A family of European immigrants at Ellis Island viewing the Statue of Liberty (about 1920)

A family of European immigrants at Ellis Island viewing the Statue of Liberty (about 1920).

American life undergoes social, economic, and cultural changes.

Changes in American Life,1880–1914

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

Cities Grow and Change

The New Immigrants

Segregation and Discrimination

Society and Mass Culture

Changes in American Life,1880–1914

Section 1

Cities Grow and Change Industrialization and immigration cause American cities to grow rapidly.

Industrialization Expands Cities

Cities Grow and Change

• Late 1880s, more people move from rural areas to cities, find jobs

1SECTION

• Urbanization—growth of cities caused by:- increasing factory jobs in cities- workers moving to cities to fill factory jobs

• Industries are drawn to cities because of:- good transportation, many workers

Technology Changes City Life

1SECTION

• Skyscrapers help cities grow, make modern city life possible

• Use of steel helps increase the height of buildings

• Elevators allow tall buildings, people do not have to walk up floors

1SECTION

• Before Industrialization, people walk, usehorse-drawn carriages

• Streetcars move people faster, longer distances, allow cities to expand

• By 1900, many people in cities use electric streetcars

The Streetcar City

Urban Disasters and Slums

1SECTION

• People, buildings packed closely together, poverty, danger increases

• Many people live in tenements—run-down, overcrowded apartments

• Unsafe drinking water, open sewage spreads disease in tenements

• Neighborhood with overcrowded, dangerous housing—slum

Reformers Attack Urban Problems

1SECTION

• Urban reformers seek changes, help people living in poverty, slums

• Reformers open settlement houses, help poor, immigrants

• Based on Christian values, seek labor reforms, abolish child labor

• Social gospel—movement aims to improve lives of the poor

• Jane Addams starts Hull House—settlement house, model for others

Political Machines Run Cities

1SECTION

• Political machine—influences votes to control local government

• Tammany Hall—famous NYC political machine, corrupt

• Gains support by trading favors for votes, break rules, win elections

• Political machines do some good, civic improvements, help immigrants

Section 2

The New ImmigrantsMillions of immigrants—mostly from southern and eastern Europe—moved to the United States.

The New Immigrants

2SECTION

• New Immigrants—arrive after 1900, include Italians, Jews, Slavs

• Mexican immigrants enter U.S. through Texas

• Angel Island—first stop for Asian immigrants entering U.S.

• Ellis Island—first stop for European immigrants entering U.S.

The New Immigrants

Settling in America

2SECTION

• Many immigrants find jobs in factories in cities

• Support political machines, politicians help immigrants find jobs

• Immigrant communities publish newspapers in native languages

• People with similar ethnic backgrounds often move to same neighborhood

Immigrants Take Tough Jobs

2SECTION

• Immigrants take whatever jobs they can get

• Chinese immigrants mostly settle in West, railroaders, business people

• European immigrants mostly settle in East, Midwest

• Many European immigrants work in sweatshops in the East

• Japanese immigrants go to Hawaii, mainland U.S., fish, farm

• Mexican immigrants go to Southwest, work for growers, ranchers

Becoming Americans

2SECTION

• U.S. is described as melting pot—place where cultures blend

• Immigrant cultures, languages influence American society

• Employers, labor unions try to “Americanize” immigrant workers

• Assimilation—process of blending into society

• Offer classes in citizenship, English

• Immigrants face prejudice from native-born Americans

Restrictions on Immigration

2SECTION

• Many native-born Americans do not want immigrant competition for jobs

• Chinese Exclusion Act—bans Chinese immigration for 10 years

• In 1882, Congress begins to pass laws restricting immigration

Racial discrimination runs through American society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Section 3

Racism Causes Discrimination

3SECTION

• Racial discrimination—different treatment on the basis of race

• Low social rank of slaves leads whites to think they are superior to blacks

• Asians, Native Americans, Latin Americans face discrimination

• Racial discrimination in South very strong

Segregation Expands in the South

3SECTION

• In South, whites restrict African-American voting rights:- force them to take unfair literacy exams,

make sure they fail - require African Americans pay high poll tax, often unable to pay

• Segregation—separation of white, black people in public places

• Jim Crow laws enforce segregation

• Use grandfather clauses to allow poor whites to vote

Plessy v. Ferguson

3SECTION

• Homer Plessy sues railroad company, argues about segregation

• Ruling allows Southern states to maintain segregated institutions

• Separate facilities of African Americans worse than white facilities

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court rules against Plessy:- “separate but equal” facilities do not violate

14th Amendment

African Americans Organize

3SECTION

• Booker T. Washington—teacher, starts institute for African Americans

• W. E. B. Du Bois—encourages African Americans to reject segregation

• To gain white support, does not challenge segregation

• Du Bois, reformers start NAACP, helps end segregation in 20th century

• NAACP—National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Violence in the South and North

3SECTION

• In South, Ku Klux Klan violence against blacks challenging segregation

• In North, no segregated facilities, blacks still suffer discrimination

• Ida B. Wells—African American journalist, fights against lynching

Racism in the West

3SECTION

• Chinese immigrants receive lower wages, face violence

• Peonage—system of labor, workers forced to work to pay off debts

• Mexicans, African Americans in Southwest forced into peonage

• Outlawed in 1867, peonage-like system still used

• U.S. Supreme Court states any peonage-like system is illegal (1911)

Section 4

Society and Mass Culture Industrialization and new technologies create a mass culture in the United States.

Education and Publishing Grow

4SECTION

• Education helps create an American mass culture:- common culture experienced by large

numbers of people

• Literacy increases, reading novels, newspapers becomes popular

Society and Mass Culture

• Immigration causes growth in schools, teach citizenship, English

• Number of children attending school more than doubles

Continued . . .

4SECTION

• Joseph Pulitzer—owner of the New York World

• William Randolph Hearst—owner of New York Morning Journal

• Pulitzer, Hearst tough competitors, publish sensational stories

continued Education and Publishing Grow

Modern Advertising and New Products

4SECTION

• Advertising increases, tempt people to buy products

• Department stores—sell many types of products

• Rural free delivery starts, packages go to homes in rural areas (1896)

• Market advertising of household products toward women

• Mail-order catalogs—descriptions, pictures of products, order by mail

Urban Parks and World’s Fairs

4SECTION

• Leisure, or free time, activities change

• World’s fairs hosted by cities, show new technology, have foods, shows

• Amusement parks provide entertainment, shops, food, rides

• Many people go to parks to get relief from factories, offices

Spectator Sports

4SECTION

• Baseball, football, boxing, other sports are popular

• Black baseball players not allowed in American, National Leagues

• Baseball is most popular sport, has standardized rules, schedule

• Form their own baseball leagues:- Negro American League- Negro National League

Going to the Show

4SECTION

• Vaudeville—shows mix song, dance, comedy, very popular

• In early 1890s, movies become popular, first movies are silent

• African-American Scott Joplin composes ragtime compositions

• Ragtime—blends African-American songs, European musical forms

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A family of European immigrants at Ellis Island viewing the Statue of Liberty (about 1920)

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