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7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1
Chapter 11 Introduction to
Organic Chemistry: Alkanes
11.5
Functional Groups
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 2
Elements in Organic Compounds
In organic molecules, C atoms form bonds
mostly with H and other C atoms
sometimes with atoms of O, S, N, P, and halogens F,
Cl, and Br
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3
Functional groups
are a characteristic feature of organic molecules
that behave in a predictable way
are composed of an atom or group of atoms
are groups that replace a H in the corresponding
alkane
provide a way to classify families of organic
compounds
Functional Groups
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4
Some Functional Groups
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5
Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes contain a double bond
between adjacent carbon atoms.
Alkynes contain a triple bond.
Aromatic compounds contain a
benzene ring.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6
Alcohols and Ethers
An alcohol contains the
hydroxyl (OH) functional
group.
In an ether, an oxygen atom
is bonded to two carbonatoms (COC).
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7
Thiols
In a thiol, the functional group
SH is bonded to a carbon
atom.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8
Aldehydes and Ketones
An aldehyde contains a
carbonyl group (C=O), which
is a carbon atom with a double
bond to an oxygen atom,
attached to at least one
hydrogen.
In a ketone,the carbon of the
carbonyl group is attached totwo other carbon atoms.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9
Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Carboxylic acids contain the
carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl
group attached to a hydroxyl group.
An estercontains the carboxyl
group between carbon atoms.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
10
Amines and Amides
In an amine, the functional
group is a nitrogen atom.
In an amide, the hydroxyl
group of a carboxylic acid is
replaced by a nitrogen group.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11
Learning Check
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether,aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12
Solution
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether,
aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.