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1. How is each of these organisms using energy?
2. In what other ways do organisms use energy? 3. What are two ways in which organisms make/get energy?(organisms can either be ____ or _____)
Energy in a Cell
The Need for EnergyAll organisms require energy for:• Active transport• Cell division• Movement• Production of proteins
Energy in a Cell• Plants and other green organisms are able to trap the light energy via
sunlight and store it in bonds for later use• Other organisms do not use the sun directly:
• They eat plants to obtain energy stored in plants
Energy in a Cell
Energy is stored in the ATP molecule• ATP: adenosine triphosphate• Made up of adenosine + 3 phosphate groups
Energy in a Cell
AdenosinePhosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
High-energy bond: Stores a lot of energy
*This energy is released when the bond is broken*
ATP
AdenosinePhosphate
Phosphate
Energy
ADP
Energy in a Cell• ADP: Adenosine diphosphate
• Cells recycle the ADP to make new ATP to store more energy for future use
• Many proteins have spots where ATP attaches to provide energy for the protein to do its job, then the ADP is released for recycling
Photosynthesis• Process that uses the sun’s energy to make glucose
• Purpose is to trap sun’s energy and store it in glucose (food for the plant)
• Carried out by green plants and some bacteria
• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Structure of the chloroplast:
Granum stack: Stack of green thylakoids
Stroma: Space inside the chloroplast
Thylakoid: Green disk in the chloroplast
Photosynthesis
• Thylakoids are green because they contain chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll: green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy
• Pigment: light-absorbing compound
Photosynthesis: The Chemical Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water + sunlight glucose + oxygen
(Light Energy Chemical Energy)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/photosynthesis.html
Photosynthesis: The 2 Steps1. Light reaction (Light-dependent reaction)
- First step of photosynthesis that traps sunlight and makes electrons and ATP to run the dark reaction
2. Dark reaction (Light-independent reaction)
- Second step of photosynthesis that uses ATP and electrons from the light reaction and carbon dioxide from the air to make glucose
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration: process by which cells (animal and plant) break down food molecules into ATP (energy)
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
Citric Acid Cycle(Outer
Membrane)
Electron Transport
Chain(Inner
membrane)Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
Animal Cell
1
2
3
Cellular Respiration
SO YOU’RE PROBABLY THINKING…WHAT WAS THE POINT OF ALL THIS!!!
THE POINT:
ATP Totals for aerobic respiration: Glycolysis – 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle – 2 ATP
+ Electron Transport Chain – 32 ATP
1 Glucose = 36 ATP in all for aerobic respiration
Glycolysis—Always Anaerobic
Alcoholic fermentationPyruvate ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide· Carried out by yeast and some bacteria· Used in brewing beer, making wine, and baking bread and cakes
Lactic Acid fermentationPyruvate lactic acid
· Carried out by your muscles when you’re exercising hard (need ATP) and can’t get oxygen into you fast enough (can’t do aerobic respiration)· Causes muscle cramps and soreness
What happens when oxygen is NOT present?
Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and respiration are the opposite of
each other:
RespirationAnimals and plants• eat plants to get glucose
• take in oxygen
• give off carbon dioxide
*glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP
PhotosynthesisPlants• use sunlight to make glucose
• take in carbon dioxide
• give off oxygen
*carbon dioxide + water + sunlight glucose + oxygen
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