Upload
easter-beasley
View
213
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
3B Evidence of Evolution 3B Evidence of Evolution Week 1Ms. Darlak
Warm-up 05/05Warm-up 05/05What is your definition for the
term CONVERGE?◦Create an example sentence using
the word.
What is your definition for the term DIVERGE?◦Create an example sentence using
the word.
Agenda 05/05Agenda 05/05
Keep in mind → NS is microevolution!3B Evidence of Evolution
◦ MACRO Evolution = Change of longer time = Give rise to new species
◦Types of Evolution Convergent Divergent Coevolution
3B EVIDENCE OF 3B EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
Types of EvolutionSpeed of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution
TypesTypesEvolution Evolution (MACRO)(MACRO)
Types of EvolutionTypes of EvolutionA. Divergent EvolutionB. Convergent EvolutionC. Coevolution
A. Divergent Evolution A. Divergent Evolution p.5p.5Process by which two closely related
species gradually become less alike or more dissimilar
Homologous Structures◦Same Structure ◦Different Function
Vestigial Structures◦not presently used◦Ancestral function
Homologous StructuresHomologous StructuresSAME SAME STRUCTURE = same
ancestorDIFFERENTDIFFERENT FUNCTION =
adaptation
Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures
Human Vestigial OrgansHuman Vestigial Organs◦Traces of homologous organs in ancestral
species◦Organ that serves no present useful
function
Vestigial OrgansVestigial Organs
““Legs” on Legs” on SnakesSnakes
Eyes on Eyes on Cave Cave DwellersDwellers
Flightless Flightless birds with birds with
WingsWings
Vestigial OrgansVestigial Organs
DivergentDivergentEvolutionEvolution
Common Ancestor
Species
1
Species
2
B. Convergent Evolution p.5B. Convergent Evolution p.5
Pattern of evolution which unrelated organisms evolve similar traits because they live in similar habitats
Analogous Structures◦Different Structure◦Same Function
Analogous StructuresAnalogous StructuresDIFFERENTDIFFERENT STRUCTURES =
different ancestorsSAMESAME FUNCTION (adaptation)
Flight
Convergent EvolutionConvergent EvolutionSpecies1
Species
2
Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution
Warm-up 05/06Warm-up 05/06Which of these pairs (sisters or Elvis’) are
similar due to structure (inheritance)? Which are similar due to function?
Which are homologous? Which are analogous? Explain your reasoning.
Try it Again.Try it Again.Which of these (Blue or Purple) is an
example of homologous structures?
Agenda 05/06Agenda 05/06Review Divergent and ConvergentHomologous and AnalogousEvidence of Evolution
◦Fossils pp. 7-8◦Embryology pp. 9-10
Class/Homework: pp.7-8
Convergent & Convergent & DivergentDivergent EvolutionEvolution DivergeDiverge
ntntConvergeConvergentnt
Divergent vs Convergent Divergent vs Convergent Check Check
CoevolutionCoevolutionWhen two species evolve together.
There is a mutual evolutionary influence between two species.
The species have a symbiotic relationship (interaction between members of two populations).
Examples: predators & prey, parasites & hosts, plant-eating animals & plants
CoevolutionCoevolution
Plants & PollinatorsPlants & Pollinators
Yucca Moth & Yucca PlantYucca Moth & Yucca Plant
Divergent evolution, convergent Divergent evolution, convergent evolution, evolution, and and coevolution coevolution are different ways organisms adapt to are different ways organisms adapt to the environment. These are examples the environment. These are examples of how the diversity of life on earth is of how the diversity of life on earth is due to the ever-changing interaction due to the ever-changing interaction between a between a speciesspecies and it’s and it’s environmentenvironment..
To Be Continued…….. in 4B
Speed of EvolutionSpeed of Evolution
Rate of Evolution Rate of Evolution p. 5p. 5Does evolution happen gradually or rapidly?
GradualismPunctuated Equilibrium
rapid bursts of change mixed with long
periods of little or no change
gradual accumulation of small changes over long time
Gradualism vs. Punctuated Gradualism vs. Punctuated EquilibriumEquilibrium
Gradualism◦gradual divergence over long spans of
time◦assume that big changes occur as the
accumulation of many small ones
Punctuated Equilibrium◦rapid bursts of change ◦long periods of little or no change◦species undergo rapid change when
they 1st bud from parent population
Evidence ofEvidence ofEvolutionEvolution
Five Drivers of EvolutionFive Drivers of Evolution◦Small Populations◦Mutations◦Gene Flow◦Natural and Sexual Selection◦Today’s species descended from more ancient forms of life by structural, behavioral and physiological modifications.
Evidence For EvolutionEvidence For Evolutiona. Fossilsb. Embryologyc. Comparative Anatomyd. Biochemistry (Molecular
Similarities)e. Biogeographyf. Natural Selection (Artificial
Selection)g. Direct Observations
Evidence from FossilsEvidence from Fossils
Evidence from EmbryologyEvidence from Embryology
Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy
Bio
chem
istryB
ioch
em
istry(D
NA
)(D
NA
)
BiogeographyBiogeography
Direct ObservationsDirect Observations
Galapagos FinchesPeppered MothsResistance to Antibiotics
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolutiona. Fossilsb. Embryological Developmentc. Comparative Anatomyd. Biochemistrye. Biogeographyf. Natural Selectiong. Direct Observations
Evidence from FossilsEvidence from Fossils
Fossil: the remains or traces of a once-living organism
FFoossssiillss
Other Types Other Types of Fossilsof Fossils
Who Dun It? Who Dun It? Someone took the last cookie in the cookie jar Someone took the last cookie in the cookie jar last night.last night.
The last person to leave the scene is the culprit. Who was it?
•The Cook rides a motorcycle•The Butler walks to work•The Handyman rides a bike•The Nephew & seeing-eye dog•The Maid drives a car
Relative Dating (Law of Relative Dating (Law of Superposition)Superposition)The law states that strata (layers)
that are younger will be deposited on top of strata that are older, given normal conditions of deposition.
Intrusions, earthquake, etc. can alter layers
Zion National ParkZion National Park
Law of SuperpositionLaw of Superposition
Relative Dating
Oldest
Youngest
Younger
Older
Relative DatingYou try on p. 7
Class/homeworkClass/homeworkEvidence of Evolution p. 8
Warm-up 05/07Warm-up 05/07The following picture represents a
fault line. Which soil layer pairs have the same relative age?
3 &102 & 91 & 8
Agenda 05/07Agenda 05/07
LT1& LT2Homework Check p. 8Evidence of Evolution
◦Absolute Dating◦Embryology p. 9-10◦Comparative Anatomy p.11-14
List the events needed to make the pattern of rock layers List the events needed to make the pattern of rock layers shown below in order from first (oldest) to last (youngest). shown below in order from first (oldest) to last (youngest). Assume that sedimentary rocks are deposited under water and Assume that sedimentary rocks are deposited under water and that erosion happens above water.that erosion happens above water.
1. __________2. __________3. __________4. __________5. __________6. __________7. __________8. __________
1. F2. C3. G4. D5. E6. A7. H8. B
p. 7p. 7
1_________2_________3_________4_________5_________6_________7_________8_________9_________
1 G2 C3 A 4 F 5 B 6 H7
D8 I9 E
You and your three friends all have fossils from the top of these three locations. While climbing back down from the top, you notice the fossil types changing as seen in the picture. Which one of you has the oldest fossil? How do you know?
Absolute Dating Absolute Dating
of Fossilsof Fossils
Absolute Dating (Radio-Absolute Dating (Radio-Metric)Metric)•Use half-life to tell how old a fossil is.
Half-Life: the amount of time for half the atoms of a radioactive element to decay. Doesn’t matter how many atoms started, half will decay.
Clip (RadioCarbon Dating)
Some Half Lives
• Carbon-14: 5,730 years• Uranium-235: 704 MY• Potassium-40: 1.3 BY• Uranium-238: 4.5 BY• Rubidium-87: 48.8 BY
Dating FossilsDating Fossils
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution
a. Fossilsb. Embryological Developmentc. Comparative Anatomyd. Biochemistrye. Biogeographyf. Natural Selectiong. Direct Observations
Embryological Embryological Development Development
Stage 2 Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish
Stage 3 Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish
Stage 4 Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of EvolutionEmbryology p.6 In their early stages of development, all vertebrates
(chickens, turtles and rats) look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestor.
Embryological developmentEmbryological development
Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures
Comparative Anatomy p. Comparative Anatomy p. 66
◦ Compares anatomical structures of organisms past and present
c. Homologous Structures Shows Common Ancestry Evolution influenced change to become
different
d. Analogous Structures Shows Common Adaptations Evolution influenced change to become similar
e. Vestigial Organs Functionless leftover adaptations (from
ancestors)
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution
1. Fossils2. Embryological Development3. Comparative Anatomy
◦ Homologous Structures
Classwork/HomeworkClasswork/HomeworkComplete pp. 9-14 in packet
Are chimps and humans an Are chimps and humans an example of convergent or example of convergent or divergent evolution?divergent evolution?
Grasping Fine Dexterity
Divergent
Are pandas and humans an Are pandas and humans an example of convergent or example of convergent or divergent evolution?divergent evolution?
“thumb” function
Convergent
Agenda 05/08Agenda 05/08
Evidence of Evolution◦Biochemistry
Writing Prompt
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution
a. Fossilsb. Embryological Developmentc. Comparative Anatomyd. Biochemistrye. Biogeographyf. Natural Selectiong. Direct Observations
Biochemistry Biochemistry p. 6 p. 6
Molecular Evidencethe DNA code links all life on Earth to
a common ancestorTransfer genetic material from the
cell of one living thing to the cell of another◦ the recipient would follow the new
instructions as if they were its own
BiochemisBiochemistrytry
Protein Sequence Similarities!
Biochemistry Biochemistry p.15p.15Cytochrome C in Mitochondria
Comparisons Which are most closely related?Which are most distantly related?
How can you tell?◦Number of common sequences of amino
acids or number of differences?
Class/HomeworkClass/Homework
Biochemistry p.15Writing Prompt
◦ Describe three following pieces of evidence in support of the Theory of Evolution: fossils natural selection comparative anatomy embryology biochemistry (DNA) biogeography direct observations
◦ Provide an example of each and explain how each supports the theory that organisms change over time.