monument
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Around and beside these trenches, there are shellholes big enough to drop an average-sized car in.
In the 85-odd years since the end of the war, a
forest has grown up around the trenches. The
most unsettling thing about this place was the
silence - I was there in mid-summer, yet it was
dead quiet, no birds in the woods, no animals,
nothing.
Apart from my visit to Auschwitz, probably one of the most
unsettling places I've ever been. This is a section of the trenchescalled Sanctuary Wood, outside Ypres, (Belgium) where the
farmer who owned the field preserved the land as it was when
the war ended.
Belgium Trenches
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The Second Battle of Ypres (2:22)The Second Battle of Ypres (2:22)
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Preparing for
mustard gas
attacks
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Tactics of Trench Warfare
Attacks rarely worked
Advancing unprotected acrossopen fields could be fired at by the enemys machine guns
In 10 months at Verdun,
France in 1916, 700,000men were killed over afew miles of land
French 87th regiment in trench at Hill 34 outside Verdun
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³France¶s Stalingrad´³France¶s Stalingrad´� The Battle of Verdun resulted in more
than a quarter of a million battlefield
deaths and at least half a millionwounded.
� Verdun was the longest battle and oneof the most devastating in World War Iand more generally in human history.
On Ne Passe Pas! (They Shall
Not Pass!) on a French medal
commemorating the battle of
Verdun
� A total of about 40 million artillery shells wereexchanged by both sides during the battle.
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³On Ne Passe Pas!´ =
You Shall Not Pass!
On Ne Passe Pas!
Propaganda poster
by Maurice
Neumont
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Note, J.R.R. Tolkien author of LOTR was a World War I veteran
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Loading a 15-inch howitzer
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A Killing Ground @ Verdun
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Map of World with Participants in World War I ±
Allies in green - Central Powers in orange - Neutral in grey
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1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate
� The Western Front turnedinto a stalemate, with
neither side able to pushthe other out of the systemof trench warfare theyhad begun.
� The trenches stretchedfrom the English Channelnearly to the Swiss border.
� For four years both sides
remained in almost thesame positions.
Aerial view of opposing trench lines
between Loos and Hulluch, July
1917. German trenches at the rightand bottom, British at the top-left.
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What is trench foot?Trench foot is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to
damp, unsanitary and cold conditions.
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"G ott strafe England " was a common
slogan of the German Army, which
means"M
ay G
od punish England " .
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1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate
� On the Eastern Front, thewar was far more mobile.
� The Russians defeatedAustria-Hungary and dislodgedthem from Serbia.
� The Russian army movedinto eastern Germany butwas defeated at the Battleof Tannenberg and theBattle of Masurian Lakes,making Russia no longer
a threat to invadeGermany.
RUSSIAN 8-INCH GUNS
ADVANCING TO THE POSITIONS.
Germans at the Battle of Masurian Lakes
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1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate
� The Italians, who had been allied withGermany and Austria-Hungary, broke their
alliance in 1915 and attacked Austria-Hungary.
� The Germans came tothe aid of the Austriansand together they
defeated the Russiansin several battles anddrove them back.
� About 2.5 million
Russians had beenkilled, captured, or wounded.
Austrian Chief-of-
Staff Conrad von
Hoetzendorf.
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'Working people arise!' the Russian Revolution's idealized self-image by
painter V SEROV.
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The war spread to theOttoman Empire in 1915.
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E f h U i d S
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Entry of the United States
� The United States tried to stayneutral in the first years of
World War I.President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break
in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917.
WAKE UP,AMERICA!
Americans were not eager to enter the war , and Americans of German ancestry
tended to support Germany, not Britain and France. The government¶s first task was
to convince citizens that they must support the war effort without reservation. Here, a
woman clad in the stars and stripes represents America and American liberty.Poster by James Montgomery Flagg, 1917.
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http://www.greatships.net/scans/PC-LU26.jpgLusitania S inks Lusitania S inks
US EMOTIONS R UN HIGHUS EMOTIONS R UN HIGH
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VIDEO: Sinking of the Lusitania & Zimmerman Telegraph (1:05)VIDEO: Sinking of the Lusitania & Zimmerman Telegraph (1:05)
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Entry of the United States ( t ) Wartime era portrait of a typical
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Entry of the United States (cont.)
� The Germans did not think that the UnitedStates would enter the war before the Britishwere starved.
�
However, in April 1917, the UnitedStates responded to unrestrictedsubmarine warfare by declaring war on Germany.
� Though large numbers of American troopsdid not arrive until 1918, the Allies weregiven a powerful psychological boost as
well as money and supplies.
Wartime era portrait of a typical American doughboy, circa: 1918.
A tatteredAmerican flag fliesbehind the Spirit of the American
Doughboy statue on in Appleton,
Wis.
VIDEO Th A i E diti F D hb ( 55)VIDEO Th A i E diti F D hb ( 55)
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VIDEO: The American Expeditionary Force Doughboys (:55)VIDEO: The American Expeditionary Force Doughboys (:55)
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September 15th, 1916
A new weapon appears:
³We heard strange throbbing
noises, & lumbering slowly towards us came three
mechanical monsters«
They finally realized they were
on the wrong trench and
moved on, frightening the
Germans out of their wits and
making them scuttle like
frightened rabbits.´
ABritish Mark I (Big Willie). The
highly rhomboidal shape allowed it toclimb tall obstacles
German Tank
French Tank
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He is considered the
ace-of-aces of thatwar, being officially
credited with 80 air
combat victories,
more than any other
pilot.
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