Anti-Aging- How to Live Longer and Healthier

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Anti-Aging: How to Liver Longer

& HealthierBy Kyle J. Norton

All article and E books written by Kyle J. Norton are for information and educationonly, please consult with your doctor and related field specialist before applying.

Part I Definition, Theories of Aging,

Types of Free Radicals & Antioxidants

Definition

Human aging is a biological process, no one can stop, but delay it. It

is possible that one person has a physiological younger than his or herbiological if one engages in healthy living life style and eating

healthily by increasing the intake of good healthy food such as whole

grain, fruits, vegetables, beans and legumes, etc. and reducing the

consumption of harmful foods, such as saturated fat, trans fat,

artificial ingredients, etc.

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Theories of aging

What cause aging? The question that has been asked throughout the

human history, but it doesn't seem to get any answer but raises many

more unanswered questions. While many theories try to answer the

question by related aging to tear and wear of the body, others deal

with how the organs and systems in the body develop and deteriorate

overtime, etc.

1. Somatic mutation theory

In this theory, aging is due to our inherited genes that come directly

from our parents. Since the conception occurred, our body cells

continue to divide and replication themselves. Since the division and

replication are a life long precess at some point, for what ever reason,

if cells division and replication can process incorrectly, leading to

mutation of incorrect copy of DNA. Although the cause of thisincorrect process are unknown, but researchers found that exposures

to toxins, radiation or ultraviolet light, artificial ingredients, unhealthy

life style, etc. can increase the risk of cells mutation and the cells

copied incorrectly can mutate themselves, leading to accumulation of

incorrect gene cells that trigger a chain reaction of an auto-catalytic

nature in producing more and more fincorrect gene cell, until it finally

is brought under controlled, this processes can lead to aging. As an

organism, the immune system tries to destroy or scavenger these

mutated genes but at some points, it is over whelming, leading chronic

age related diseases.

2. Error catastrophe theory

The error catastrophe of aging was originally proposed by Leslie

Orgel in 1963. Our body immune system helps to maintain the

structural integrity of DNA not only for cell survival but also for the

transfer of correct genetic information to the daughter cells. Error

catastrophe indicated that alterations DNA and the incorrect

placement of amino acids in protein synthesis could result in a

progressive degradation aging as a result of these abnormal protein areno longer functioning as chemical passengers or signallers.

3. Protein glycosylation

Protein glycosylation is a result of chemical reaction of glucose with

varies proteins, including enzyme, elastin and collagen in the blood.

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The cross linked protein glycosylation leads to cell to cell adhesion

causing stiffness and rigidity of individual cells, reducing the cells

function in taking nutrients and expelling waste.

If the cross link protein glycosylation occurs in the elastin and

collagen, it will cause brittle skin, causing aging, but it happens in the

organs it will be more serious and sometimes life threatening.

4. The neuroendocrine theory

First proposed by Professor Vladimir Dilman and Ward Dean MD,

this theory postulates on wear and tear of the neuroendocrine system.

In neuroendocrine system, the master pituitary gland secrets hormones

to direct other glands in secreting their hormones and works

conjunction with the hypothalamus glands form a command post in

the nervous system in closely direct the function of most of the body

functions.but as we age, the hypothalamus loses its ability as a hormone

regulator as its receptors of which uptake other gland hormones

become less sensitive to them, including sex hormones, DHEA,

serotonin, melatonin, etc.

As for cortisol, a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands due to stress,

is produced with abundance as we age.

5. Immune system decline theory

As we age, our immune system is weakening that cause us become

vulnerable to the dangerous pathogens, including microbial and viral

invasion. Within the immune system, the thymus glands which play

an important role in helping formation of the immune system

scavenger that reduces the function of immune system further that

allow irregular cell growth cause of aging spot, tumors, cancer,

infection, inflammation and onset of chronic illness.

6. Genetic programming theory

Genetic programming theory proposes that aging is programmed as

the cells cycle in our body are also genetic program since theirinception. the explanation is that all the cells are undergoing certain

time in division over the a said amount of time before dying, leading

to conclusion that people with the long live genetic program live

longer than others who do not.

The theory also emphasizes the genetic diseases as a result of genetic

programming diminished life span, regardless external and internal

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influence.

Further refinement of the programmed senescence theory was

developed by Bernard Strehler, who proposed that as cells are

program to perform specific functions within the organism that cause

them to lose some of the ability to duplicate their genetic information,

leading to aging.

7. Hayflick limit

The Hayflick limit (or Hayflick Phenomena) theory discovered by

Leonard Hayflick and a biologist in 1966. In vitro study, the number

of times fibroblast diploid cells will divide before it stops. The

discover is conferring a major hypothesis if the cell division can

prolong in a infinite matter without conditions which cause damage of

the cells, then organism can liver forever.

Exceptions:Stem cells

Since stem cells can continue to regenerate new cells for the entire

lifespan of the organism, without limit, thus constituting a notable

exception to the Hayflick limit theory.

Cancer cells

Cancer cell in biological aspect, have found a way around the limit by

becoming a group of immortalized cells produced from cell division

that have no limit as to how many times this immortalized cell

division might take place.

8. The telomerase theory

The tolomerrase theory is a continuation of support to the Hayflick

limit (or Hayflick Phenomena) theory involved in telomeres and

telomerase. Telomeres are the structure at the end of the chromosome.

As each time the cell divides, its telomeres is shortened, at certain

length, the cell stops division and goes into senescence.

The experiment shows, the cell senescence can be reversed by

controlling the genes of telomerase autocatalytic nature, which in turn,

promotes the forever cell division capacity

9. The free radical theory

A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired

electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell,

which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein,

unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to

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aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of

a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of

the cell walls.

10. Other theories

a. Rate of living and lifespan

Rate of living is defined that a bigger organism, the longer it lives

with human is one of the exception due to its slower rate of

metabolism and lower rate of free radical activity, leading to low

levels of age lipid pigment, resulting in longer life span. Experiment

show that there 100,000 free radicals hit everyday in rat, comparing

10, 000 in human.

b. Caloric restriction

Caloric restriction hypothesis suggested in a study of young rat

showed that if a rat is put into restricted diet with given of necessarynutrients, it lives longer than those were allowed to eat freely. With

the result also the same in the old rat, the theory also suggest eating

less may cause less toxins in the body that affects the immune system

and reduces the risk of hormone change, leading to free radicals cause

of aging.

c. Age spots

Age spots are mainly composed of lipofuscin and lipopigment caused

by reaction of free radical and peroxidation, leading to the formation

of age spot, as a result of oxygen species interact with autophagocytic

degradation occurring inside the lysosomes.

d. Protein oxidation

Protein oxidation cay affect protein function in normal and

pathological processes as a result of postranslation protein being alter

by reduce oxygen species (ROS) cause of damage to enzyme, leading

to dysfunction of its role resulting in aging.

e. Fast track of aging

The theory suggest that there are many of diseases and syndromes of

which can contribute to faster track to aging

* Hutchison-Gilford syndromeIt is an extremely rare genetic condition wherein symptoms

resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. Those

born with progeria typically live to thirteen years, although many have

been known to live into their late teens and early twenties and rare

individuals may even reach their forties due to genes mutation.

*Werner syndrome

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It is Adult progeria, an disorder causes the appearance of premature

aging. The syndrome does not develop until they reach puberty is

caused by autosomal recessive disorder due to alter gene on

chromosome 8.

f. Altered genes

Alter genes are the work of Friedman and Johnson 1988 " .... the

effect of elevated expression ofSIR2 in yeast appears to be conserved

in C. elegans (Tissenbaum & Guarente 2001) andDrosophila (Rogina

& Helfand 2004), and mutations in genes encoding components of the

target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway also extend the lifespan in all four

organisms... "

"... It was originally suspected that extension of lifespan by reduced

IIS might turn out to be a worm peculiarity. This was because

mutations in genes in the IIS pathway can also cause the worms to

enter a type of developmental arrest (dauer), normally seen only inresponse to low food or crowding (Riddle & Albert 1997). Dauer

larvae are long lived, and the long life of IIS mutant adult worms

could therefore have been a result of re-expression in the adult of the

genes that make the dauer larva long lived...."

g. Free radical connection

Free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired

electron in an outer shell and accumulation of free radical damage

over time can cause aging. Theory is first proposed by Denham

Harman in the 1950s and in the 1970s extended the idea to implicate

mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species into the 1970s.

Study showed that mutant strains of the roundworm that are more

susceptible to free radicals have shortened life spans, and those with

less susceptibility have longer lifespan

If free radical causes damage to the DNA repaired enzymes, it can

increase the risk of unrepaired DNA damage, leading protein

synthesis incorrectly. In fact, free radicals can inflict damage to all

cells in body such as endocrine glands, leading to decreasing of

hormone secretion, resulting in aging and Kupffer cell in liver,

causing endotoxins accumulated in the blood, leading to more freeradicals attacks the immune system, etc.

10. Hormone depletion

The researchers found that if an decrease or absence of the pituitary

gland hormones mice is given enough amount of pituitary hormones,

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it lives longer than a control group of normal mice as it stimulates the

production of growth and other hormones such as prolactin,

adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, etc.

11. etc.

Most Common Types of Free Radicals

Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons

through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a

chemical reaction. They may have positive, negative or zero charge.

The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive

in the human body, leading to aging and cancers.

1. Hydroxyl radical (OH)

The hydroxyl radical, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OH).

It is produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) bythe reaction of an elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline

energy state molecular oxygen with water.

The hydroxyl radical is highly reactive and has a very short in vivo

half-life of approx. 109 s This makes it a very dangerous compound

to the organism. Hydroxyl radical cannot be eliminated by an

enzymatic reaction and can damage virtually all types of

macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids (mutations), lipids

(lipid peroxidation) and amino acids, that makes it a very danger

compound to shorten the life span of human being.

2. Superoxide anion radical (O2)

A superoxide anion is a compound that possesses an atom or molecule

in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number

of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge with

the chemical formula O2 with one unpaired electron, leading to the

generating of superoxide anion free radical.

Mutations in the gene coding for the NADPH oxidase cause immune

deficiency chronic granulomatous disease, leading to extreme

susceptibility to infection and pathogenesis of many diseases,including aging.

3. Singlet oxygen

Singlet oxygen is the common name used for the diamagnetic form of

molecular oxygen (O2), which is less stable than the normal triplet

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oxygen. In biological study, species, Singlet oxygen causes oxidation

of LDL cholesterol and resultant cardiovascular effects.

Since singlet oxygen with activation by light can produce severe

photosensitivity of skin, leading to skin defects.

4. Hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the simplest peroxide, a clear liquid,

slightly more viscous than water, that appears colorless in dilute

solution. It is considered a highly reactive oxygen species because of

its strong oxidizing capacity.

Hydrogen peroxide

A study published in Nature found that hydrogen peroxide plays a role

in the immune system by signalling the white blood cells to converge

on the site of damage. The process leads to white blood cells did not

accumulate at the site of damage, but somewhere else if the gene inproduction of hydrogen peroxide is altered, causing higher levels of

hydrogen peroxide and white blood cells in their lungs accumulation

in the lung than healthy people.

5. Lipid peroxyl free radical

Lipid peroxidation is a process in which free radicals steal electrons

from the lipids in cell membranes, most often affecting

polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in damaging to the cell

membrane, which consists mainly of lipids, because of chain reaction

after initial oxidating by producing even more lipid peroxyl free

radicals if not bought under controlled fast enough.

6. Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide is a chemical compound with chemical formula NO.

Even though, low levels of NO production are important in protecting

liver from ischemic damage and contribute to proper smooth muscle

contraction and growth, but its free radical and toxic nature can cause

DNA damage and inflammation.

7. Alkoxyl radical

Alkoxyl radical which is an alkyl (carbon and hydrogen chain) group

singular bonded to oxygen can result in cellular damage caused by

oxyfluorfen, a herbicide.

8. Peroxynitrite

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Peroxynitrite is the anion with the formula ONOOreacted quikly with

carbon dioxide, leading to forming of carbonate and nitrogen dioxide

radicals. If the two radicals do not recombine to form carbon dioxide

and nitrate, they can cause peroxynitrite-related cellular damage.

9. Etc.

Antioxidants

A. Antioxidant enzymes

Antioxidant enzymes are chemical substances found in plants that can

protect the body from damage of free radicals by terminating the

chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates and inhibiting

other oxidation reactions.

1. Catalase

Catalase is an enzyme, found in most living organisms that areexposed to oxygen helped to converse hydrogen peroxide (free

radicals) to water and oxygen as a rate of 40 million molecules of

hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen each second, using either an

iron or manganese cofactor.

2. Glutathione peroxidase

The function of glutathione peroxidase is to protect the organism from

oxidative damage by reducing lipid hydroperoxides, an oxidation of

lipid cell membranes which can easily break and form free radicals of

the form RO and converting free hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and

water.

3. Glutathione reductase

Glutathione reductase, an enzyme reduces pair of sulfur atoms

glutathione to the a organosulfur compound form of antioxidant

(consisting of three amino acids joined by peptide bonds) which helps

to prevent damage of important cellular components caused by free

radicals and peroxides.

4. Super oxide dismutase (both Cu-Zn and Mn)

Super oxide dismutase is an important antioxidant defense in nearly

all cells exposed to oxygen by converting superoxide into oxygen and

hydrogen peroxide depending on the metal cofactor such as both Cu-

Zn and Mn.

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B. Metals binding proteins

1. Ceruloplasmin

Ceruloplasmin, the major copper-carrying protein in the blood plays a

role in iron metabolism. It prevents the oxidation that leads to the

forming of oxidation from Fe2+ (ferrous iron) into Fe3+ (ferric iron) by

exhibiting a copper-dependent oxidase activity, causing mutations in

the ceruloplasmin gene cause of iron overload in the brain, liver,

pancreas, and retina.

2. Ferritin

Ferritin, the protein produced by almost all living organisms, acts as a

component to fight against iron deficiency and iron overload, keep in

a soluble and non-toxic form and transport it to the body needs,

including organs. It enhances the immune system in the presence of an

infection or cancer and prevent the infectious agent attempts to bindiron to become free radicals by migrating from the plasma to within

cells.

3. Lactoferrin

Lactoferrin, a multifunctional protein of the transferrin family, is one

of the components of the immune system of the body by fighting

against foreign invasion of bacteria and virus and lipid oxidation by

inhibiting oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner even at

concentrations beyond its capacity.

4. Metallotheinein

Metallotheinein, a family of cysteine-rich, low molecular weight

proteins helps to bind both physiological heavy metals through the

organosulfur compound of its cysteine residues. It also captures

harmful superoxide and hydroxyl radicals by liberating the metal ions

which were bound to cysteine.

5. Transferrin

Transferrin is a glycoprotein that binds iron very tightly butreversibly. It enhance the immune system in fighting against infection,

inflammation by creating an environment low in free iron that

impedes bacteria survival and cell oxidation.

6. Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that enhances

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the carrying of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and return

CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.

During oxidate stress, the cell membrane is protected by

intraerythrocytic hemoglobin from the forming of free radical.

7. Myoglobin

Myoglobin is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle

tissue of vertebrates. The binding of oxygen by myoglobin is

unaffected by the oxidation or chain of oxidative reaction in the

surrounding tissue, thus reducing the free radicals damage caused by

oxidate stress.

8. Etc.

C. Common antioxidants (scavengers)1. Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a prosthetic group which helps to break down molecules

into smaller units in releasing energy, excreted in bile and urine. It is a

cellular antioxidant, by reverting to biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic

bile pigment, once again when oxidized that inhibits the effects of

mutagens.

2. Carotenoids

Carotenoids are organic pigments, occurring in the chloroplasts and

chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like

algae, some bacteria.

a. Beta-carotene

Beta-Carotene, an organic compound and classified as a terpenoid, a

strongly-coloured red-orange pigment in plants and fruits.

a.1. It is not toxic and stored in liver for the production of vitamin A

that inhibits cancer cell in experiment. Beta-carotene also neutralize

singlet oxygen before giving rise of free radicals which can damage of

DNA, leading to improper cell DNA replication, causing cancers.

a.2. Cell communicationResearcher found that beta-carotene enhances the communication

between cell can reduce the risk of cancer by making cells division

more reliable.

a.3. Immune system

Beta-carotene promotes the immune system in identifying the foreign

invasion such as virus and bacteria by increasing the quality of MHC2

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protein in maintaining optimal function of white cells.

a.4. Polyunsaturated fat

Researchers found that beta-carotene also inhibits the oxidation of

polyunsaturated fat and lipoprotein in the blood that reduce the risk of

plaques build up onto the arterial walls, causing heart diseases and

stroke.

a.5. There are more benefits of beta-carotene.

b. Alpha-carotene

Alpha-carotene, one of the most abundant carotenoids in the North

American diet, is a form of carotene with a -ring at one end and an -

ring at the other. It is the second most common form of carotene

which not only protects cells from the damaging effects of free

radicals and enhances the immune system in fighting against bacteria

and virus invasion, but also stimulates the communication betweencells thus preventing irregular cell growth cause of cancers.

c. Beta-cryptoxanthin

Beta cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant, beside helping to prevent free

radical damage to cells and DNA but also stimulates the repair of

oxidative damage to DNA. it enhances the immune function infighting

against inflammatory cause of polyarthritis, and irregular cell growth

cause of cancer due to oxidation.

d. Lutein

Lutein is one of the most popular North American carotenoids. It is

found in greens like kale and spinach as well as the yolk of eggs.

Lutein is also found in the human eye. Getting enough lutein in your

diet may help to fight off age related macular degeneration, an eye

condition.

Researcher has shown that people who do not have enough lutein in

their diet will not have enough lutein present in the muscular part of

the eye. This is what likely leads to age related macular degeneration

that can result in blindness.

e. Zeaxanthin

Zeaxanthin, a most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature, is

one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the

retina of the eye. Intake of foods provide zeaxanthin with lower

incidence of age-related macular degeneration as a result of its

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function of reducing the risk oxidative stress.

f. Lycopene

Lycopene is a red carotene of the carotenoid group that can be found

in tomatoes, watermelons, and grapefruits. This powerful antioxidant

is believed to be a powerful fighter of prostate cancer. Lycopene has

many anti-aging capabilities as well as one of the most powerful

antioxidants in the carotenoid group.

3. Flavonoids

Flavonoids also known as Vitamin P and citrin are a yellow pigments

having a structure similar to that of flavones occurred in varies plants.

it has been in human history for over thousands of years and

discovered by A. S. Szent-Gyorgi in 1930. As he used vitamin C and

flavonoids to heal the breakage of capillaries, which caused swellingand obstruction of blood flow. Most plants have more than one group

or type act as predominate.

Flavonoids process a property as antioxidants. it helps to neutralize

many of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen,

hydroxyl and superoxide radicals.

Although nitric oxide is considered a free radical produced by

immune system to destroy bacteria and cancerous cells, but when it is

over produced, it causes the production peroxynitrite which may

attack protein, lipid and DNA, Flavonoids inhibit NO production of

peroxynitrite due to reduction of enzyme expression.

a. Quercetin

Quercetinis a plant-derived flavonoid found in fruits, vegetables,

leaves and grains and studies show that quercetin may have anti-

inflammatory and antioxidant properties as a antioxidant, quercetin

scavenges free radicals, which damage cell membranes, cause

mutation of cells with tampering DNA.

b. Rutin

Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in buckwheat andglycoside of the flavonoid quercetin. It inhibits platelet aggregation,

decreases the capillary permeability, makes blood thinner and

improves circulation. As an antioxidant, it can reduce the cytotoxicity

of oxidized LDL cholesterol caused by free radical that lowers the risk

of heart diseases.

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c. Catechin

Catechin is a natural phenol antioxidant plant and natural anti-

bacterial substance. Study showed catechin as good free radical

scavenging power inhibits ROS production, thus it can be useful to the

development of alimentary strategies to prevent OTA-induced

cytotoxicity in human.

d. Etc.

4. Uric acids

Uric acids may have a potential therapeutic role as an antioxidant

becuase of its function of inducing oxidative stress, either through

creating reactive oxygen species or inhibiting antioxidant systems.

High uric acid can cause arthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes,

Metabolic syndrome, kidney stones, etc.

5. Thiols (R-SH)

Chemically, thiol, a organosulfur compound has strong odours

resembling that of garlic. They are used as odourants to assist in the

detection of natural gas. It presents in the amino acid cysseine which

helps to the functioning of enzyme regulation, cell signaling, protein

trafficking and control of gene expression. As a sulfide residue, thiol

plays an important role in cell function of reversal oxidation by

interacting with GSSG resulting in formation of intramucolar protein

disulfide and GSG.

6. Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 is discovered by Dr. Karl Folfers in 1957, beside

promotes the chemical reaction, often by speeding it up or allowing it

to proceed under less stringent conditions, it also enhances energy

production by promoting the process of the production of ATP then

serving as fuel for the cells and acts an antioxidant to prevent the

generation of free radicals during this process.

7. Vitamin A, C, E. D.

a. Vitamin A

Vitamin A occurs in the form retinol and is best known for its

function in maintaining the health of cell membrane, hair, skin, bone,

teeth and eyes. It also plays an important role as an antioxidant as it

scavenges free radicals in the lining of the mouth and lungs; prevents

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its depletion in fighting the increased free radicals activity by

radiation; boosts immune system in controlling of free radicals;

prevents oxidation of LDL and enhances the productions of insulin

pancreas.

b. Vitamin C

Vitamin C beside plays an important role in formation and

maintenance of body tissues, it as an antioxidant and water soluble

vitamin, vitamin C can be easily carry in blood, operate in much of

the part of body. By restoring vitamin E, it helps to fight against

forming of free radicals. By enhancing the immune system, it

promotes against the microbial and viral and irregular cell growth

causes of infection and inflammation.

Vitamin C also is a scavenger in inhibiting pollution cause of

oxidation.

c. Vitamin E

Vitamin E is used to refer to a group of fat-soluble compounds that

include both tocopherols and tocotrienols discovered by researchers

Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop. It beside is important in

protecting muscle weakness, repair damage tissues, lower blood

pressue and inducing blood clooting in healing wound, etc, it also is

one of powerful antioxidant, by moving into the fatty medium to

prevent lipid peroxidation, resulting in lessening the risk of chain

reactions by curtailing them before they can starts.

d. Vitamin D

Reseacher found that vitamin D, a group of fat-soluble secosteroids is

also a membrane antioxidant, with the ability to inhibit iron-dependent

lipid peroxidation in liposomes compared to cholesterol.

Others antioxidants

1. Copper

Copper, an essential trace element is essential for the absorption andutilization of iron and distributed widely in the body and occurs in

liver, muscle and bone. Deficiency of copper can often cause the

anemia-like symptoms. However, ingesting too much of it can lead to

generator of free radicals that can damage DNA .

1.1. Antimicrobial and viral Copper enhances the immune function in

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fighting against foreign invasion, such as bacteria and virus, thus

reducing the risk of infection and imflammation by utilizing the

absorption of oxygen and production of energy within cells.

1.2. Antioxidant enzyme Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Copper is vital for the making of antioxidant enzyme, superoxide

dismutase, an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed

to oxygen by protecting the cell membranes from free radicals. In fact,

it outcompetes damaging reactions of superoxide, thus protecting the

cell from superoxide toxicity. Research found in experiment, Mice

lacking SOD1(Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]) develop a wide range

of pathologies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, an acceleration of

age-related muscle mass loss,an earlier incidence of cataracts and a

reduced lifespan. Mice lacking SOD3(Extracellular superoxide

dismutase [Cu-Zn] ) do not show any obvious defects and exhibit anormal lifespan, though they are more sensitive to hyperoxic injury

and mice lacking SOD2 (Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial) die

before birth. The above result enhances the importance of the

presence of copper in improving life span and living health in human

as well.

2. glutathione (GSH)

Glutathione (GSH), a polypeptide of glycine, cysteine, and glutamic

acid that occurs widely in plant and animal tissues beside is best

known for its role in enhancing the immune system in protect our

body from bacteria and virus, it also is an antioxidant that helps to

prevent damage caused by oxidation of cellular components such as

free radicals and peroxides by converting to its oxidized form

glutathione disulfide (GSSG), leading to generation of antioxidant

enzymes, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins of which

reduces the risk of oxidative DNA damage and subsequently the

individuals risk of cancer susceptibility.

Deficiency of Glutathione (GSH) causes hemolytic anemia,progressive degeneration of the spinal cord, disorders of the peripheral

nervous system, diseases of the skeletal muscles, etc.

Intake with vitamin D increases glutathione levels in the brain and

appears to be a catalyst for glutathione production.

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3. Alpha lipoic acid

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) is an organosulfur compound derived from

octanoic acid. It has been used as over-the-counter nutritional

supplements to treat a number of diseases and conditions. Alpha

Lipoic Acid (ALA) not only is importance in preventing the

symptoms of vitamin C and vitamin E deficiency, but also generates

dihydrolipoic acid by reduction of antioxidant radicals.

Recent study showed that Alpha lipoic acid may have a therapeutic

and anti-aging effects due to modulation of signal transduction and

gene transcription, which improve the antioxidant status of the cell.

4. Manganese

Manganese is an essential trace nutrient in all forms of life. It is well

known for its role in helping the body to maintain healthy skin andbone structure, but also acts as cofactors for a number of enzymes in

higher organisms, where they are essential in detoxification of

superoxide (O2, with one unpaired electron) free radicals.

Although, superoxide is biologically quite toxic and deployed by the

immune system to kill invading microorganisms by utilizing the

enzyme NADPH oxidase. Any Mutations in the gene coding for the

NADPH oxidases cause an immunodeficiency syndrome.

Superoxide may contribute to aging via the oxidative damage that itinflicts on cells. In larger amounts, manganese can be poisoning to

neurological damage which is sometimes irreversible.

5. Selenium

Selenium , a trace mineral plays an important and indirect role as an

antioxidant by fulfilling its function as a necessary constituent of

glutathione peroxidase and in production of glutathione, that inhibits

the damage caused by oxidation of free radical hydrogen peroxide,

leading to aging effects.

5.1. Heart health

Since it works synergism with vitamin E, it promotes heart health.

Study showed by increasing the levels of glutathion, selenium

decreases the risk of LDL oxidation, thus lowering the risk of plaque

building up on the arterial walls, blood pressure and heart diseases.

8/7/2019 Anti-Aging- How to Live Longer and Healthier

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5.2. Immune system

Selenium enhances the immune function that fighting off the attack of

AID virus by promoting the function of interleukin 2 and T-cells.

5.3. Cancer

Study showed that levels pf selenium in blood test is associated with

high rate of cancer, including skin cancer.

6. Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods.

The ability of zinc in inhibiting oxidative processes has been

recognized for many years. Chronic effects, zinc enhances the

introduction of metallothioneins, which help to capture the superoxide

and hydroxyl radicals due to cysteine residues, resulting in lesseningthe risk of oxidative stress.

Over acute effects, zinc may reduce the postischemic injury to a

variety of tissues and organs by involving the antagonism of copper

reactivity as a result from its antioxidant functions.

Recommended reading

Super Food Library

The Nature Super Food For Health Living and Longevity

And Look 10-20 Years Younger Than Your Biological Age

For more information of all other healthiest foods, visit

http://healthy-foods-index.blogspot.com/

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