3B Evidence of Evolution Week 1 Ms. Darlak Warm-up 05/05 What is your definition for the term...

3B Evidence of Evolution 3B Evidence of Evolution Week 1Ms. Darlak

Warm-up 05/05Warm-up 05/05What is your definition for the

term CONVERGE?◦Create an example sentence using

the word.

What is your definition for the term DIVERGE?◦Create an example sentence using

the word.

Agenda 05/05Agenda 05/05

Keep in mind → NS is microevolution!3B Evidence of Evolution

◦ MACRO Evolution = Change of longer time = Give rise to new species

◦Types of Evolution Convergent Divergent Coevolution

3B EVIDENCE OF 3B EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

Types of EvolutionSpeed of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution

TypesTypesEvolution Evolution (MACRO)(MACRO)

Types of EvolutionTypes of EvolutionA. Divergent EvolutionB. Convergent EvolutionC. Coevolution

A. Divergent Evolution A. Divergent Evolution p.5p.5Process by which two closely related

species gradually become less alike or more dissimilar

Homologous Structures◦Same Structure ◦Different Function

Vestigial Structures◦not presently used◦Ancestral function

Homologous StructuresHomologous StructuresSAME SAME STRUCTURE = same

ancestorDIFFERENTDIFFERENT FUNCTION =

adaptation

Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures

Human Vestigial OrgansHuman Vestigial Organs◦Traces of homologous organs in ancestral

species◦Organ that serves no present useful

function

Vestigial OrgansVestigial Organs

““Legs” on Legs” on SnakesSnakes

Eyes on Eyes on Cave Cave DwellersDwellers

Flightless Flightless birds with birds with

WingsWings

Vestigial OrgansVestigial Organs

DivergentDivergentEvolutionEvolution

Common Ancestor

Species

1

Species

2

B. Convergent Evolution p.5B. Convergent Evolution p.5

Pattern of evolution which unrelated organisms evolve similar traits because they live in similar habitats

Analogous Structures◦Different Structure◦Same Function

Analogous StructuresAnalogous StructuresDIFFERENTDIFFERENT STRUCTURES =

different ancestorsSAMESAME FUNCTION (adaptation)

Flight

Convergent EvolutionConvergent EvolutionSpecies1

Species

2

Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution

Warm-up 05/06Warm-up 05/06Which of these pairs (sisters or Elvis’) are

similar due to structure (inheritance)? Which are similar due to function?

Which are homologous? Which are analogous? Explain your reasoning.

Try it Again.Try it Again.Which of these (Blue or Purple) is an

example of homologous structures?

Agenda 05/06Agenda 05/06Review Divergent and ConvergentHomologous and AnalogousEvidence of Evolution

◦Fossils pp. 7-8◦Embryology pp. 9-10

Class/Homework: pp.7-8

Convergent & Convergent & DivergentDivergent EvolutionEvolution DivergeDiverge

ntntConvergeConvergentnt

Divergent vs Convergent Divergent vs Convergent Check Check

CoevolutionCoevolutionWhen two species evolve together.

There is a mutual evolutionary influence between two species.

The species have a symbiotic relationship (interaction between members of two populations).

Examples: predators & prey, parasites & hosts, plant-eating animals & plants

CoevolutionCoevolution

Plants & PollinatorsPlants & Pollinators

Yucca Moth & Yucca PlantYucca Moth & Yucca Plant

Divergent evolution, convergent Divergent evolution, convergent evolution, evolution, and and coevolution coevolution are different ways organisms adapt to are different ways organisms adapt to the environment. These are examples the environment. These are examples of how the diversity of life on earth is of how the diversity of life on earth is due to the ever-changing interaction due to the ever-changing interaction between a between a speciesspecies and it’s and it’s environmentenvironment..

To Be Continued…….. in 4B

Speed of EvolutionSpeed of Evolution

Rate of Evolution Rate of Evolution p. 5p. 5Does evolution happen gradually or rapidly?

GradualismPunctuated Equilibrium

rapid bursts of change mixed with long

periods of little or no change

gradual accumulation of small changes over long time

Gradualism vs. Punctuated Gradualism vs. Punctuated EquilibriumEquilibrium

Gradualism◦gradual divergence over long spans of

time◦assume that big changes occur as the

accumulation of many small ones

Punctuated Equilibrium◦rapid bursts of change ◦long periods of little or no change◦species undergo rapid change when

they 1st bud from parent population

Evidence ofEvidence ofEvolutionEvolution

Five Drivers of EvolutionFive Drivers of Evolution◦Small Populations◦Mutations◦Gene Flow◦Natural and Sexual Selection◦Today’s species descended from more ancient forms of life by structural, behavioral and physiological modifications.

Evidence For EvolutionEvidence For Evolutiona. Fossilsb. Embryologyc. Comparative Anatomyd. Biochemistry (Molecular

Similarities)e. Biogeographyf. Natural Selection (Artificial

Selection)g. Direct Observations

Evidence from FossilsEvidence from Fossils

Evidence from EmbryologyEvidence from Embryology

Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy

Bio

chem

istryB

ioch

em

istry(D

NA

)(D

NA

)

BiogeographyBiogeography

Direct ObservationsDirect Observations

Galapagos FinchesPeppered MothsResistance to Antibiotics

Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolutiona. Fossilsb. Embryological Developmentc. Comparative Anatomyd. Biochemistrye. Biogeographyf. Natural Selectiong. Direct Observations

Evidence from FossilsEvidence from Fossils

Fossil: the remains or traces of a once-living organism

FFoossssiillss

Other Types Other Types of Fossilsof Fossils

Who Dun It? Who Dun It? Someone took the last cookie in the cookie jar Someone took the last cookie in the cookie jar last night.last night.

The last person to leave the scene is the culprit. Who was it?

•The Cook rides a motorcycle•The Butler walks to work•The Handyman rides a bike•The Nephew & seeing-eye dog•The Maid drives a car

Relative Dating (Law of Relative Dating (Law of Superposition)Superposition)The law states that strata (layers)

that are younger will be deposited on top of strata that are older, given normal conditions of deposition.

Intrusions, earthquake, etc. can alter layers

Zion National ParkZion National Park

Law of SuperpositionLaw of Superposition

Relative Dating

Oldest

Youngest

Younger

Older

Relative DatingYou try on p. 7

Class/homeworkClass/homeworkEvidence of Evolution p. 8

Warm-up 05/07Warm-up 05/07The following picture represents a

fault line. Which soil layer pairs have the same relative age?

3 &102 & 91 & 8

Agenda 05/07Agenda 05/07

LT1& LT2Homework Check p. 8Evidence of Evolution

◦Absolute Dating◦Embryology p. 9-10◦Comparative Anatomy p.11-14

List the events needed to make the pattern of rock layers List the events needed to make the pattern of rock layers shown below in order from first (oldest) to last (youngest). shown below in order from first (oldest) to last (youngest). Assume that sedimentary rocks are deposited under water and Assume that sedimentary rocks are deposited under water and that erosion happens above water.that erosion happens above water.

1. __________2. __________3. __________4. __________5. __________6. __________7. __________8. __________

1. F2. C3. G4. D5. E6. A7. H8. B

p. 7p. 7

1_________2_________3_________4_________5_________6_________7_________8_________9_________

1 G2 C3 A 4 F 5 B 6 H7

D8 I9 E

You and your three friends all have fossils from the top of these three locations. While climbing back down from the top, you notice the fossil types changing as seen in the picture. Which one of you has the oldest fossil? How do you know?

Absolute Dating Absolute Dating

of Fossilsof Fossils

Absolute Dating (Radio-Absolute Dating (Radio-Metric)Metric)•Use half-life to tell how old a fossil is.

Half-Life: the amount of time for half the atoms of a radioactive element to decay. Doesn’t matter how many atoms started, half will decay.

Clip (RadioCarbon Dating)

Some Half Lives

• Carbon-14: 5,730 years• Uranium-235: 704 MY• Potassium-40: 1.3 BY• Uranium-238: 4.5 BY• Rubidium-87: 48.8 BY

Dating FossilsDating Fossils

Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution

a. Fossilsb. Embryological Developmentc. Comparative Anatomyd. Biochemistrye. Biogeographyf. Natural Selectiong. Direct Observations

Embryological Embryological Development Development

Stage 2 Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish

Stage 3 Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish

Stage 4 Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish

Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of EvolutionEmbryology p.6 In their early stages of development, all vertebrates

(chickens, turtles and rats) look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestor.

Embryological developmentEmbryological development

Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures

Comparative Anatomy p. Comparative Anatomy p. 66

◦ Compares anatomical structures of organisms past and present

c. Homologous Structures Shows Common Ancestry Evolution influenced change to become

different

d. Analogous Structures Shows Common Adaptations Evolution influenced change to become similar

e. Vestigial Organs Functionless leftover adaptations (from

ancestors)

Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution

1. Fossils2. Embryological Development3. Comparative Anatomy

◦ Homologous Structures

Classwork/HomeworkClasswork/HomeworkComplete pp. 9-14 in packet

Are chimps and humans an Are chimps and humans an example of convergent or example of convergent or divergent evolution?divergent evolution?

Grasping Fine Dexterity

Divergent

Are pandas and humans an Are pandas and humans an example of convergent or example of convergent or divergent evolution?divergent evolution?

“thumb” function

Convergent

Agenda 05/08Agenda 05/08

Evidence of Evolution◦Biochemistry

Writing Prompt

Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution

a. Fossilsb. Embryological Developmentc. Comparative Anatomyd. Biochemistrye. Biogeographyf. Natural Selectiong. Direct Observations

Biochemistry Biochemistry p. 6 p. 6

Molecular Evidencethe DNA code links all life on Earth to

a common ancestorTransfer genetic material from the

cell of one living thing to the cell of another◦ the recipient would follow the new

instructions as if they were its own

BiochemisBiochemistrytry

Protein Sequence Similarities!

Biochemistry Biochemistry p.15p.15Cytochrome C in Mitochondria

Comparisons Which are most closely related?Which are most distantly related?

How can you tell?◦Number of common sequences of amino

acids or number of differences?

Class/HomeworkClass/Homework

Biochemistry p.15Writing Prompt

◦ Describe three following pieces of evidence in support of the Theory of Evolution: fossils natural selection comparative anatomy embryology biochemistry (DNA) biogeography direct observations

◦  Provide an example of each and explain how each supports the theory that organisms change over time.