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Renaissance in GermanyIn the early 16th century German art moved to the forefront of northern Europe culture. There were artists of great originality, imagination and
strong individual character.
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)Lucas Cranach (1472-1553)
Matthias Grunewald (1480-1528)Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)Self-portraitOil on wood
20 x16”Durer was the leading artist
of German society. Fascinated by Classical
ideas, he had travelled to Italy to broaden his
knowledge. He was a strong believer in close observation of nature, and allied himself to the scientific studies of Leonardo da Vinci. Durer’s artwork is highly detailed and is distinguished by a
use of precise line.
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
“Young Hare”Watercoloron Paper10 x 9”1502
Albrecht Durer
(1471-1528)Self-portraitOil on wood
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
“Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse” 10 x 8”
Woodcut print on paperDurer was one of the first
artists in the Western world to use woodcut as a major art medium. His style was
precise, and highly detailed, requiring great technical
skill.
In 1498 he finished a series of 15 woodcuts illustrating
events from the Apocalypse section of the Bible. Most
printmakers use single lines; Durer massed fine lines
together to produce gray-value areas which imply
spatial depth.
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
Christ Descendingthe Cross
Woodcut Print on Paper
Melancholia I (1514) by German Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) is a large print full of complex symbolism. One of the four bodily humors in medieval thought, melancholy was associated with insanity as well as artistic prowess. In Dürer's work on paper, instruments of geometry, an exacting branch of mathematics in which the artist excelled, surround a downtrodden winged personification of the humor, perhaps a visual reference by the master to his own inability to realize perfection in design.
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
“The Four Apostles”
Oil on woodeach 85 x 30”
1526 This was painted
towards the end of Durer’s life. He
donated the two panels to the city of Nuremberg, to be hung in city hall.
Albrecht Durer
(1471-1528)Oil on wood
Albrecht Durer
(1471-1528)Oil on wood
Albrecht Durer
(1471-1528)Oil on wood
Albrecht Durer
(1471-1528)Self-portraitOil on wood
Lucas Cranach (1472-1553)
“The Judgement of Paris”
Oil on woodCranach painted many nudes of
Adam, Eve, and various gods from ancient mythology.
However, he painted them as German folk posed in rugged
outdoor settings rather than as Classic figures of Greek and
Roman times.
The light is not consistent: the landscape in this picture was
rendered with natural light, but the human figures are
illuminated by artificial, theatrical lighting unrelated to the fading sun in the distance.
Their strange anatomy is Mannerist, not realistic.
Lucas Cranach (1472-1553)
“The Judgement of Paris”
Oil on wood
Lucas Cranach (1472-1553)“Adam and
Eve”Oil on wood
Lucas Cranach
(1472-1553)“Salome”
Oil on wood
Lucas Cranach (1472-1553)
“Christ Crowned with Thorns”
Oil on panel, 1510AA After the whipping ordered by the
Roman governor Pilate, soldiers mocked Jesus because of his nickname 'King of the Jews'. He was stripped naked and
then dressed in a purple gown. They put a crown made out of thorn branches on
his head. According to the Gospel of John, this is how Jesus was presented to
the people ("Behold the man!").
Lucas Cranach shows the face of a suffering man who has accepted his fate. A few lines of blood show that the thorns
stuck deep into the skin.
Lucas Cranach (1472-1553) “Genesis- The Garden of God”Oil on wood Although this painting is filled with fine detail, it is not rendered in a realistic manner; objects are stylized and the
light is not naturalistic.
Matthias Grunewald (1480-1528)This artist was highly original, expressive and unique. His emotionally charged artwork was largely forgotten
until modern times. Grunewald worked on church commissions and as court painter in Germany.
Matthias Grunewald (1480-1528) Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
Oil on wood 8’ x 10’ The altar is composed of a carved wooden shrine with two pairs of movable panels, one directly behind the
other. The panels show various scenes in the life of Jesus...
Matthias Grunewald (1480-1528) Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
Oil on wood 8’ x 10’ This crucifixion scene shows intense suffering and anguish. Christ has been tortured and his body is straining in agony; his
fingers are particularly expressive.
Matthias Grunewald (1480-1528) Isenheim Altarpiece (open)
When the outer wings are opened the mood changes dramatically from disaster to triumph. The three scenes—the Annunciation, the Angel
Concert and the Resurrection celebrate jubilant events in the story of Jesus Christ.
Matthias Grunewald (1480-1528)
Isenheim Altarpiecedetail (open)
Oil on wood 1510-1515
Christ, in a blazing circle of light so intense that it
dissolves his form, rises from the grave like a great
flame in the starlit heavens. Notice the
effective use of dramatically contrasting values of dark and light.
The light is not naturalistic, and the forms suggest a
flowing motion.
Matthias Grunewald (1480-1528)
Isenheim Altarpiece
detail (open)Oil on wood 1510-1515
The artist’s colors are richly iridescent, and the figures seem to
glow.
Matthias Grunewald (1480-1528)
Isenheim Altarpiece
The Temptation of St. AnthonyOil on wood 1510-1515
Although the artist was in sympathy with the Christian reforms of Martin
Luther, who frowned upon
religious images as “idolatrous,” he
depended on Catholic patronage.
Matthia Grunewald (1480-1528)
“Meeting of St. Erasmus
and St. Maurice”Oil on wood 1517-1523
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
Self-portrait, oil on woodHolbein was a great
portrait painter. He was born in Germany, spent time in Switzerland, and became court painter to England’s Henry VIII in
the mid-1520s. He painted many portraits
of royalty and important citizens.
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
“Sir Thomas More”
Oil on wood30 x 24” 1527
The portrait of this author and statesman includes a remarkable rendering of fur, velvet
and jewelry. The modeling of the facial features is very exact.
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
“Sir Thomas More” Oil on wood
30 x 24” 1527 The modeling of the facial features is very exact, including such
details as beard stubble and flesh wrinkles. Sir
Thomas More, a determined and uncompromising
individual, eventually clashed with King Henry VIII and was beheaded.
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
“Henry VIII” Oil on wood
This portrait uses a rigid frontality, showing the king’s powerful physical presence and suggesting his ruthless command.
All the details are rendered with great clarity and precision.
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
“The Ambassadors” Oil on wood 6’8”x 6’10”
The array of objects in this picture are a catalog of the two
men’s interests; eye glass, lute, celestial globe, Lutheran hymnbook, compasses, flutes, sundial and books. This can be
seen in detail on the next slide...
The most astounding feature is the shape that seems to grow
out of the lower left hand corner of the foreground.
When viewed from below and the side, it appears to be a human skull. Perhaps the
painting was intended to hang over a doorway so when
viewers looked up they saw a skull — a frightening reminder of
human mortality.
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
“The Ambassadors”
Oil on wood 6’8”x 6’10” Detail:
The array of objects in this picture are a
catalog of the two men’s interests; eye glass, lute, celestial globe, Lutheran hymnbook, compasses, flutes, sundial and books.
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)“Christina of Denmark” Oil on wood
70 x 32”
In later works Holbein embraced greater
pictorial simplicity. Here he kept the focus on the
portrait subject, eliminating distracting
props. Nevertheless, the figure is rendered with
great detail and precision.
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)“Lady with a Squirrel”
Oil on wood
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)Portrait of Erasmus
Oil on wood
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
Dance of Death Woodcuts
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
Dance of Death
Woodcut
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
Dance of Death Woodcut
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
Portrait of a man
Oil on wood
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)Drawing of a
woman
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)
Drawing of the Queen
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)Portrait of a
woman Oil on wood
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