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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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Introduction to Functional Groups
From a distance, the musicians in an orchestra may look alike, but each musician contributes a unique sound. In a similar way, one hydrocarbon is nearly identical to another until it picks up a functional group. You will learn how functional groups determine the character of organic compounds.
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Introduction to Functional Groups >
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Functional Groups
Functional Groups
How are organic compounds classified?
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Functional Groups
Organic compounds can be classified
according to their functional groups.
A functional group is a specific
arrangement of atoms in an organic
compound that is capable of characteristic
chemical reactions.
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Functional Groups23.1
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Functional Groups
The hydrocarbon skeletons in the components of
these products are chemically similar. Functional
groups give each product unique properties and
uses.
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Introduction to Functional Groups >
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Halogen Substituents
Halogen Substituents
What is a halocarbon?
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents
A halocarbon is a carbon-containing
compound with a halogen substituent.
Halocarbons are a class of organic
compounds containing covalently bonded
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents
• On the basis of their common names,
halocarbons in which a halogen is
attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain
are called alkyl halides.
• Halocarbons in which a halogen is
attached to a carbon of an arene ring are
called aryl halides.
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents
The figure below shows the IUPAC names,
structural formulas, and space-filling models for
three simple hydrocarbons.
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents23.1
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Introduction to Functional Groups >
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Substitution Reactions
Substitution Reactions
How may halocarbons be prepared?
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions
A common type of organic reaction is a
substitution reaction, in which an atom, or a
group of atoms, replaces another atom or group
of atoms.
A halogen can replace a hydrogen
atom on an alkane to produce a
halocarbon.
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions
A Generalized Equation and a Specific One
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions
Treating benzene with a halogen in the presence
of a catalyst causes the substitution of a
hydrogen atom in the ring.
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions
Halogens on carbon chains are readily displaced
by hydroxide ions to produce an alcohol and a
salt. The general reaction is as follows.
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Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions
Halocarbons also undergo substitution reactions.
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