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PSYCHOLOGYWritten examination
Thursday 2 November 2017 Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)
QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Structure of bookSection Number of
questionsNumber of questions
to be answeredNumber of
marks
A 50 50 50B 8 8 70
Total 120
• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.
• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.
• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.
Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof36 pages• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.
Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice
questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.
At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2017
SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2017
STUDENT NUMBER
Letter
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 2
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Question 1
1
2
3
4
Whichofthefollowingcorrespondstothestructureslabelled1to4,insequence,onthediagramabove?A. dendrite,axon,myelin,axonterminalB. dendrite,myelin,axon,axonterminalC. axonterminal,myelin,axon,dendriteD. axonterminal,axon,myelin,dendrite
SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions
Instructions for Section AAnswerallquestionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrectorthatbest answersthequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.
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Question 2Danielranquicklyacrossabusyroadtocatchanapproachingbus.Whenhegottotheotherside,henoticedthathisbreathingratehadincreasedandhishandswereshaking.WhichdivisionsofthenervoussystemmostlikelycoordinatedDaniel’srunning,increasedbreathingandshakinghands?
Running Increased breathing Shaking hands
A. somatic parasympathetic sympathetic
B. autonomic parasympathetic parasympathetic
C. somatic sympathetic sympathetic
D. sympathetic sympathetic sympathetic
Question 3Diseasessuchasmultiplesclerosisresultfromdamagetothemyelinofneurons.Therefore,intermsofneuraltransmission,peoplewhosufferfrommultiplesclerosiswouldmostlikelyexperienceA. increasedprotectionoftheaffectedneurons.B. increasedtransmissionofneurotransmittersacrossthesynapse.C. slowingofthespeedofelectricaltransmissionswithinaneuron.D. difficultyreceivingchemicalmessagesfromsurroundingneurons.
Question 4GlutamateplaysakeyroleinsynapticplasticitybyA. releasingneurohormonesintothebloodstream.B. increasingthespeedofneurotransmittertransmissionsalongtheaxon.C. actingasanexcitatoryneurohormonereleasedacrossthesynapticgap.D. actingasanexcitatoryneurotransmitterreleasedacrossthesynapticgap.
Question 5TheareasofthebrainthatareassociatedwithmemoryandaremostlikelytobeaffectedbyAlzheimer’sdisease aretheA. hippocampusfollowedbythecerebralcortex.B. cerebralcortexfollowedbythehippocampus.C. cerebellumfollowedbythehippocampus.D. cerebellumfollowedbytheamygdala.
Question 6Whichofthefollowingconditionsmaycauseacircadianphasedisorder?A. shiftwork,jetlag,sleepwalkingB. sleep-onsetinsomnia,jetlag,sleepwalkingC. sleep-onsetinsomnia,sleepwalking,shiftworkD. jetlag,sleep-wakeshiftsinadolescence,shiftwork
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 4
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Question 7Onthefirstdayofterm,MrWatkinsgavehisAustralianPoliticsstudentsatesttoassesstheirpriorknowledge.StudentshadtocircleallofthepreviousAustralianprimeministersfromagroupoffacesprovided.Onthelastdayofterm,MrWatkinsgavehisstudentsanothertest,wheretheyhadtowritedownallofthenamesoftheAustralianprimeministerstheycouldremember,withoutanycues.Thetestsonthefirstdayandthelastdayofthetermwere,respectivelyA. recallandrecognition.B. recognitionandrecall.C. relearningandrecognition.D. relearningandreconstruction.
Question 8DrSabaryconductedanexperimentthatinvolvedhungryguineapigsinaspeciallydesignedbox.Theboxhadaninternalleverthat,whenpressedbytheguineapigs,wouldresultinfoodbeingreleasedintoadishinsidethebox.Inthisexperiment,theantecedentwasA. hunger.B. thedish.C. pressingthelever.D. receivingthefood.
Question 9Unlikeclassicalconditioning,bothoperantconditioningandobservationallearningrequireaspecificprocesstooccurinordertoproduceadesiredbehaviour.Whatisthisprocess?A. reinforcementB. spontaneousrecoveryC. involuntarybehaviourD. stimulusgeneralisation
Question 10Amal’ssleep-wakecycleisregularlyinterruptedbyhersleepwalking.Joshuahasexperiencedashiftinhis sleep-wakecyclewherehehasdifficultyfallingasleepbeforemidnight.ThetypeofsleepdisturbancesthatAmalandJoshuaaremostlikelyexperiencingareA. bothdyssomnias.B. bothparasomnias.C. dyssomniaandparasomniarespectively.D. parasomniaanddyssomniarespectively.
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Question 11Themulti-storemodelofmemorycanbeusedtoexplainhowapersonusestheirknowledgeoftimestablestoverballyansweramathematicsproblemthatispresentedbrieflyonacomputerscreen.Whichofthefollowingidentifiesthememorystoresusedtocompletetheaspectsofsolvingtheproblem?
Visual registration of problem
Storage of times tables Storage of problem
A. sensorymemory short-termmemory long-termmemory
B. short-termmemory sensorymemory long-termmemory
C. short-termmemory episodicmemory sensorymemory
D. sensorymemory long-termmemory short-termmemory
Question 12Hamishwantedtolearnyogabutcouldnotaffordtoattendclasseswithhisfriends.Instead,hedecidedtowatchvideosontheinternettolearnthetechnicalposes.Hamishcoulddescribealloftheposesindetail.However,despitepractisingandtheencouragementofhisfriends,Hamishcouldnotsuccessfullyperformeachpose.WhichaspectsofobservationallearningdidHamishmostlikelyachieve?A. attention,retention,motivation,reproductionB. attention,retention,motivation,reinforcementC. motivation,attention,reproduction,reinforcementD. motivation,retention,reproduction,reinforcement
Question 13LucyandXavierwereatabarforafriend’s21stbirthday.Lucywasdrinkingalcohol;Xavierwasnotashewasthedesignateddriver.Thomaswasathome,asleepinbed.WhichofthefollowingidentifiesthestateofconsciousnessbeingexperiencedbyLucy,XavierandThomas?
Lucy Xavier Thomas
A. inducedalteredstateofconsciousness
naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness
normalwakingconsciousness
B. normalwakingconsciousness naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness
inducedalteredstateofconsciousness
C. inducedalteredstateofconsciousness
normalwakingconsciousness naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness
D. naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness
normalwakingconsciousness naturallyoccurringalteredstateofconsciousness
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 6
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Question 14EverymorningTeresadrinkscoffeewhileansweringheremails.WhichofthefollowingidentifiesthemostlikelytypeofprocessingandlevelofawarenessforeachactivityundertakenbyTeresa?
Drinking coffee Answering emails
A. controlledprocess,highlevelofawareness automaticprocess,lowlevelofawareness
B. automaticprocess,lowlevelofawareness controlledprocess,highlevelofawareness
C. automaticprocess,lowlevelofawareness controlledprocess,lowlevelofawareness
D. controlledprocess,lowlevelofawareness automaticprocess,highlevelofawareness
Question 15Sophiahasdevelopedaspecificphobiaofdogsandcrieswheneversheseesone.Withreferencetogamma-aminobutyricacid(GABA),itismostlikelythatSophiahasA. anexcessofthisexcitatoryneurotransmitter.B. anexcessofthisinhibitoryneurotransmitter.C. adeficiencyofthisexcitatoryneurotransmitter.D. adeficiencyofthisinhibitoryneurotransmitter.
Question 16Comparingaperson’ssleep-wakecircadianrhythmtotheirultradianrhythmofrapideyemovement(REM)and non-rapideyemovement(NREM)sleep,itcanbesaidthatA. bothoccuronceinapproximatelya24-hourperiod.B. bothoccurmorethanonceinapproximatelya24-hourperiod.C. ultradianrhythmsoccurapproximatelyonceina24-hourperiodbutcircadianrhythmsoccurmorefrequently.D. circadianrhythmsoccurapproximatelyonceina24-hourperiodbutultradianrhythmsoccurmorefrequently.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 17 and 18.SamandMarcuswereswimmingatthebeach.Whenthesharkalarmwasactivated,theyhadtoexitthewaterquickly.Samwasabletoswimmuchfasterthanheusuallycouldtogetoutofthewater.However,althoughMarcusisaskilledswimmer,hepanickedandneededassistancefromthelifeguardtoexitthewatersafely.
Question 17WhichofthefollowingidentifiesthetypeofresponsethatSamandMarcusmostlikelyhadtothesharkalarm?
Sam Marcus
A. fightresponse flightresponse
B. flightresponse fightresponse
C. flightresponse freezeresponse
D. freezeresponse freezeresponse
Question 18WhichofthefollowingphysiologicalresponsesmayhavebeenexperiencedbybothSamandMarcuswhentheyfirstheardthesharkalarm?A. relaxedbladdersanddilatedpupilsB. stimulateddigestionandrelaxedbladdersC. decreasedadrenalinelevelsandstimulateddigestionD. decreasedmuscletensionandincreasedperspiration
Question 19Accordingtothebiopsychosocialmodel,whichoneofthefollowingisapsychologicalriskfactor?A. ruminationB. substanceabuseC. disorganisedattachmentD. lossofasignificantrelationship
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 8
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Use the following information to answer Questions 20 and 21.Milliethedogisalwaysfedherdinnerinthegarage.NowMilliesalivateseverytimeherowner,Priya,opensthegaragedoor.
Question 20WithreferencetoMillie’slearnedbehaviour,PriyaopeningthegaragedooristheA. conditionedresponse.B. conditionedstimulus.C. unconditionedresponse.D. unconditionedstimulus.
Question 21Millie’sresponseofsalivatingeverytimethegaragedoorisopenedistheA. neutralstimulus.B. conditionedresponse.C. conditionedstimulus.D. unconditionedstimulus.
Question 22Frankhadsufferedonenightoffullsleepdeprivation.Charlottehadconsumedseveralalcoholicdrinksandherbloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)was0.10ComparedtoalegalBACof0.05,bothFrankandCharlottewouldbeexpectedtoshowA. aboutthesamecognitiveimpairment.B. betterdecision-makingability.C. nochangetoconcentration.D. lessexaggeratedmood.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 23 and 24.Roseparticipatedinatelevisiongameshowaboutgeneralknowledge.Whilewaitingtogoonstageshefeltverystressed.Atonepointshefeltsoanxiousthatsheleftthestudio.However,shethendecidedtoreturntothestudioandstudythenotesshehadpreparedearlier.
Question 23ThecopingstrategiesthatRoseusedpriortogoingonstagecanbeconsideredtobeA. approachstrategiesonly.B. avoidancestrategiesonly.C. exerciseandapproachstrategies.D. avoidanceandapproachstrategies.
Question 24Throughoutthegameshow,Rosewascomposedandalert,whichenabledhertowinalotofmoney.Duringtheshow,RosewasmostlikelyexperiencingA. distress.B. eustress.C. majorstress.D. acculturativestress.
Question 25JanellehadbeenlearningFrenchforsixyearsandwastalkingveryexcitedlytoherfriendManeeshaabouttheirupcomingthree-monthexchangeprograminFrance.ManeeshatoldJanellethatshefeltnervousabouttheirtripbecauseshehadnotlearntFrenchbefore.ConsideringLazarusandFolkman’sTransactionalModelofStressandCoping,intermsofappraisal,whichismostlikelytooccur?A. BothJanelleandManeeshawillengageincopingstrategies.B. ManeeshawillbemorelikelytoexperienceshockthanJanelle.C. ManeeshawillbemorelikelytoexperienceacculturativestressthanJanelle.D. BothJanelleandManeeshawillevaluatetheirupcomingexchangeexperienceasaharm,threatorchallenge.
Question 26AccordingtoLazarusandFolkman’sTransactionalModelofStressandCoping,whichofthefollowingwouldoccurduringprimaryandsecondaryappraisal?
Primary appraisal Secondary appraisal
A. evaluationofthesituation useofavoidancestrategies
B. evaluationofresourcesforcoping useofavoidancestrategies
C. evaluationofthesituation evaluationofresourcesforcoping
D. evaluationofresourcesforcoping useofapproachstrategies
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 10
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Use the following information to answer Questions 27 and 28.Arloisakeenbasketballerwhoplaysonindoorandoutdoorcourts.Duringanindoorgrandfinal,shefelloverandtwistedherknee.Herteamalsolostthegame.Now,wheneverArloplaysonanindoorcourt,shebecomesemotional.
Question 27ThebrainareathatisresponsibleforthestorageofArlo’simplicitmemoryofhowtoplaybasketballistheA. cerebralcortex.B. hippocampus.C. cerebellum.D. amygdala.
Question 28WhenArlobecomesemotional,theindoorbasketballcourtisactingasaA. recallcue.B. recognitioncue.C. state-dependentcue.D. context-dependentcue.
Question 29Brianisahealthy55-year-oldmanwhoisanavidsportsfan.HestayeduplateonbothSaturdaynightandSundaynighttowatchAmericanbaseballandgotverylittlesleep.AtworkonMonday,hewaspartiallysleepdeprived.WhichofthefollowingchangestoBrian’saffectiveandcognitivefunctioningarelikelytooccurasaresultofhispartialsleepdeprivation?
Affective changes Cognitive changes
A. increasednumberoferrors increasedpositivemood
B. increasedirritability reducedretentionofinformation
C. reducedretentionofinformation reducednumberoferrors
D. increasednegativemood shorterresponsetimes
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Use the following information to answer Questions 30 and 31.DrChaninvestigatedtheeffectsofcaffeineonanindividual’sresponsetoaphysicalstressor.Shedesignedandadministeredanexperimentinvolving20individuals(10maleand10female),agedbetween20and40yearsold,withnoexistingmedicalconditions.InCondition1oftheexperiment,participantswererequiredtodrinka100mLcoladrinkthatcontainednocaffeine.InCondition2oftheexperiment,thesameparticipantswerethenrequiredtodrinka100mLcoladrinkthatcontained20mgofcaffeine.
Question 30WhattypeofresearchdesignhasDrChanusedinherexperiment?A. matchedparticipantsB. independentgroupsC. repeatedmeasuresD. cross-sectional
Question 31Whichoneofthefollowingresearchmethodologies/techniqueswasusedbyDrChantominimisepotentialconfoundingandextraneousvariablesintheexperiment?A. useofaplaceboB. counterbalancingC. stratifiedsamplingD. adouble-blindprocedure
Question 32Barryvolunteeredtostayovernightatasleeplaboratorysothathissleeppatternscouldbestudied.WhichofthefollowingidentifiesthequalitativeandquantitativemeasuresthatcouldbeusedtoindicateBarry’sstateofconsciousness?
Qualitative measures Quantitative measures
A. electro-oculograph(EOG)electroencephalograph(EEG)
sleepdiaryvideomonitoring
B. electromyograph(EMG)videomonitoring
electroencephalograph(EEG)electro-oculograph(EOG)
C. sleepdiaryvideomonitoring
electromyograph(EMG)electro-oculograph(EOG)
D. sleepdiaryelectro-oculograph(EOG)
videomonitoringelectroencephalograph(EEG)
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 12
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Use the following information to answer Questions 33–35.Marywasprescribedmedicationtotreathermentalhealthdisorder.Marytookthemedicationasprescribed,butstillhadsymptomsofhermentalhealthdisorder.
Question 33WhichoneofthefollowingisabiologicalriskfactorthatmayhavecontributedtoMary’sresponsetothetreatment?A. stressorspresentinherlifeB. poorself-efficacywhiletakingthemedicationC. theimpactofimpairedreasoningandmemoryD. geneticfactorsinfluencingtheeffectivenessofthemedication
Question 34Mary’spsychiatristusedbreathingretrainingandexercisetomanageMary’scondition.BreathingretrainingandexerciseareexamplesofA. socialapproachesbecausetheyinvolvehumaninteraction.B. biologicalapproachesbecausetheyreducephysiologicalarousal.C. psychologicalapproachesbecausetheyreducephysiologicalarousal.D. psychologicalapproachesbecausetheyreducepsychologicalarousal.
Question 35Marydidnotbelieveshewasabletoorganiseherdailyroutinestoincludethestrategiessuggestedbythepsychiatrist.Asaresult,hermentalhealthconditiondidnotimprove.ThepsychologicalfactorthatbestdescribesMary’sperceivedinabilitytoimplementthesestrategiesisA. poorself-efficacy.B. perceivedstigma.C. constantrumination.D. disorganisedattachment.
Question 36OnedifferencebetweenstressandanxietyisthatA. stressisarousalwhenapersonfearstheycannotcope,whereasanxietyisthefearofbeingstressed.B. stressisaresponsetoastressorthatmayoccurinthefuture,whereasanxietyistheworryaboutthecurrent
stressor.C. stressisarationalresponsetosomethingthathashappened,whereasanxietyisanirrationalresponseto
somethingthathashappened.D. stressoccurswhenapersonperceivestheycannotcopewithacurrentstressor,whereasanxietyoccurswhena
personperceivestheycannotcopewithastressorthatmayoccurinthefuture.
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Question 37Whichofthefollowingaccuratelydescribesapurposeofsleepaccordingtorestorationtheoryandalimitationoftheevolutionarytheoryofsleep?
Purpose of sleep according to restoration theory
Limitation of evolutionary theory of sleep
A. Physicalandmentalfunctionsarerepaired.
Lossofawarenessatnightismaladaptivetosurvival.
B. Neuralandmemoryfunctionsarerepaired.
ThebrainisactiveduringREMsleep,whichisnotconsistentwithconservingenergy.
C. Energyisconserved. Animalsthataresmallersleepforlongerperiodsoftime.
D. Inactivityatnightisadaptivetosurvival. ThereisnoexplanationforwhylessactiveindividualsexperiencethesameamountofNREMsleepasmoreactiveindividuals.
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 14
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Question 38Benisahealthy6-year-oldandCharlesisahealthy65-year-old.
1086hours42
NREM REM
1086hours42
NREM REM
1086hours42
NREM REM
1086hours42
NREM REM
Graph IIGraph I
Graph III Graph IV
WhichofthegraphsabovebestrepresenttheamountoftimespentinNREMsleepandREMsleepinatypical 24-hourperiodforBenandCharles?
Ben Charles
A. GraphIII GraphI
B. GraphII GraphIV
C. GraphI GraphII
D. GraphIV GraphIII
15 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM
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Use the following information to answer Questions 39–42.Glenlosthisjobjustafterhisthirdchildwasborn.Glenfeltoverwhelmedbythedemandsofbeingaparentwhilealsobeingunemployed.Thelocalcouncilhadalsoclosedtheparkclosesttohishouse.Glenreallymissedtheopportunitiesthattheparkhadprovidedforhisolderchildrentoplayandforhimtospendtimewithotherfathers.Despitethesechallenges,Glenhadstrongsupportfromhisfamilyandfriends,andhewasabletoenjoydailyeventsrelatedtobeingafather.Healsoactivelylookedfornewemploymentopportunitiesandorganisedasurprisepartyforhisownfather’s70thbirthday.
Question 39GlenwouldbeconsideredmentallyhealthybecauseheA. avoidedstressfulsituations.B. wasunabletofocusontheneedsofhisfamily.C. receivedsocialandpsychologicalsupportfromhisfamilyandfriends.D. workedtowardsgoalsinthefaceofstressorsanddisappointmentsinhislife.
Question 40Glen’ssituationisanexampleofhowmentalhealthcanfluctuateA. dependingoninternalandexternalfactors.B. whenexternalfactorsoutweighinternalfactors.C. dependingoninternalratherthanexternalfactors.D. dependingonexternalratherthaninternalfactors.
Question 41ThestressorsexperiencedbyGlenthroughhisadulthoodandthatmightcontributetothedevelopmentofamentalhealthdisorderarebestdescribedasA. biologicalriskfactors.B. cumulativeriskfactors.C. socioculturalriskfactors.D. environmentalriskfactors.
Question 42TohelpGlenmanagehisfeelingsofbeingoverwhelmedbyfatherhood,Glen’sdoctorsuggestedthatheuseacombinedbiopsychosocialapproach.Whichofthefollowingincludesallaspectsofthebiopsychosocialapproach?A. improvingsleepstrategies,challengingunrealisticthoughtsandaccessingsocialsupportB. reducingstigma,andimprovingsleepstrategiesandpersonalrelationshipsC. challengingunrealisticthoughts,strategiesandadviceprovidedbyfamilyD. improvingpersonalrelationshipsandself-efficacy,andreducingstigma
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 16
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Use the following information to answer Questions 43 and 44.Rajhasbeenworkingwithapsychologistforseveralmonthstoovercomeasmokinghabit.HispsychologistidentifiedthatRajisstillinthepreparationstageofthetranstheoreticalmodelofbehaviourchange.
Question 43AbehaviourthatRajwouldlikelydemonstrateduringthisstageisA. poorself-efficacytocopewithchange.B. ruminatingonthenegativeeffectsofsmoking.C. tellinghisfriendsthatheisgoingtogiveupsmoking.D. decidingthereisnopointgivingupsmokinguntilafterthenewyear.
Question 44ApositivestrategythatthepsychologistislikelytouseduringthepreparationstageistohelpRajA. thinkabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsmoking.B. learntochallengethereasonsfornotgivingupsmoking.C. undertakeactivitiesthathecansubstituteforsmoking.D. developanactionplantogiveupsmoking.
Question 45AbenzodiazepinecanbeusedtotreataspecificphobiabecauseitA. increasestheefficiencyoftheinhibitingactionofGABA.B. decreasestheefficiencyoftheinhibitingactionofGABA.C. increasestheefficiencyoftheinhibitingactionofglutamate.D. decreasestheefficiencyoftheinhibitingactionofglutamate.
17 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM
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CONTINUES OVER PAGE
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 18
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Use the following information to answer Questions 46–49.DrSmithisoneof10doctorswhoworkattheBayviewLodgeMedicalClinic.Hewantedtoinvestigatetheeffectofanewbrandofbenzodiazepineontheprogressionofaspecificphobiainpatientsattheclinic.FiftyofDrSmith’spatientsvolunteeredtotakepartinthestudy.DrSmithrandomlydividedtheparticipantsintotwogroupsandgaveGroupAthetreatmentandGroupBtheplacebo.Theparticipantsdidnotknowiftheywerereceivingthetreatmentortheplacebo.Theparticipantscompletedaself-reportphobicanxietyscalebothbeforeandafterthetreatment.
Question 46GroupBwasgiventheplacebotocontrolforA. participanterror.B. experimenterbias.C. participantexpectations.D. experimenterexpectations.
Question 47Whichofthefollowingwouldbeasuitableoperationalisedindependentvariableandoperationaliseddependentvariableforthisstudy?
Independent variable Dependent variable
Experimental group Control group
A. 25gplacebo 25gbenzodiazepine thedifferenceinpre-andpost-testscoresontheself-reportphobicanxietyscale
B. 25gbenzodiazepine 25gplacebo scoreonself-reportphobicanxietyscale
C. 25gbenzodiazepine 25gplacebo thedifferenceinpre-andpost-testscoresontheself-reportphobicanxietyscale
D. 25gplacebo 25gbenzodiazepine scoreonself-reportphobicanxietyscale
Question 48Resultsfromthestudyshowedthattheparticipantswhoreceivedthetreatmentreportedagreaterreductioninlevelsofanxietyaftersixweekscomparedtotheparticipantswhoreceivedtheplacebo.CanDrSmithgeneralisetheresultsfromthestudytothepopulationofresearchinterest?A. Yes,becauseheensuredthatallparticipantsvoluntarilyparticipatedinthestudy.B. No,becauseheusedrandomallocationtoassignparticipantstoeachgroup.C. No,becausethesamplemaynotberepresentativeofthepopulation.D. Yes,becausethesampleisrepresentativeofthepopulation.
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Question 49Someofthepatientshadalegalguardian.Inordertoobtaininformedconsentfromthesepatients,DrSmithneededtoensurethatA. onlythepatientwasinformedaboutthenature,purposeandrisksofthestudy.B. onlytheguardianwasinformedaboutthenature,purposeandrisksofthestudy.C. theguardianprovidedconsentandthepatientunderstoodtothebestoftheirabilitythenature,purposeandrisks
ofthestudy.D. thepatientprovidedconsentandtheirguardianunderstoodtothebestoftheirabilitythenature,purposeand
risksofthestudy.
Question 50
fewer thanfive hoursof exerciseper week
more thanfive hoursof exercise per week
0
2
4
perceivedlevel of
stress
6
8
10
Perceived level of stress reported by participants
Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsrepresentsanappropriateconclusionfortheexperimentalresultsshowninthegraphabove?A. Theperceivedlevelofstresswasgreaterforthosewhoexercisedmorethanfivehoursperweekthanforthose
whoexercisedfewerthanfivehoursperweek.B. Theperceivedlevelofstresswasgreaterforthosewhoexercisedfewerthanfivehoursperweekthanforthose
whoexercisedmorethanfivehoursperweek.C. Peoplewithahigherperceivedlevelofstressdidmorehoursofexerciseperweekthanthosewhohadalower
perceivedlevelofstress.D. Peoplewithalowerperceivedlevelofstressdidfewerhoursofexerciseperweekthanthosewhohadahigher
perceivedlevelofstress.
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 20
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SECTION B – continued
Question 1 (3marks)NameeachstageofSelye’sGeneralAdaptationSyndromeasitappliestoeachroleofcortisolgiveninthetablebelow.
Role of cortisol Name of stage
Sustainedlevelsofcortisolmobilisethebodyandincreasearousaltorespondtothestressor.
Thereleaseofcortisolmobilisesthebodyandincreasesarousaltorespondtothestressor.
Depletedlevelsofcortisolreducetheabilityofthebodytorespondtofurtherstressors.
Question 2 (3marks)Nixonwasinarestaurantwhentwomaskedintrudersdemandedthateveryonehandovertheirwallets.No-onewasseriouslyinjuredandthemaskedintrudersescapedinadarkvehicle.Beforehewasinterviewedbythepolice,Nixonwasquestionedbytelevisionreporters,whoaskedmanyquestions,including‘Howoldweretheboyswhorobbedyou?’and‘Whattypeofweaponsdidtheyhave?’Wheninterviewedbythepolice,Nixondescribedthetwointrudersasyoungmalesandarmed.Inthelatercourtcase,thereliabilityofNixon’stestimonywasquestionedbydefencelawyersfortheaccused.
IntermsofLoftus’sresearch,whywoulddefencelawyersquestionthereliabilityofthedescriptionthatNixongavetothepolice?
SECTION B
Instructions for Section BAnswerall questionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 3 (8marks)WatsonandRaynerclassicallyconditioned11-month-old‘LittleAlbert’toproduceanemotionalresponsetoawhiteratbypairingaloudnoisewiththepresentationofawhiterat.Duringconditioning,Albert’sresponsetothewhiteratwastostartleandbreatheheavily.Afterconditioning,hetrembledandcriedinfeareverytimehesawawhiterat.Healsogeneralisedthisemotionalresponsetootherwhitefurryobjects,includingarabbitandadog.Albertlefttheexperimentstilldemonstratinganemotionalresponsetowhitefurryobjects.
a. IdentifyanddescribetheroleoftheneurohormoneandbrainregionthatareprimarilyinvolvedintheconsolidationofLittleAlbert’sconditionedemotionalresponse. 4marks
Neurohormone
Brainregion
b. Intermsofneuralplasticity,describetheroleoflong-termpotentiationinthedevelopmentofLittleAlbert’sconditionedemotionalresponsetothewhiterat. 2marks
c. Usingthelanguageofclassicalconditioning,suggesthowWatsonandRaynercouldhaveextinguishedLittleAlbert’sconditionedemotionalresponse. 2marks
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SECTION B – Question 4–continued
Question 4 (11marks)Serenawassittinginthegardenandplayingwhenshefeltsomethingcrawlontoherleg.Shesawthatitwasabeeandbrusheditaway.Shortlyafter,sheinvoluntarilykickedoutherlegandthenfeltastingingsensationthatmadeherscreamloudlyinpain.Sherealisedthatshehadbeenstungbyabee.
a. IdentifythedivisionofthenervoussystemandthetypeofresponseinvolvedwhenSerenabrushedthebeeoffherleg. 2marks
Division
Response
b. Intermsofnervoussystemfunctioning,nameandexplainSerena’sresponsewhenshekickedoutherleg. 3marks
c. Followingthebeesting,Serenashowedafearresponseanytimeshesawabee.Oneafternoon,whenshewasagainplayinginthegarden,aninsectlandedonherleg.Serenaimmediatelyscreamedloudly,brushedtheinsectawayandkickedoutherleg.Shethenrealiseditwasabeetle,notabee.
IdentifytheprocessofclassicalconditioningthatbestaccountsforwhySerenareactedthiswaytothebeetlelandingonherleg. 1mark
d. Serenadevelopedaphobiaofbeesandrefusedtogointothegarden.
IdentifytheprocessofoperantconditioningthatbestaccountsforwhySerena’sphobiahasbeenperpetuated. 1mark
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
e. ExplainhowsystematicdesensitisationcouldbeusedtohelpSerenaovercomeherphobia. 4marks
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SECTION B – Question 5–continued
Question 5 (13marks)
New study finds caffeine prevents stressbySamanthaDelagonda
Chronic stress has a number of negative effects, including lowered mood and impairments of memory.
Innewresearchconductedwithmice,DrRodrigoCunhaandhiscolleaguesclaimtohaveprovidedthefirstevidenceofacausallinkbetweencaffeineconsumptionandthepreventionofstress,includingtheeffectsofcaffeineonmoodandmemory.
Cunhaandhiscolleaguesfirstallocatedthemiceintotwomatchedgroups.Onegroupwasgivencaffeineinitsdrinkingwaterforaperiodofthreeweeksandtheothergroupwasgivenaplacebosubstanceinitswaterforaperiodofthreeweeks.Duringthistime,halfofthemiceinthecaffeinegroupandhalfofthemiceintheplacebogroupwereexposedtochronicstress.Theotherhalfofthemiceineachgroupwerenotexposedtochronicstress.
Therefore,therewerefourgroupsofmice:placeboplusstress(P+S),placebowithoutstress(P–S),caffeineplusstress(C+S)andcaffeinewithoutstress(C–S).
Afterthethree-weekperiod,themicefromallfourgroupsweretestedonmeasuresofmoodandmemoryperformance.Theamountofsweetenedwaterconsumedwasusedtomeasuremoodinthemice,withalowerconsumptionofsweetenedwaterindicatinglowermood.Thenumberoftrialstakentolearnamazewasusedtomeasurememoryperformance,withfewertrialsinthemazebeingassociatedwithbettermemoryperformance.
TheresultsshowedthatthemiceintheP+SgroupdranklessofthesweetenedwaterandtookmoretrialstolearnthemazethanthemiceintheP–Sgroup.Incontrast,themiceintheC+SandC–Sgroupsperformedsimilarlytoeachother,anddidnotdifferfromthemiceintheP–Sgrouponeithermeasure.
DrCunhaexplainedtheresultsbysayingthatcaffeineconsumptionappearedtopreventtheeffectofstressonmoodandmemorybyactingasanantagonistforasubstancecalledadenosineinthebrain.Adenosinenormallylowersmoodandalertness,whichcanimpairmemoryfunction.
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SECTION B – Question 5–continuedTURN OVER
a. Caffeineisconsideredtobeastimulant.
Identifylikelychangestotheamplitudeandfrequencyofbrainwavepatternsexpectedinapersonaftertheyhaveconsumedcaffeine. 2marks
Amplitude
Frequency
b. Withreferencetothelock-and-keyprocess,explainhowcaffeinecouldactasanantagonistforadenosineinthebrain. 3marks
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SECTION B – continued
c. Intermsofthescientificresearchmethodologiesandtechniquesoutlinedinthearticle
i. namethetypeofexperimentalresearchdesignusedandidentifyoneadvantageofusingthistypeofdesign 2marks
ii. outlinethecautionDrCunhashouldprovideregardingthegeneralisabilityofresultsfromhisresearch 1mark
iii. explainhowthecomparisonsbetweenthefourgroupsofmiceinthestudyenabledDrCunhatoconcludethatconsumingcaffeinepreventstheeffectofchronicstressonmoodandmemory. 5marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 6 (9marks)Zacliveswithhisparentsandcontributesfinanciallytothehouseholdbypayingalloftherent.Zacwasquitestressedabouttheexpectationsplacedonhimtoprovidefinanciallyforthefamily.Recently,hisgrandfather,wholiveswiththem,becamequiteill.Zacsoonfeltunabletocopewiththesestressorsandtriedtomanagehisdistressthroughsubstanceuse.Hesubsequentlylosthisjobandisolatedhimselffromfriendsandfamily.Finally,hissisterencouragedhimtoseekprofessionalsupportfromapsychologist,whothendiagnosedhimwithamentalhealthdisorder.
a. Identifyonebiologicalriskfactorandonepsychologicalriskfactorthatarepresentinthescenario,andoutlinehoweachofthesefactorsmayhavecontributedtothedevelopmentand/orprogressionofZac’smentalhealthdisorder. 4marks
Biological
Psychological
b. IdentifyadifferenttypeofcopingstrategythatZaccouldhaveusedwhenhelosthisjob. 1mark
c. DescribeonesocialstrategythatZac’spsychologistcouldrecommendtoZactoincreasehisresilience. 2marks
d. IdentifyonepossiblesourceofstigmaandhowthisstigmacouldbeabarriertoZacaccessingtreatmentforhismentalhealthdisorder. 2marks
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SECTION B – Question 7–continued
Question 7 (13marks)ForherVCEPsychologypracticalinvestigation,Jaimedecidedtoinvestigatetheeffectofmaintenancerehearsalversuselaborativerehearsalontheabilitytorecall20words.Thefollowingareextractsfromherscientificposter.
IV:MemorytechniqueusedDV:Listof20words
Method: TwoofthefiveYear10classesatSundownHighSchoolwereselectedtoparticipateintheinvestigation.AMondaymorningclassandaFridayafternoonclasswereselectedtofitwiththeexperimenter’savailability.Allofthestudentsvoluntarilyagreedtoparticipate.ClassA(Fridayafternoon):Studentsweretoldthattheywouldbeshown20wordsandwereinstructedtorememberasmanyofthewordsastheycouldbysilentlyrepeatingthewordsoverandover.Eachwordwaspresentedonthescreenfortwosecondsatatimewithaone-secondblankscreenbetweeneachword.Thestudentswerethenaskedtoimmediatelywritedownasmanyofthe20wordsastheycouldremember,inanyorder.Thefollowing20wordswereshowntothestudentsoneatatimeinarandom orderusingadataprojector.
bun shoe knee door hive sticks heaven late sign hensun new tree sore jive ticks eleven gate mine pen
ClassB(Mondaymorning):Studentsweretoldthattheywouldbeshown10wordpairsandwereinstructedtorememberasmanyofthewordsastheycouldbysilentlyrepeatingthewordsoverandover.Eachwordpairwaspresentedonthescreenforfoursecondsatatimewithaone-secondblankscreenbetweeneachwordpair.Thestudentswerethenaskedtoimmediatelywritedownasmanyofthewordsfromthe10pairsastheycouldremember,inanyorder.Thefollowing10rhyming,numberedwordpairswereshowntothestudentsoneatatimein orderusingadataprojector.
1. bun–sun 2. shoe–new 3. knee–tree 4. door–sore 5. hive–jive6. sticks–ticks 7. heaven–eleven 8. late–gate 9. sign–mine 10. hen–pen
Conclusion:Elaborativerehearsalproceduresproducebetterrecallcomparedtomaintenancerehearsalwhentryingtoremember20words.
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SECTION B – Question 7–continuedTURN OVER
a. IsJaime’sidentificationofthedependentvariablecorrect?Justifyyourresponse. 2marks
b. IdentifythesamplingprocedurethatJaimeusedandapotentiallimitationofthisprocedureforJaime’sconclusion. 2marks
Samplingprocedure
Potentiallimitation
c. IdentifyanalternativesamplingprocedurethatJaimecouldhaveusedtoimprovethevalidityofherconclusion.Justifyyourresponse. 2marks
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SECTION B – continued
d. Usingtheaxesprovidedbelow,drawagraphofthelikelyresultsforthegroupofstudentswhousedmaintenancerehearsaltolearnthelistof20wordsandlabeltheaxesappropriately. 2marks
e. Howwouldthelikelyresultsofthemaintenancerehearsalconditionsupportthemulti-storemodelofmemory? 2marks
f. Intermsofthefactorsthatinfluencepeople’sabilitytorememberinformation,whatexplanationcouldJaimeprovidetoaccountfortheelaborativerehearsalconditionproducingbetterrecallthanthemaintenancerehearsalcondition? 3marks
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SECTION B – Question 8–continuedTURN OVER
Question 8 (10marks)Timisahealthy32-year-oldmale.Hehasbeenworkingthenightshiftasanaircraftengineerfor12months.Thetypicalnightshiftrosteratthecompanyisfournightson,thenfournightsoff.Eachshiftis11hoursinduration,beginningat7pmandfinishingat6am.Onceayear,thecompanyrunsaninformationsessionforallemployeesregardingtheeffectsthatshiftworkcanhaveonaperson’smentalhealthandwellbeing.Tim’snewcolleague,Allira,wasunabletoattendtheinformationsessionandaskedTimtotakedetailednotesforherduringthesession.Theinformationprovidedatthissessionincludedpotentialchangestotheregularsleep-wakecycleofnightshiftworkers,potentialconsequencesonaperson’sphysiologicalandpsychologicalfunctioningiftheyweretoregularlyexperiencepartialsleepdeprivation,aswellasoneprotectivefactorandoneinterventionthatemployeescouldusetoadjusttochangesintheirsleep-wakecycle.
Consideringtheaboveinformation,createadetailedandclearlyorganisedsetofnotesthatTimmostlikelywouldhavetakenduringthispresentationtogivetoAllira.
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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
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TURN OVER
Extra space for responses
Clearly number all responses in this space.
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35 2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM
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TURN OVER
2017PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 36
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