2017 Psychology Written examination 2...The tests on the first day and the last day of the term...

PSYCHOLOGYWritten examination

Thursday 2 November 2017 Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of bookSection Number of

questionsNumber of questions

to be answeredNumber of

marks

A 50 50 50B 8 8 70

Total 120

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof36 pages• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.

Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice

questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2017

SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2017

STUDENT NUMBER

Letter

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 2

SECTION A – continued

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Question 1

1

2

3

4

Whichofthefollowingcorrespondstothestructureslabelled1to4,insequence,onthediagramabove?A. dendrite,axon,myelin,axonterminalB. dendrite,myelin,axon,axonterminalC. axonterminal,myelin,axon,dendriteD. axonterminal,axon,myelin,dendrite

SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions

Instructions for Section AAnswerallquestionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrectorthatbest answersthequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.

3 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Question 2Danielranquicklyacrossabusyroadtocatchanapproachingbus.Whenhegottotheotherside,henoticedthathisbreathingratehadincreasedandhishandswereshaking.WhichdivisionsofthenervoussystemmostlikelycoordinatedDaniel’srunning,increasedbreathingandshakinghands?

Running Increased breathing Shaking hands

A. somatic parasympathetic sympathetic

B. autonomic parasympathetic parasympathetic

C. somatic sympathetic sympathetic

D. sympathetic sympathetic sympathetic

Question 3Diseasessuchasmultiplesclerosisresultfromdamagetothemyelinofneurons.Therefore,intermsofneuraltransmission,peoplewhosufferfrommultiplesclerosiswouldmostlikelyexperienceA. increasedprotectionoftheaffectedneurons.B. increasedtransmissionofneurotransmittersacrossthesynapse.C. slowingofthespeedofelectricaltransmissionswithinaneuron.D. difficultyreceivingchemicalmessagesfromsurroundingneurons.

Question 4GlutamateplaysakeyroleinsynapticplasticitybyA. releasingneurohormonesintothebloodstream.B. increasingthespeedofneurotransmittertransmissionsalongtheaxon.C. actingasanexcitatoryneurohormonereleasedacrossthesynapticgap.D. actingasanexcitatoryneurotransmitterreleasedacrossthesynapticgap.

Question 5TheareasofthebrainthatareassociatedwithmemoryandaremostlikelytobeaffectedbyAlzheimer’sdisease aretheA. hippocampusfollowedbythecerebralcortex.B. cerebralcortexfollowedbythehippocampus.C. cerebellumfollowedbythehippocampus.D. cerebellumfollowedbytheamygdala.

Question 6Whichofthefollowingconditionsmaycauseacircadianphasedisorder?A. shiftwork,jetlag,sleepwalkingB. sleep-onsetinsomnia,jetlag,sleepwalkingC. sleep-onsetinsomnia,sleepwalking,shiftworkD. jetlag,sleep-wakeshiftsinadolescence,shiftwork

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 4

SECTION A – continued

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Question 7Onthefirstdayofterm,MrWatkinsgavehisAustralianPoliticsstudentsatesttoassesstheirpriorknowledge.StudentshadtocircleallofthepreviousAustralianprimeministersfromagroupoffacesprovided.Onthelastdayofterm,MrWatkinsgavehisstudentsanothertest,wheretheyhadtowritedownallofthenamesoftheAustralianprimeministerstheycouldremember,withoutanycues.Thetestsonthefirstdayandthelastdayofthetermwere,respectivelyA. recallandrecognition.B. recognitionandrecall.C. relearningandrecognition.D. relearningandreconstruction.

Question 8DrSabaryconductedanexperimentthatinvolvedhungryguineapigsinaspeciallydesignedbox.Theboxhadaninternalleverthat,whenpressedbytheguineapigs,wouldresultinfoodbeingreleasedintoadishinsidethebox.Inthisexperiment,theantecedentwasA. hunger.B. thedish.C. pressingthelever.D. receivingthefood.

Question 9Unlikeclassicalconditioning,bothoperantconditioningandobservationallearningrequireaspecificprocesstooccurinordertoproduceadesiredbehaviour.Whatisthisprocess?A. reinforcementB. spontaneousrecoveryC. involuntarybehaviourD. stimulusgeneralisation

Question 10Amal’ssleep-wakecycleisregularlyinterruptedbyhersleepwalking.Joshuahasexperiencedashiftinhis sleep-wakecyclewherehehasdifficultyfallingasleepbeforemidnight.ThetypeofsleepdisturbancesthatAmalandJoshuaaremostlikelyexperiencingareA. bothdyssomnias.B. bothparasomnias.C. dyssomniaandparasomniarespectively.D. parasomniaanddyssomniarespectively.

5 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Question 11Themulti-storemodelofmemorycanbeusedtoexplainhowapersonusestheirknowledgeoftimestablestoverballyansweramathematicsproblemthatispresentedbrieflyonacomputerscreen.Whichofthefollowingidentifiesthememorystoresusedtocompletetheaspectsofsolvingtheproblem?

Visual registration of problem

Storage of times tables Storage of problem

A. sensorymemory short-termmemory long-termmemory

B. short-termmemory sensorymemory long-termmemory

C. short-termmemory episodicmemory sensorymemory

D. sensorymemory long-termmemory short-termmemory

Question 12Hamishwantedtolearnyogabutcouldnotaffordtoattendclasseswithhisfriends.Instead,hedecidedtowatchvideosontheinternettolearnthetechnicalposes.Hamishcoulddescribealloftheposesindetail.However,despitepractisingandtheencouragementofhisfriends,Hamishcouldnotsuccessfullyperformeachpose.WhichaspectsofobservationallearningdidHamishmostlikelyachieve?A. attention,retention,motivation,reproductionB. attention,retention,motivation,reinforcementC. motivation,attention,reproduction,reinforcementD. motivation,retention,reproduction,reinforcement

Question 13LucyandXavierwereatabarforafriend’s21stbirthday.Lucywasdrinkingalcohol;Xavierwasnotashewasthedesignateddriver.Thomaswasathome,asleepinbed.WhichofthefollowingidentifiesthestateofconsciousnessbeingexperiencedbyLucy,XavierandThomas?

Lucy Xavier Thomas

A. inducedalteredstateofconsciousness

naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness

normalwakingconsciousness

B. normalwakingconsciousness naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness

inducedalteredstateofconsciousness

C. inducedalteredstateofconsciousness

normalwakingconsciousness naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness

D. naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness

normalwakingconsciousness naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 6

SECTION A – continued

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Question 14EverymorningTeresadrinkscoffeewhileansweringheremails.WhichofthefollowingidentifiesthemostlikelytypeofprocessingandlevelofawarenessforeachactivityundertakenbyTeresa?

Drinking coffee Answering emails

A. controlledprocess,highlevelofawareness automaticprocess,lowlevelofawareness

B. automaticprocess,lowlevelofawareness controlledprocess,highlevelofawareness

C. automaticprocess,lowlevelofawareness controlledprocess,lowlevelofawareness

D. controlledprocess,lowlevelofawareness automaticprocess,highlevelofawareness

Question 15Sophiahasdevelopedaspecificphobiaofdogsandcrieswheneversheseesone.Withreferencetogamma-aminobutyricacid(GABA),itismostlikelythatSophiahasA. anexcessofthisexcitatoryneurotransmitter.B. anexcessofthisinhibitoryneurotransmitter.C. adeficiencyofthisexcitatoryneurotransmitter.D. adeficiencyofthisinhibitoryneurotransmitter.

Question 16Comparingaperson’ssleep-wakecircadianrhythmtotheirultradianrhythmofrapideyemovement(REM)and non-rapideyemovement(NREM)sleep,itcanbesaidthatA. bothoccuronceinapproximatelya24-hourperiod.B. bothoccurmorethanonceinapproximatelya24-hourperiod.C. ultradianrhythmsoccurapproximatelyonceina24-hourperiodbutcircadianrhythmsoccurmorefrequently.D. circadianrhythmsoccurapproximatelyonceina24-hourperiodbutultradianrhythmsoccurmorefrequently.

7 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Use the following information to answer Questions 17 and 18.SamandMarcuswereswimmingatthebeach.Whenthesharkalarmwasactivated,theyhadtoexitthewaterquickly.Samwasabletoswimmuchfasterthanheusuallycouldtogetoutofthewater.However,althoughMarcusisaskilledswimmer,hepanickedandneededassistancefromthelifeguardtoexitthewatersafely.

Question 17WhichofthefollowingidentifiesthetypeofresponsethatSamandMarcusmostlikelyhadtothesharkalarm?

Sam Marcus

A. fightresponse flightresponse

B. flightresponse fightresponse

C. flightresponse freezeresponse

D. freezeresponse freezeresponse

Question 18WhichofthefollowingphysiologicalresponsesmayhavebeenexperiencedbybothSamandMarcuswhentheyfirstheardthesharkalarm?A. relaxedbladdersanddilatedpupilsB. stimulateddigestionandrelaxedbladdersC. decreasedadrenalinelevelsandstimulateddigestionD. decreasedmuscletensionandincreasedperspiration

Question 19Accordingtothebiopsychosocialmodel,whichoneofthefollowingisapsychologicalriskfactor?A. ruminationB. substanceabuseC. disorganisedattachmentD. lossofasignificantrelationship

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 8

SECTION A – continued

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Use the following information to answer Questions 20 and 21.Milliethedogisalwaysfedherdinnerinthegarage.NowMilliesalivateseverytimeherowner,Priya,opensthegaragedoor.

Question 20WithreferencetoMillie’slearnedbehaviour,PriyaopeningthegaragedooristheA. conditionedresponse.B. conditionedstimulus.C. unconditionedresponse.D. unconditionedstimulus.

Question 21Millie’sresponseofsalivatingeverytimethegaragedoorisopenedistheA. neutralstimulus.B. conditionedresponse.C. conditionedstimulus.D. unconditionedstimulus.

Question 22Frankhadsufferedonenightoffullsleepdeprivation.Charlottehadconsumedseveralalcoholicdrinksandherbloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)was0.10ComparedtoalegalBACof0.05,bothFrankandCharlottewouldbeexpectedtoshowA. aboutthesamecognitiveimpairment.B. betterdecision-makingability.C. nochangetoconcentration.D. lessexaggeratedmood.

9 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Use the following information to answer Questions 23 and 24.Roseparticipatedinatelevisiongameshowaboutgeneralknowledge.Whilewaitingtogoonstageshefeltverystressed.Atonepointshefeltsoanxiousthatsheleftthestudio.However,shethendecidedtoreturntothestudioandstudythenotesshehadpreparedearlier.

Question 23ThecopingstrategiesthatRoseusedpriortogoingonstagecanbeconsideredtobeA. approachstrategiesonly.B. avoidancestrategiesonly.C. exerciseandapproachstrategies.D. avoidanceandapproachstrategies.

Question 24Throughoutthegameshow,Rosewascomposedandalert,whichenabledhertowinalotofmoney.Duringtheshow,RosewasmostlikelyexperiencingA. distress.B. eustress.C. majorstress.D. acculturativestress.

Question 25JanellehadbeenlearningFrenchforsixyearsandwastalkingveryexcitedlytoherfriendManeeshaabouttheirupcomingthree-monthexchangeprograminFrance.ManeeshatoldJanellethatshefeltnervousabouttheirtripbecauseshehadnotlearntFrenchbefore.ConsideringLazarusandFolkman’sTransactionalModelofStressandCoping,intermsofappraisal,whichismostlikelytooccur?A. BothJanelleandManeeshawillengageincopingstrategies.B. ManeeshawillbemorelikelytoexperienceshockthanJanelle.C. ManeeshawillbemorelikelytoexperienceacculturativestressthanJanelle.D. BothJanelleandManeeshawillevaluatetheirupcomingexchangeexperienceasaharm,threatorchallenge.

Question 26AccordingtoLazarusandFolkman’sTransactionalModelofStressandCoping,whichofthefollowingwouldoccurduringprimaryandsecondaryappraisal?

Primary appraisal Secondary appraisal

A. evaluationofthesituation useofavoidancestrategies

B. evaluationofresourcesforcoping useofavoidancestrategies

C. evaluationofthesituation evaluationofresourcesforcoping

D. evaluationofresourcesforcoping useofapproachstrategies

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 10

SECTION A – continued

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Use the following information to answer Questions 27 and 28.Arloisakeenbasketballerwhoplaysonindoorandoutdoorcourts.Duringanindoorgrandfinal,shefelloverandtwistedherknee.Herteamalsolostthegame.Now,wheneverArloplaysonanindoorcourt,shebecomesemotional.

Question 27ThebrainareathatisresponsibleforthestorageofArlo’simplicitmemoryofhowtoplaybasketballistheA. cerebralcortex.B. hippocampus.C. cerebellum.D. amygdala.

Question 28WhenArlobecomesemotional,theindoorbasketballcourtisactingasaA. recallcue.B. recognitioncue.C. state-dependentcue.D. context-dependentcue.

Question 29Brianisahealthy55-year-oldmanwhoisanavidsportsfan.HestayeduplateonbothSaturdaynightandSundaynighttowatchAmericanbaseballandgotverylittlesleep.AtworkonMonday,hewaspartiallysleepdeprived.WhichofthefollowingchangestoBrian’saffectiveandcognitivefunctioningarelikelytooccurasaresultofhispartialsleepdeprivation?

Affective changes Cognitive changes

A. increasednumberoferrors increasedpositivemood

B. increasedirritability reducedretentionofinformation

C. reducedretentionofinformation reducednumberoferrors

D. increasednegativemood shorterresponsetimes

11 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Use the following information to answer Questions 30 and 31.DrChaninvestigatedtheeffectsofcaffeineonanindividual’sresponsetoaphysicalstressor.Shedesignedandadministeredanexperimentinvolving20individuals(10maleand10female),agedbetween20and40yearsold,withnoexistingmedicalconditions.InCondition1oftheexperiment,participantswererequiredtodrinka100mLcoladrinkthatcontainednocaffeine.InCondition2oftheexperiment,thesameparticipantswerethenrequiredtodrinka100mLcoladrinkthatcontained20mgofcaffeine.

Question 30WhattypeofresearchdesignhasDrChanusedinherexperiment?A. matchedparticipantsB. independentgroupsC. repeatedmeasuresD. cross-sectional

Question 31Whichoneofthefollowingresearchmethodologies/techniqueswasusedbyDrChantominimisepotentialconfoundingandextraneousvariablesintheexperiment?A. useofaplaceboB. counterbalancingC. stratifiedsamplingD. adouble-blindprocedure

Question 32Barryvolunteeredtostayovernightatasleeplaboratorysothathissleeppatternscouldbestudied.WhichofthefollowingidentifiesthequalitativeandquantitativemeasuresthatcouldbeusedtoindicateBarry’sstateofconsciousness?

Qualitative measures Quantitative measures

A. electro-oculograph(EOG)electroencephalograph(EEG)

sleepdiaryvideomonitoring

B. electromyograph(EMG)videomonitoring

electroencephalograph(EEG)electro-oculograph(EOG)

C. sleepdiaryvideomonitoring

electromyograph(EMG)electro-oculograph(EOG)

D. sleepdiaryelectro-oculograph(EOG)

videomonitoringelectroencephalograph(EEG)

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 12

SECTION A – continued

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Use the following information to answer Questions 33–35.Marywasprescribedmedicationtotreathermentalhealthdisorder.Marytookthemedicationasprescribed,butstillhadsymptomsofhermentalhealthdisorder.

Question 33WhichoneofthefollowingisabiologicalriskfactorthatmayhavecontributedtoMary’sresponsetothetreatment?A. stressorspresentinherlifeB. poorself-efficacywhiletakingthemedicationC. theimpactofimpairedreasoningandmemoryD. geneticfactorsinfluencingtheeffectivenessofthemedication

Question 34Mary’spsychiatristusedbreathingretrainingandexercisetomanageMary’scondition.BreathingretrainingandexerciseareexamplesofA. socialapproachesbecausetheyinvolvehumaninteraction.B. biologicalapproachesbecausetheyreducephysiologicalarousal.C. psychologicalapproachesbecausetheyreducephysiologicalarousal.D. psychologicalapproachesbecausetheyreducepsychologicalarousal.

Question 35Marydidnotbelieveshewasabletoorganiseherdailyroutinestoincludethestrategiessuggestedbythepsychiatrist.Asaresult,hermentalhealthconditiondidnotimprove.ThepsychologicalfactorthatbestdescribesMary’sperceivedinabilitytoimplementthesestrategiesisA. poorself-efficacy.B. perceivedstigma.C. constantrumination.D. disorganisedattachment.

Question 36OnedifferencebetweenstressandanxietyisthatA. stressisarousalwhenapersonfearstheycannotcope,whereasanxietyisthefearofbeingstressed.B. stressisaresponsetoastressorthatmayoccurinthefuture,whereasanxietyistheworryaboutthecurrent

stressor.C. stressisarationalresponsetosomethingthathashappened,whereasanxietyisanirrationalresponseto

somethingthathashappened.D. stressoccurswhenapersonperceivestheycannotcopewithacurrentstressor,whereasanxietyoccurswhena

personperceivestheycannotcopewithastressorthatmayoccurinthefuture.

13 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Question 37Whichofthefollowingaccuratelydescribesapurposeofsleepaccordingtorestorationtheoryandalimitationoftheevolutionarytheoryofsleep?

Purpose of sleep according to restoration theory

Limitation of evolutionary theory of sleep

A. Physicalandmentalfunctionsarerepaired.

Lossofawarenessatnightismaladaptivetosurvival.

B. Neuralandmemoryfunctionsarerepaired.

ThebrainisactiveduringREMsleep,whichisnotconsistentwithconservingenergy.

C. Energyisconserved. Animalsthataresmallersleepforlongerperiodsoftime.

D. Inactivityatnightisadaptivetosurvival. ThereisnoexplanationforwhylessactiveindividualsexperiencethesameamountofNREMsleepasmoreactiveindividuals.

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 14

SECTION A – continued

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Question 38Benisahealthy6-year-oldandCharlesisahealthy65-year-old.

1086hours42

NREM REM

1086hours42

NREM REM

1086hours42

NREM REM

1086hours42

NREM REM

Graph IIGraph I

Graph III Graph IV

WhichofthegraphsabovebestrepresenttheamountoftimespentinNREMsleepandREMsleepinatypical 24-hourperiodforBenandCharles?

Ben Charles

A. GraphIII GraphI

B. GraphII GraphIV

C. GraphI GraphII

D. GraphIV GraphIII

15 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Use the following information to answer Questions 39–42.Glenlosthisjobjustafterhisthirdchildwasborn.Glenfeltoverwhelmedbythedemandsofbeingaparentwhilealsobeingunemployed.Thelocalcouncilhadalsoclosedtheparkclosesttohishouse.Glenreallymissedtheopportunitiesthattheparkhadprovidedforhisolderchildrentoplayandforhimtospendtimewithotherfathers.Despitethesechallenges,Glenhadstrongsupportfromhisfamilyandfriends,andhewasabletoenjoydailyeventsrelatedtobeingafather.Healsoactivelylookedfornewemploymentopportunitiesandorganisedasurprisepartyforhisownfather’s70thbirthday.

Question 39GlenwouldbeconsideredmentallyhealthybecauseheA. avoidedstressfulsituations.B. wasunabletofocusontheneedsofhisfamily.C. receivedsocialandpsychologicalsupportfromhisfamilyandfriends.D. workedtowardsgoalsinthefaceofstressorsanddisappointmentsinhislife.

Question 40Glen’ssituationisanexampleofhowmentalhealthcanfluctuateA. dependingoninternalandexternalfactors.B. whenexternalfactorsoutweighinternalfactors.C. dependingoninternalratherthanexternalfactors.D. dependingonexternalratherthaninternalfactors.

Question 41ThestressorsexperiencedbyGlenthroughhisadulthoodandthatmightcontributetothedevelopmentofamentalhealthdisorderarebestdescribedasA. biologicalriskfactors.B. cumulativeriskfactors.C. socioculturalriskfactors.D. environmentalriskfactors.

Question 42TohelpGlenmanagehisfeelingsofbeingoverwhelmedbyfatherhood,Glen’sdoctorsuggestedthatheuseacombinedbiopsychosocialapproach.Whichofthefollowingincludesallaspectsofthebiopsychosocialapproach?A. improvingsleepstrategies,challengingunrealisticthoughtsandaccessingsocialsupportB. reducingstigma,andimprovingsleepstrategiesandpersonalrelationshipsC. challengingunrealisticthoughts,strategiesandadviceprovidedbyfamilyD. improvingpersonalrelationshipsandself-efficacy,andreducingstigma

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 16

SECTION A – continued

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Use the following information to answer Questions 43 and 44.Rajhasbeenworkingwithapsychologistforseveralmonthstoovercomeasmokinghabit.HispsychologistidentifiedthatRajisstillinthepreparationstageofthetranstheoreticalmodelofbehaviourchange.

Question 43AbehaviourthatRajwouldlikelydemonstrateduringthisstageisA. poorself-efficacytocopewithchange.B. ruminatingonthenegativeeffectsofsmoking.C. tellinghisfriendsthatheisgoingtogiveupsmoking.D. decidingthereisnopointgivingupsmokinguntilafterthenewyear.

Question 44ApositivestrategythatthepsychologistislikelytouseduringthepreparationstageistohelpRajA. thinkabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsmoking.B. learntochallengethereasonsfornotgivingupsmoking.C. undertakeactivitiesthathecansubstituteforsmoking.D. developanactionplantogiveupsmoking.

Question 45AbenzodiazepinecanbeusedtotreataspecificphobiabecauseitA. increasestheefficiencyoftheinhibitingactionofGABA.B. decreasestheefficiencyoftheinhibitingactionofGABA.C. increasestheefficiencyoftheinhibitingactionofglutamate.D. decreasestheefficiencyoftheinhibitingactionofglutamate.

17 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

CONTINUES OVER PAGE

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 18

SECTION A – continued

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

Use the following information to answer Questions 46–49.DrSmithisoneof10doctorswhoworkattheBayviewLodgeMedicalClinic.Hewantedtoinvestigatetheeffectofanewbrandofbenzodiazepineontheprogressionofaspecificphobiainpatientsattheclinic.FiftyofDrSmith’spatientsvolunteeredtotakepartinthestudy.DrSmithrandomlydividedtheparticipantsintotwogroupsandgaveGroupAthetreatmentandGroupBtheplacebo.Theparticipantsdidnotknowiftheywerereceivingthetreatmentortheplacebo.Theparticipantscompletedaself-reportphobicanxietyscalebothbeforeandafterthetreatment.

Question 46GroupBwasgiventheplacebotocontrolforA. participanterror.B. experimenterbias.C. participantexpectations.D. experimenterexpectations.

Question 47Whichofthefollowingwouldbeasuitableoperationalisedindependentvariableandoperationaliseddependentvariableforthisstudy?

Independent variable Dependent variable

Experimental group Control group

A. 25gplacebo 25gbenzodiazepine thedifferenceinpre-andpost-testscoresontheself-reportphobicanxietyscale

B. 25gbenzodiazepine 25gplacebo scoreonself-reportphobicanxietyscale

C. 25gbenzodiazepine 25gplacebo thedifferenceinpre-andpost-testscoresontheself-reportphobicanxietyscale

D. 25gplacebo 25gbenzodiazepine scoreonself-reportphobicanxietyscale

Question 48Resultsfromthestudyshowedthattheparticipantswhoreceivedthetreatmentreportedagreaterreductioninlevelsofanxietyaftersixweekscomparedtotheparticipantswhoreceivedtheplacebo.CanDrSmithgeneralisetheresultsfromthestudytothepopulationofresearchinterest?A. Yes,becauseheensuredthatallparticipantsvoluntarilyparticipatedinthestudy.B. No,becauseheusedrandomallocationtoassignparticipantstoeachgroup.C. No,becausethesamplemaynotberepresentativeofthepopulation.D. Yes,becausethesampleisrepresentativeofthepopulation.

19 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

END OF SECTION ATURN OVER

Question 49Someofthepatientshadalegalguardian.Inordertoobtaininformedconsentfromthesepatients,DrSmithneededtoensurethatA. onlythepatientwasinformedaboutthenature,purposeandrisksofthestudy.B. onlytheguardianwasinformedaboutthenature,purposeandrisksofthestudy.C. theguardianprovidedconsentandthepatientunderstoodtothebestoftheirabilitythenature,purposeandrisks

ofthestudy.D. thepatientprovidedconsentandtheirguardianunderstoodtothebestoftheirabilitythenature,purposeand

risksofthestudy.

Question 50

fewer thanfive hoursof exerciseper week

more thanfive hoursof exercise per week

0

2

4

perceivedlevel of

stress

6

8

10

Perceived level of stress reported by participants

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsrepresentsanappropriateconclusionfortheexperimentalresultsshowninthegraphabove?A. Theperceivedlevelofstresswasgreaterforthosewhoexercisedmorethanfivehoursperweekthanforthose

whoexercisedfewerthanfivehoursperweek.B. Theperceivedlevelofstresswasgreaterforthosewhoexercisedfewerthanfivehoursperweekthanforthose

whoexercisedmorethanfivehoursperweek.C. Peoplewithahigherperceivedlevelofstressdidmorehoursofexerciseperweekthanthosewhohadalower

perceivedlevelofstress.D. Peoplewithalowerperceivedlevelofstressdidfewerhoursofexerciseperweekthanthosewhohadahigher

perceivedlevelofstress.

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 20

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – continued

Question 1 (3marks)NameeachstageofSelye’sGeneralAdaptationSyndromeasitappliestoeachroleofcortisolgiveninthetablebelow.

Role of cortisol Name of stage

Sustainedlevelsofcortisolmobilisethebodyandincreasearousaltorespondtothestressor.

Thereleaseofcortisolmobilisesthebodyandincreasesarousaltorespondtothestressor.

Depletedlevelsofcortisolreducetheabilityofthebodytorespondtofurtherstressors.

Question 2 (3marks)Nixonwasinarestaurantwhentwomaskedintrudersdemandedthateveryonehandovertheirwallets.No-onewasseriouslyinjuredandthemaskedintrudersescapedinadarkvehicle.Beforehewasinterviewedbythepolice,Nixonwasquestionedbytelevisionreporters,whoaskedmanyquestions,including‘Howoldweretheboyswhorobbedyou?’and‘Whattypeofweaponsdidtheyhave?’Wheninterviewedbythepolice,Nixondescribedthetwointrudersasyoungmalesandarmed.Inthelatercourtcase,thereliabilityofNixon’stestimonywasquestionedbydefencelawyersfortheaccused.

IntermsofLoftus’sresearch,whywoulddefencelawyersquestionthereliabilityofthedescriptionthatNixongavetothepolice?

SECTION B

Instructions for Section BAnswerall questionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.

21 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER

Question 3 (8marks)WatsonandRaynerclassicallyconditioned11-month-old‘LittleAlbert’toproduceanemotionalresponsetoawhiteratbypairingaloudnoisewiththepresentationofawhiterat.Duringconditioning,Albert’sresponsetothewhiteratwastostartleandbreatheheavily.Afterconditioning,hetrembledandcriedinfeareverytimehesawawhiterat.Healsogeneralisedthisemotionalresponsetootherwhitefurryobjects,includingarabbitandadog.Albertlefttheexperimentstilldemonstratinganemotionalresponsetowhitefurryobjects.

a. IdentifyanddescribetheroleoftheneurohormoneandbrainregionthatareprimarilyinvolvedintheconsolidationofLittleAlbert’sconditionedemotionalresponse. 4marks

Neurohormone

Brainregion

b. Intermsofneuralplasticity,describetheroleoflong-termpotentiationinthedevelopmentofLittleAlbert’sconditionedemotionalresponsetothewhiterat. 2marks

c. Usingthelanguageofclassicalconditioning,suggesthowWatsonandRaynercouldhaveextinguishedLittleAlbert’sconditionedemotionalresponse. 2marks

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 22

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – Question 4–continued

Question 4 (11marks)Serenawassittinginthegardenandplayingwhenshefeltsomethingcrawlontoherleg.Shesawthatitwasabeeandbrusheditaway.Shortlyafter,sheinvoluntarilykickedoutherlegandthenfeltastingingsensationthatmadeherscreamloudlyinpain.Sherealisedthatshehadbeenstungbyabee.

a. IdentifythedivisionofthenervoussystemandthetypeofresponseinvolvedwhenSerenabrushedthebeeoffherleg. 2marks

Division

Response

b. Intermsofnervoussystemfunctioning,nameandexplainSerena’sresponsewhenshekickedoutherleg. 3marks

c. Followingthebeesting,Serenashowedafearresponseanytimeshesawabee.Oneafternoon,whenshewasagainplayinginthegarden,aninsectlandedonherleg.Serenaimmediatelyscreamedloudly,brushedtheinsectawayandkickedoutherleg.Shethenrealiseditwasabeetle,notabee.

IdentifytheprocessofclassicalconditioningthatbestaccountsforwhySerenareactedthiswaytothebeetlelandingonherleg. 1mark

d. Serenadevelopedaphobiaofbeesandrefusedtogointothegarden.

IdentifytheprocessofoperantconditioningthatbestaccountsforwhySerena’sphobiahasbeenperpetuated. 1mark

23 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER

e. ExplainhowsystematicdesensitisationcouldbeusedtohelpSerenaovercomeherphobia. 4marks

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 24

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – Question 5–continued

Question 5 (13marks)

New study finds caffeine prevents stressbySamanthaDelagonda

Chronic stress has a number of negative effects, including lowered mood and impairments of memory.

Innewresearchconductedwithmice,DrRodrigoCunhaandhiscolleaguesclaimtohaveprovidedthefirstevidenceofacausallinkbetweencaffeineconsumptionandthepreventionofstress,includingtheeffectsofcaffeineonmoodandmemory.

Cunhaandhiscolleaguesfirstallocatedthemiceintotwomatchedgroups.Onegroupwasgivencaffeineinitsdrinkingwaterforaperiodofthreeweeksandtheothergroupwasgivenaplacebosubstanceinitswaterforaperiodofthreeweeks.Duringthistime,halfofthemiceinthecaffeinegroupandhalfofthemiceintheplacebogroupwereexposedtochronicstress.Theotherhalfofthemiceineachgroupwerenotexposedtochronicstress.

Therefore,therewerefourgroupsofmice:placeboplusstress(P+S),placebowithoutstress(P–S),caffeineplusstress(C+S)andcaffeinewithoutstress(C–S).

Afterthethree-weekperiod,themicefromallfourgroupsweretestedonmeasuresofmoodandmemoryperformance.Theamountofsweetenedwaterconsumedwasusedtomeasuremoodinthemice,withalowerconsumptionofsweetenedwaterindicatinglowermood.Thenumberoftrialstakentolearnamazewasusedtomeasurememoryperformance,withfewertrialsinthemazebeingassociatedwithbettermemoryperformance.

TheresultsshowedthatthemiceintheP+SgroupdranklessofthesweetenedwaterandtookmoretrialstolearnthemazethanthemiceintheP–Sgroup.Incontrast,themiceintheC+SandC–Sgroupsperformedsimilarlytoeachother,anddidnotdifferfromthemiceintheP–Sgrouponeithermeasure.

DrCunhaexplainedtheresultsbysayingthatcaffeineconsumptionappearedtopreventtheeffectofstressonmoodandmemorybyactingasanantagonistforasubstancecalledadenosineinthebrain.Adenosinenormallylowersmoodandalertness,whichcanimpairmemoryfunction.

25 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – Question 5–continuedTURN OVER

a. Caffeineisconsideredtobeastimulant.

Identifylikelychangestotheamplitudeandfrequencyofbrainwavepatternsexpectedinapersonaftertheyhaveconsumedcaffeine. 2marks

Amplitude

Frequency

b. Withreferencetothelock-and-keyprocess,explainhowcaffeinecouldactasanantagonistforadenosineinthebrain. 3marks

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 26

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – continued

c. Intermsofthescientificresearchmethodologiesandtechniquesoutlinedinthearticle

i. namethetypeofexperimentalresearchdesignusedandidentifyoneadvantageofusingthistypeofdesign 2marks

ii. outlinethecautionDrCunhashouldprovideregardingthegeneralisabilityofresultsfromhisresearch 1mark

iii. explainhowthecomparisonsbetweenthefourgroupsofmiceinthestudyenabledDrCunhatoconcludethatconsumingcaffeinepreventstheeffectofchronicstressonmoodandmemory. 5marks

27 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER

Question 6 (9marks)Zacliveswithhisparentsandcontributesfinanciallytothehouseholdbypayingalloftherent.Zacwasquitestressedabouttheexpectationsplacedonhimtoprovidefinanciallyforthefamily.Recently,hisgrandfather,wholiveswiththem,becamequiteill.Zacsoonfeltunabletocopewiththesestressorsandtriedtomanagehisdistressthroughsubstanceuse.Hesubsequentlylosthisjobandisolatedhimselffromfriendsandfamily.Finally,hissisterencouragedhimtoseekprofessionalsupportfromapsychologist,whothendiagnosedhimwithamentalhealthdisorder.

a. Identifyonebiologicalriskfactorandonepsychologicalriskfactorthatarepresentinthescenario,andoutlinehoweachofthesefactorsmayhavecontributedtothedevelopmentand/orprogressionofZac’smentalhealthdisorder. 4marks

Biological

Psychological

b. IdentifyadifferenttypeofcopingstrategythatZaccouldhaveusedwhenhelosthisjob. 1mark

c. DescribeonesocialstrategythatZac’spsychologistcouldrecommendtoZactoincreasehisresilience. 2marks

d. IdentifyonepossiblesourceofstigmaandhowthisstigmacouldbeabarriertoZacaccessingtreatmentforhismentalhealthdisorder. 2marks

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 28

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – Question 7–continued

Question 7 (13marks)ForherVCEPsychologypracticalinvestigation,Jaimedecidedtoinvestigatetheeffectofmaintenancerehearsalversuselaborativerehearsalontheabilitytorecall20words.Thefollowingareextractsfromherscientificposter.

IV:MemorytechniqueusedDV:Listof20words

Method: TwoofthefiveYear10classesatSundownHighSchoolwereselectedtoparticipateintheinvestigation.AMondaymorningclassandaFridayafternoonclasswereselectedtofitwiththeexperimenter’savailability.Allofthestudentsvoluntarilyagreedtoparticipate.ClassA(Fridayafternoon):Studentsweretoldthattheywouldbeshown20wordsandwereinstructedtorememberasmanyofthewordsastheycouldbysilentlyrepeatingthewordsoverandover.Eachwordwaspresentedonthescreenfortwosecondsatatimewithaone-secondblankscreenbetweeneachword.Thestudentswerethenaskedtoimmediatelywritedownasmanyofthe20wordsastheycouldremember,inanyorder.Thefollowing20wordswereshowntothestudentsoneatatimeinarandom orderusingadataprojector.

bun shoe knee door hive sticks heaven late sign hensun new tree sore jive ticks eleven gate mine pen

ClassB(Mondaymorning):Studentsweretoldthattheywouldbeshown10wordpairsandwereinstructedtorememberasmanyofthewordsastheycouldbysilentlyrepeatingthewordsoverandover.Eachwordpairwaspresentedonthescreenforfoursecondsatatimewithaone-secondblankscreenbetweeneachwordpair.Thestudentswerethenaskedtoimmediatelywritedownasmanyofthewordsfromthe10pairsastheycouldremember,inanyorder.Thefollowing10rhyming,numberedwordpairswereshowntothestudentsoneatatimein orderusingadataprojector.

1. bun–sun 2. shoe–new 3. knee–tree 4. door–sore 5. hive–jive6. sticks–ticks 7. heaven–eleven 8. late–gate 9. sign–mine 10. hen–pen

Conclusion:Elaborativerehearsalproceduresproducebetterrecallcomparedtomaintenancerehearsalwhentryingtoremember20words.

29 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – Question 7–continuedTURN OVER

a. IsJaime’sidentificationofthedependentvariablecorrect?Justifyyourresponse. 2marks

b. IdentifythesamplingprocedurethatJaimeusedandapotentiallimitationofthisprocedureforJaime’sconclusion. 2marks

Samplingprocedure

Potentiallimitation

c. IdentifyanalternativesamplingprocedurethatJaimecouldhaveusedtoimprovethevalidityofherconclusion.Justifyyourresponse. 2marks

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 30

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – continued

d. Usingtheaxesprovidedbelow,drawagraphofthelikelyresultsforthegroupofstudentswhousedmaintenancerehearsaltolearnthelistof20wordsandlabeltheaxesappropriately. 2marks

e. Howwouldthelikelyresultsofthemaintenancerehearsalconditionsupportthemulti-storemodelofmemory? 2marks

f. Intermsofthefactorsthatinfluencepeople’sabilitytorememberinformation,whatexplanationcouldJaimeprovidetoaccountfortheelaborativerehearsalconditionproducingbetterrecallthanthemaintenancerehearsalcondition? 3marks

31 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

SECTION B – Question 8–continuedTURN OVER

Question 8 (10marks)Timisahealthy32-year-oldmale.Hehasbeenworkingthenightshiftasanaircraftengineerfor12months.Thetypicalnightshiftrosteratthecompanyisfournightson,thenfournightsoff.Eachshiftis11hoursinduration,beginningat7pmandfinishingat6am.Onceayear,thecompanyrunsaninformationsessionforallemployeesregardingtheeffectsthatshiftworkcanhaveonaperson’smentalhealthandwellbeing.Tim’snewcolleague,Allira,wasunabletoattendtheinformationsessionandaskedTimtotakedetailednotesforherduringthesession.Theinformationprovidedatthissessionincludedpotentialchangestotheregularsleep-wakecycleofnightshiftworkers,potentialconsequencesonaperson’sphysiologicalandpsychologicalfunctioningiftheyweretoregularlyexperiencepartialsleepdeprivation,aswellasoneprotectivefactorandoneinterventionthatemployeescouldusetoadjusttochangesintheirsleep-wakecycle.

Consideringtheaboveinformation,createadetailedandclearlyorganisedsetofnotesthatTimmostlikelywouldhavetakenduringthispresentationtogivetoAllira.

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 32

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

33 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

TURN OVER

Extra space for responses

Clearly number all responses in this space.

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 34

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

35 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea

TURN OVER

2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 36

do

no

t w

rit

e i

n t

his

ar

ea