A longer and healthier lifeAll you need to know about the orthomolecular principle

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Dr. Kristian Glagau

Orthomol

pharmazeutische

Vertriebs GmbH

Herzogstr. 30

40764 Langenfeld

Germany

www.orthomol.com

We Value Your Health!

Contents

4 Alongerandhealthierlife

4 Idealconditionswithorthomolecularmedicine

5 Substancespresentinthebody–thekeytogoodhealth

6 Valuablesupplementtotraditionalmedicine

9 Successfulusageoforthomolecularsubstances

9 Thecorrectdosageisessential

9 Long-termusage

11 Suitableandwell-balancedcombination

12 Micronutrients–componentsofgoodhealth

12 Thefoundation

14 Vitamins

19 Characteristicsandfeaturesofvitamins

24 Oxidativestressandtheimportanceofantioxidants

26 Vitaminoids

28 Mineralsandtraceelements

31 Phytonutrients

35 Essentialfattyacids

39 Pro-andprebiotics

40 Objectivesoftheorthomolecularprinciple

40 Improvingthemicronutrientbalance

41 Takingcareofthecardiovascularsystem

42 Strengtheningthebody’sregenerationanddefensesystem

49 Promotingmentaldevelopmentacrossallagegroups

51 Notes

DearReader,

Morethan30yearsago,thebiochemistLinusPaulingcausedasmall-scale

revolutioninthefieldofnutritionalmedicine.Hisfindingsestablishedthat

micronutrients,inparticularvitamins,protectthebodyagainstchronic

diseasesandareevenabletoprolongaperson’slife–afactthathassince

beenconfirmedbyphysiciansandnutritionexpertsallovertheworld.

However,thisisonlypossibleifthebodyreceivesanoptimumsupplyof

micronutrients.Andthatisexactlytheproblem.

Manypeoplehaveagreaterneedformicronutrients–i.e.vitamins,anti-

oxidants,mineralsandessentialfattyacids–thantheyrealize.Anoptimum

supplyofthesecomponentsisfundamentaltohealthandisparticularly

importantintimesofincreasedmentalandphysicalactivity,duringgrowth

phases,duringpregnancy,oraspeoplegrowolder.

Oftenenough,peoplefailtoreacheventheminimumrequirementsdueto

pooreatinghabits.Thisresultsindeficiencieswhichhavenegativeeffects

onyourhealthandperformanceoverthelongterm.

Wehopethatthisbrochurewillinspireyoutotrackdownyourownnutri-

tionaldeficiencies.However,atthesametimewehopetoshowyouhow

toguaranteeanoptimumsupplyofmicronutrientswiththeconsistent

usageoforthomolecularsubstances.

Sothatyoulivealongerandhealthierlife.

3

Substances present in the body – the key to good health

Orthomolecularmedicineexclusivelyusessubstancesthatarefound

naturallybothinfoodandinourbodies.Thesesubstancesaremicro-

nutrients.However,ourbodycannotproduceallthesesubstancesby

itself.Aregularandadequatesupplyofmicronutrientsmustberegularly

ingestedtoensurethatweremainfitandhealthy.

Theindividualmicronutrientlevelsaredependentonvariousexternaland

internalfactors,e.g.eatinghabitsandlifestyle,age,generalhealthanden-

vironmentalinfluences.Undercertaincircumstances,thesefactorsincrease

theneedformicronutrientstosuchadegreethatanoptimumsupply

frequentlycannotbeachievedevenwithahealthy,balancedcombination

offoods.Amicronutrientdeficiencyisalmostunavoidable.

Paulingdrewattentiontothenutritionalproblemresultingfromaninade-

quatesupplyofmicronutrientsandthehealth-relatedconsequencesin

thescientificjournal“Science”asearlyas35yearsago.Pauling’srecommen-

dation:healthprotectionandpreventativehealthcarewithanoptimum

dosageoforthomolecularsubstances.

Alongerandhealthierlife

Ideal conditions with orthomolecular medicine

Thehumanbodyneedsanumberofdifferentmicronutrientsinorderfor

allorganstostayhealthyandfunctionproperly.Theseincludevitamins,

minerals,traceelementsandessentialfattyacids.Orthomolecularmedicine

isbasedontherealizationthatthecorrectquantityandconcentrationof

micronutrientsoffersthebesthealthprotectionandcanprotectthebody

againstdisease.

Thefounderofthistherapeuticprinciple,LinusPauling–theAmerican

biochemistandtwo-timesNobelPrizelaureate,definedtheoperating

principleasfollows:

“Orthomolecularmedicineisthepreservationofgoodhealthandthe

treatmentofdiseasebyvaryingtheconcentrationofsubstancesthatare

normallypresentinthebodyandarerequiredforhealth.”

Paulingremainedmentallyalertandphysicallyfituntiltheadvancedage

of93.Hewasregardedasthebestproofofthesuccessoforthomolecular

medicine.

Theterm“orthomolecular”isderivedfrom“orthos”(Greek)meaning

“right,good”,and“molecular,molecule”(Latin)meaning“structuralunitof

substances”.LinusPaulingchosethistermin1968becauseitreflectsthe

therapeuticprinciplesowell.

4 5

Orthomolecular therapy for selected diseases

Disease Orthomolecular method

Arteriosclerosis Omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid, vitamins B12 and B6

Age-related eye diseases Zinc, vitamin C, lutein, beta-carotene, omega-3 fatty acids

Rheumatism Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids

Cancer Selenium, vitamins E, C, A, mixed carotenoids

Celiac disease Wheat-free diet

Phenylketonuria Reduction in the amino acid phenylalanine

Orthomolecularmedicine,i.e.influencingthebody’sfunctionsanddiseases

byvaryingtheconcentrationofsubstancesthatarenormallypresentin

thebody,haslongbeenusedinthefieldofmedicine.Theterm“ortho-

molecular”hassimplynotyetbeenusedtodescribethispractice.

Theaimoforthomoleculartherapyistopreventandrectifythecauses

ofdisease.Thebasisofthistherapyistheintakeofanadequatedosage

andsuitablecombinationoforthomolecularsubstancesthatarenormally

presentinthebody.Thereisacceptanceofanynecessarytherapeutic

medicaments.However,specialattentionispaidtotheweightingof

effectsandside-effects.

Valuable supplement to traditional medicine

InAnglo-Saxonregions,orthomolecularmedicineisdescribedas“com-

plementarymedicine”.Itisthusregardedasanadjuvantnutrition-based

therapyalongsideorthodoxmedicine.

Orthomolecularmedicineisbasedonmedicalandbiochemicalfoun-

dations.Manyscientificstudieshavesinceconfirmedtheorthomolecular

conceptfirstpublishedin1968bythemolecularbiologistPauling.

6 �

Successfulusageoforthomolecularsubstances

The correct dosage is essential

Oneofthemostimportantmaximsintheorthomolecularprincipleis

ensuringanoptimumdosageinsteadofbeingsatisfiedwiththeminimum

dosage.Thismeansusingalargequantityofvitamins–excludingA,D

andK,withasufficientlyhighdosageofminerals,traceelements,

vitaminoidsandantioxidants.

Fromtheviewpointoforthomoleculartherapy,multivitaminpreparations,

eveniftheyalsocontainminerals,haveminimumbenefit.Atmost,theyare

abletopreventdeficiencies.However,theycannotachieveapreventative

orevenatherapeuticeffectinanorthomolecularsenseifthedosageof

thesubstancesistoolow.

Long-term usage

Chronicaswellasalargenumberofnutrition-relateddiseasesdevelop

overalongperiodoftime.Itisnotpossibletogetbringundercontrol

withshort-termtherapeuticmeasuresortreatmentsoflimitedduration.

Thesameistrueforcomplaintsanddiseasesthatwerecausedbyan

undetectedmicronutrientdeficiencyoveralongtimespan.

Ashassincebeenconfirmedbynumerousstudies,itisonlypossibleto

achieveanidealresultwithorthomolecularsubstancesiftheyareused

regularlyoveralongperiodoftimeandwithasufficientlyhighdosage.

ASwedishstudyestablishedthattheriskofheartattacksinmenand

womencouldbeloweredby21%and34%respectivelyasaresultofthe

regularintakeofmultivitamins.Itthereforefollowsthatthecombined

intakeofmicronutrientsinadditiontolong-termusageisacomponent

ofactivehealthprotection.

9

An Australian study with 2,873 people revealed that the development of

a cataract was significantly reduced by the regular intake of multivitamin

supplements over a long period of time.

In summary: in order to prevent disease, the daily dosage previously

recommended by official sources should be multiplied many times over,

e. g. four times for vitamin C = 400 mg/day, at least six to eight times

for vitamin E = 75–100 mg/day.

Suitable and well-balanced combination

Why isn’t it a good idea to take a vitamin or mineral as an individual

substance, e. g. only vitamin C, E or magnesium? And why are incomplete

combinations of the antioxidants vitamin C, E and beta-carotene unsuitable

for preventing disease?

Chronic diseases are normally the result of several circumstances. As a

result, there is also a need for several micronutrients. According to the

orthomolecular principle, a disease should be treated with a suitable and

well-balanced combination of essential micronutrients; this provides an

optimum supply which balances out the micronutrient levels. In the case

of disease, a combination should be selected that is ideally tailored to the

specific condition.

Opponents of the orthomolecular principle are skeptical about this

approach. They maintain that a complex, high-dosage treatment with

various substances present in the body is not necessary for some patients

and that the substances are partially eliminated from the body with the

urine without having any effect.

With this in mind, would it not be more intelligent to use a suitable and

also well-balanced combination of orthomolecular substances and accept

a harmless elimination of partially unused substances rather than take an

unnecessary risk with your health?

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Overall, more than 40 micronutrients are necessary to ensure that our

body’s metabolism functions properly. As some of these micronutrients

cannot be provided by our body – or only to an inadequate extent –

they must be ingested through food or in the form of supplements.

Micronutrients are absolutely essential, for example, for strengthening the

body‘s defenses, boosting cell regeneration and preserving our metabolic

functions – to name just a few of their important responsibilities.

Micronutrients – components of good health

The foundation

The energy value and nutrient content of the food must be well-balanced

and suited to individual needs. Both a deficiency and an oversupply can

interfere with your health and performance. In this context, it is alarming

that when a person suffers from a micronutrient deficiency, their calorie

intake is usually far too high. Nowadays even children frequently suffer

from this nutritional deficiency.

A healthy diet, as well as vitamins, vitaminoids, antioxidants, minerals,

trace elements and essential fatty acids are therefore the foundation of

the orthomolecular principle.

Listed below are several orthomolecular recommendations for a healthy

diet and lifestyle which can be followed by everybody in the long term –

without affecting their enjoyment and quality of life:

Orthomolecular rules for a healthy diet and lifestyle*

I. Eatwhatevertastesgood–aslongasyourdietisvaried,healthyandbalanced,nottoofattyor

high-calorie.Meatandeggsaregoodfoods,butsmallerquantitiesarebetterforyourhealth.

2.Emphasisoncomplexcarbohydrates;sugarconsumptionshouldbedrasticallyreduced.

3.Eatmorefreshfruit,saladsandvegetables,ifpossiblefiveportionsperdayintotal(five-a-day

campaignbytheGermanNutritionSociety[DGE–DeutscheGesellschaftfürErnährung]).

4.Plantwomealswithfisheveryweek.

5.Drinkalargevolumeofmineralwaterorunsweetenedfruit/herbalteas,approx.1–1.5litersperday.

6.Reduceorgiveupalcoholandnicotineconsumption.

7.Integrateorthomolecularmicronutrientcombinationsinyourdailydietasacontribution

tothedailysupplementationofyourneedformicronutrients.

*N.B.:Theserulesforahealthydietdonotapplytothespecificdietarysituationwithmetabolicdisorders.

12 13

Vitamins

Chemically, vitamins are completely different substances which have one

thing in common: they are essential. A vitamin deficiency leads to major

health problems, a complete lack of one or several vitamins even to death.

In the past, classical diseases as a result of vitamin deficiencies were there-

fore greatly feared, e. g.:

Classical diseases with vitamin deficiencies Lack of …

Scurvy VitaminC

Rachitis VitaminD

Beriberi VitaminB1(thiamin)

Pellagra PredominantlyVitaminB3(Nicotinamide)

Perniciousanemia VitaminB12(cobalamin)

Over the past 100 years, successful research has been performed into the

causes of these diseases. When the operating mechanisms were clarified,

the deficiencies could be treated with corresponding vitamin supplemen-

tation.

No shortage of deficiencies

Nowadays, most people receive an adequate supply of macronutrients

and therefore calories, but their vitamin intake remains insufficient. In

our modern, affluent society we can even say that there is no shortage of

deficiencies because many people do not consume the quantity of vitamins

that has been established as necessary by present-day findings. In the case

of many micronutrients, the majority of the population does not even reach

the very moderate reference values for dietary supplements. For instance,

the nutrition report from 2004 revealed that the intake levels recommended

by the German Nutrition Society (DGE – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernäh-

rung) were not reached for a number of micronutrients.

Among others, the intake of calcium, folic acid and vitamin D3 was rated

as particularly critical. Among others, the intake of calcium, folic acid and

vitamin D3 was rated as particularly critical.

6 steps downwards to deficiency

The various stages set out by the vitamin researcher Brubacher clearly

illustrate that vitamin deficiencies develop gradually and remain

undetected for a long time until they finally escalate into a health risk.

• Stage 1

The vitamins stored in the tissue are partially depleted. The laboratory

values and general health are initially unchanged.

• Stage 2

The body’s reserves are increasingly drained. The laboratory values show

a reduced elimination of vitamins in the urine. The blood level still remains

unchanged, however. People can feel slightly unwell at this stage.

14 15

• Stage 3

Limited vitamin-dependent enzyme reactions are discernible. There is a

slight change in the blood level values. Physical, mental and emotional

capacities are reduced. In the long term, the causes of chronic diseases

that will occur at a later stage can develop during the first three stages.

• Stage 4

Although a dramatic drop in the vitamin values still fails to be revealed

in the vitamin level, degeneration of the general health is increasingly

noticeable, e. g. increased vulnerability to infections, deterioration in the

general condition, nervous complaints, decreasing resilience, reduced

vision in the dark, headaches, etc.

• Stage 5

Characteristic symptoms of vitamin deficiencies are recognizable. However,

it is possible that these symptoms can be cured with appropriate vitamin

supplementation.

• Stage 6

Tissue and organs are irreversibly damaged, leading to major, long-term

diseases or death.

The stages show that a vitamin deficiency is only recognizable beyond

doubt in the blood values when it has developed into a major, clinical

deficiency, i.e. when it is far too late. The vitamins stored in the cells could

be entirely depleted even though the blood values are still “normal”.

As a consequence, people who are foresighted and health-conscious

regularly supplement their daily diet with additional vitamins.

Supply and demand

Although they are unaware of the fact, many people need more vitamins

than they consume. There are special phases in life when the need for

vitamins is particularly high:

• For children and young people during periods of growth

• In times of increased mental and physical strain

• During pregnancy and breast-feeding

• In the change of life

• In old age and with (chronic) diseases

• Longer-term medicine intake

Smokers and alcoholics are particularly at risk with regard to vitamin defi-

ciencies. This is not only because tobacco and alcohol increase the need for

vitamins, but also because these people tend not to follow a healthy diet.

They are therefore faced with a wide range of negative consequences.

16 17

Vitamin dosage

How many vitamins do we need? Nutritionists and physicians are be-

coming increasingly aware that a daily supplementation of vitamins and

other micronutrients is good for the health.

The official recommendations by the German Nutrition Society (Deutsche

Gesellschaft für Ernährung – DGE), as shown in the following table, only

refer to healthy people in order to protect them against nutrition-related

health problems. People who are ill or recovering are not taken into

account, nor are the long-term consequences that can occur after disease.

Even though the level of vitamin dosage is a subject of animated discus-

sion, it is clear that a much larger amount of vitamins should be taken

than previously assumed.

Characteristics and features of vitamins

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid, which is familiar to us all as vitamin C, has been thoroughly

researched during recent years. The newly obtained findings from this

research have fundamentally changed views with regard to possible appli-

cations and dosage. According to the research, vitamin C can do more

than simply protect people against colds. Its most important characteristic

is its antioxidant effect. A series of studies have examined the role played

by vitamin C in cancer prevention. The results of many studies indicate a

connection between a high vitamin C intake and a low rate of susceptibi-

lity to cancer.

The effects of heavy metal exposure can also be reduced by vitamin C sup-

plementation. Furthermore, vitamin C prevents the formation of nitrosamine

from nitrite that is contained in cured sausage products, for example.

19

Nitrosamines enter the body via tobacco smoke, for example, and contain

cancer-inducing properties. In addition, a low vitamin C level is associated

with the occurrence of coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. Smokers

also have an increased need for vitamin C.

There is still controversial discussion surrounding how much vitamin C

would be ideal in order to protect against disease. If you take the require-

ment figures in human biogenesis as a basis, then a daily dosage of 500 mg

is ideal. Scientists have established that this was the daily dosage of pre-

civilization man.

Vitamin B complex

The vitamins in the B group are absolutely indispensable to all metabolic

processes in the human body. They are closely connected with each other

and never remain stationary.

In addition, the vitamin B complex is essential for supporting and regener-

ating the nervous system. Latent deficiencies are frequently detected with

nervous disorders, bowel diseases, alcoholism, or reduction diets. But preg-

nant women, high-performance athletes and older people also usually

intake insufficient supplies of B-group vitamins.

Vitamin A

This vitamin is known to most people as the “eye vitamin” because a lack

of vitamin A can lead to vision disturbances or in severe cases even to

blindness. However, such deficiencies are rare in industrialized countries as

they are based on a lack of nourishment. So why is it important to ensure

an optimum vitamin A intake?

In addition to the aforementioned function, this fat-soluble vitamin has

other responsibilities in the human organism and is necessary for ensuring

that many metabolic processes run smoothly. Vitamin A also plays a role

in the development of the skin and the mucous membranes as well as

in reproduction. In addition, it is vital for cell division and differentiation

processes.

Vitamin E

The numerous therapeutic and preventative effects of vitamin E are pre-

dominantly based on its antioxidant function for protection against free

radicals. A series of studies have proved the benefits of vitamin E for various

diseases. For example, smokers, sufferers of cardiovascular diseases and

patients undergoing radiation therapy or chemotherapy should consider

an additional vitamin E intake. However, it should be noted here that

individual intake of vitamin E alone is not recommendable. Vitamin E is

regenerated by vitamin C. Scientists therefore emphasize that both micro-

nutrients should be supplemented in combination.

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Essential vitamins for good health and well-being

** (adequate for healthy people in order to prevent visible deficiencies) Reference values for Germany (D)

according to DACH 2000, for USA: RDA, Institute of Medicine 1997, 1998, 2001

* Souci, Fachmann, Kraut: The composition of foods, tables with nutritional values; 2000

Vitamin Chemical term

Primary origin* Reference value** Characteristics and features

Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Citrus fruit, fruit, vegetables D: 100 mg

D (smokers): 150 mg

USA: 75 – 90 mg

Prevents scurvy, regenerates vitamin E, powerful antioxidant, improves immune response,

positive influence on cardiovascular diseases, beneficial effect on emotional disorders,

anticarcinogenic

Vitamin B1 Thiamin Meat, fish, pulses, whole-grain

products

D: 1.0 – 1.3 mg

USA: 1.1 – 1.2 mg

Prevents beriberi, energy metabolism, beneficial effect on diabetic sequelae such as diabetic

neuropathy

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Milk, eggs, cheese, fish, liver,

whole-grain products

D: 1.2 – 1.5 mg

USA: 1.1 – 1.3 mg

Protein and energy metabolism

Nicotinamide Whole-grain products, pulses,

nuts, meat, fish

D: 13 – 17 mg

USA: 14 – 16 mg

Prevents pellagra, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, central role in carbohydrate,

fat and protein metabolism, positive influence on cerebral metabolism

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Meat, poultry, fruit, milk, vegetables,

cereals

D: 1.2 – 1.5 mg

USA: 1.3 – 1.7 mg

Neurotransmitter synthesis, helps to reduce homocysteine, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases,

positive influence on PMS

Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamine Liver, eggs, meat, cheese, milk, fish D: 3.0 μg

USA: 2.4 μg

Used for pernicious anemia, involved in build-up of red blood cells, helps to reduce homocysteine,

beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, involved in DNA synthesis, important for cell division and

growth processes

Vitamin A / Beta-carotene

Retinol

Beta-carotene

Vitamin A:

Liver, eggs, milk, butter

Beta-carotene:

Yellow and orange vegetables, spinach

D: 0.8 – 1.0 mg

(2,640 – 3,300 I.E.)

USA: 0.7 – 0.9 mg

(2,310 – 2,970 I.E.)

Anticarcinogenic, strengthens the immune system, provides support for skin diseases such as acne or

pigment disturbances, antioxidant, centrally important to vision, important for reproductive functions,

growth and differentiation of bone and epithelial tissue

Vitamin E Tocopherols Vegetable oils, wheatgerm,

pulses, fennel

D: 12 – 15 mg

USA: 15 mg

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, e. g. for rheumatism, positive influence on cardiovascular diseases and

neurodegenerative diseases

Vitamin D Cholecalciferol Fish, liver, chanterelles, egg yolks D: 5 – 10 μg

(200 – 400 I.E.)

USA: 5 – 15 μg

(200 – 600 I.E.)

Prevents rachitis, supports bone mineralization, beneficial for osteoporosis together with calcium,

positive influence on cardiovascular and immune system

Vitamin K Phylloquinone Vegetables, pork, liver, milk,

soybean oil

D: 60 – 80 μg

USA: 75 – 120 μg

Prevents bleeding (synthesizes blood coagulation factors), supports bone metabolism,

beneficial for osteoporosis

Folic acid Pteroylmono-

glutamate

Vegetables, lettuce, whole-grain

products, meat, milk

D: 400 μg

USA: 400 μg

Involved in DNA syntheses, cell differentiation and cell division, growth processes, helps to reduce

homocysteine, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, neurotransmitter metabolism, build-up of

red blood cells, beneficial effect on neurological diseases, reduces neural tube defects during pregnancy

Pantothenic acid

Widespread/particularly large amounts

in beef, salmon, herring, avocado, liver

D: 6 mg

USA: 5 mg

Energy metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis

Biotin Fish, pork, liver, eggs, pulses, cereals D: 30 – 60 μg

USA: 30 μg

Energy metabolism, supports skin, hair and fingernail metabolism

22 23

Oxidative stress and the importance of antioxidants

The aforementioned vitamins A, C and E belong to the group of antioxidants.

Together with selenium, zinc, beta-carotene and other micronutrients, they

are responsible for neutralizing free radicals and therefore rendering them

harmless.

Free radicals are aggressive, extremely reactive compounds and metabolic

products that harm the body’s own protein and fat, and also the genetic

substance DNA, with oxidative processes and can prevent them from

functioning properly. At worst, the cells degenerate into tumor cells.

If there are an excessive number of free radicals, and the concentration

of the body‘s own antioxidants is insufficient, an “oxidant stress situation”

arises. This is frequently the case in situations with increased physical and

mental activity, infections and inflammatory processes in the body and

within the context of natural aging. Additional strain as a result of free

radicals is created, for example, by cigarette smoke, UV radiation, environ-

mental pollution, medicaments and chemicals.

The body’s defense system, which protects against attacks from free radicals,

consists of antioxidants and the body’s own antioxidant enzymatic protec-

tion system. These substances are rapidly depleted when combating

radicals in the body.

Continual supplementation of cell-protecting antioxidants with a suitable

and well-balanced combination and dosage has therefore proved to be

beneficial in view of the increasing internal and external strain, to preserve

good health and to protect against disease.

And this is all the more important because it is now regarded as certain

that free radicals contribute to the development of cancer, cardiovascular

diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, for example.

The antioxidants complement each other well. While vitamin E and beta-

carotene scavenge the free radicals in the cell membrane, vitamin C is

active in the watery inner call. They form an effective defense team toge-

ther with selenium and zinc as components of the enzymatic protection

system.

Supply and demand

There is no difference between nutrition which is occasionally recommen-

ded as antioxidant and the rules for a healthy diet that were established by

the orthomolecular principle decades ago: more fresh fruit and vegetables,

less meat, etc.

24 25

The necessary quantities of antioxidants cannot be fully guaranteed even

with a healthy, varied diet, however. Antioxidant dietary supplementation is

unavoidable for effective protection against disease.

From the viewpoint of the orthomolecular principle, daily supplementation

is recommended for the following antioxidants, for example:

Dietary supplementation Recommended additional supply (daily)

Vitamin C at least 300 – 500 mg

Vitamin E 100 – 200 mg

Mixed carotenoids ca. 5 – 20 mg

Selenium ca. 50 – 100 μg

There are other micronutrients with an antioxidant effect, such as bioflavo-

noids, anthocyans, zinc and iron, which can also be used for active health

protection.

Vitaminoids

Vitaminoids are vital substances with vitamin-like characteristics. The body

can produce a limited quantity itself and they are also ingested through

food. Deficiencies do not develop as long as there are no problems with

the body’s own production or the external supply.

The need for coenzyme Q10, in particular, increases considerably when a

person is ill or growing older. And if the supply through food is also in-

adequate, then an undetected vitaminoid deficiency develops. This does

not have an immediate effect, but harms your health over the long term.

The following information on important vitaminoids shows that such risks

can be reduced by orthomolecular dietary supplementation.

Carnitine

This vitaminoid plays a key role in fat burning. In general, the daily carnitine

intake is 10–70 mg. High carnitine levels are found in meat, but also in milk

and rice. In contrast, vegetable foodstuffs have a very low carnitine content,

which means that vegetarians should consider carnitine supplementation.

Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10)

Responsible for important functions in the energy metabolism. Natural

sources of ubiquinone are meat, eggs and vegetable foodstuffs, in partic-

ular germ oils. When a person reaches the age of 40, the concentration of

ubiquinone reduces in the body, particularly in the heart. Supplementation

of coenzym Q10 therefore seems sensible when as a person grows older

and for patients with cardiovascular diseases.

26 27

Dosage

Recommended daily intake figures are also available for minerals and trace

elements. These substances also have a beneficial effect on a person’s

health and can positively influence certain diseases. As synergy effects exist

for several trace elements, these should preferably be taken in the form of

micronutrient combinations and not as mono-products.

Supply and demand

A deficiency in minerals and/or trace elements can frequently be detected

in a person’s appearance. For example, brittle nails, poor skin or lackluster

hair with a tendency to break are all signs of a deficiency in these micro-

nutrients. It is logical that a balanced consumption should be guaranteed

in view of the importance of minerals and trace elements for health and

performance.

Anybody who intends to meet the daily requirements – both the quantity

and variety – with a balanced diet alone must become very thoroughly

acquainted with the topic. It is just not enough to know about the mineral

content of individual foods. Practical knowledge about the correct storage

and preparation is also necessary as storage, processing, preparation and

conservation processes continually reduce the natural mineral content

of foods. It is therefore becoming increasingly difficult to guarantee the

necessary supply of minerals and trace elements from food. However,

nutrition-related deficiencies and additional needs are not necessarily

problematic because they can be covered very easily and specifically with

orthomolecular dietary supplementation.

Minerals and trace elements

Unlike vitamins, minerals are inorganic substances. However, they are

necessary for the smooth running of essential biochemical reactions in the

human body. A continual external supply is necessary as the body cannot

produce them itself.

Trace elements occur in the body in far smaller quantities than minerals –

hence their name (only occur in traces).

Minerals and trace elements are eliminated from the body with sweat,

urine and feces. Their importance for health and performance can be

easily comprehended if we consider the specific details for the individual

substances in the table.

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The most important minerals and trace elements at a glance

Minerals/ Trace elements

Recommended daily requirement*

Characteristics and features

Natural sources**

Magnesium 300–400mg Essentialfornerve,heart

andmusclefunctions;

componentof

manyenzymes

Pulses,whole-grain

products,milk,

dairyproducts

Calcium 1.0–1.2g Developmentandpre-

servationofbonesand

teeth;nervouscondition

Milk,cheese,broccoli,

curlykale

Iron 2–15mg Hemoglobinproduction

(oxygentransport)

Meat,pulses,

lamb’slettuce

Selenium 30–70μg Boostsimmunesystem Fish,meat,eggs

Copper 1.0–1.5mg Componentofanti-

oxidantprotection

system;build-upofred

bloodcells

Fish,shellfish,pulses

Manganese 2–5mg Componentofanti-

oxidantprotection

system

Whole-grainproducts,

nuts,pulses

Iodine 180–200μg Importantforthyroid

glandfunction

Seafish,shellfish

Chromium 30–100μg Carbohydrate

metabolism

Shellfish,eggs,

oatmeal,tomatoes,

mushrooms

Molybdenum 50–100μg Uricacidmetabolism Cereals,pulses,

mushrooms

*ReferencevaluesforGermany(D)accordingtoDACH2000,forUSA:RDA,

InstituteofMedicine1997,1998,2001

**Souci,Fachmann,Kraut:Thecompositionoffoods,tableswithnutritionalvalues;2000

Phytonutrients

The term “phytonutrients” was first used around 100 years ago by the plant

physiologist and Nobel Prize laureate Albrecht Kossel. In English-language

literature they are also labeled “phytochemicals”, and the term “phyto-

protectants” is sometimes used as well. A large number of studies docu-

ment their protective, health-promoting characteristics. Phytonutrients

are numerous compounds with very different chemical structures. They

only occur in very small quantities and, depending on the plant, in various

forms.

In an organism of plant origin, phytonutrients have various responsibilities,

including defending against pests and disease, regulating growth and

adding color. They influence the selection of food chosen by people in the

form of aromas and flavoring. Approx. 1.5 g of phytonutrients are ingested

daily with a mixed diet, considerably more with a vegetarian diet.

It is not know how many phytonutrients occur in nature. The current

assumption is between 60,000 and 100,000.

Characteristics of phytonutrients

Anticarcinogenic Anti-inflammatory

Antimicrobial Regulatebloodpressure

Antioxidant Reducecholesterol

Antithrombotic Regulatebloodglucose

Boostimmunesystem Digestive

30 31

The better known phytonutrients include the carotenoids, such as beta-

carotene, lutein and the polyphenols contained in red wine, whose prevent-

ative effect for arteriosclerosis is the subject of discussion. The phytoestro-

gens from soy and linseed are the focus of current research. A number of

studies have revealed that phytoestrogens can contribute to the protection

against breast and prostate cancer. Their operating mechanisms also have

a positive influence on symptoms during the change of life.

Carotenoids (e.g. beta-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin, lutein)

Carotenoids are colorings that are very common in plants. Approx. 700

carotenoids are known so far, of which only about 40–50 are ingested by

humans and processed in the metabolism. Epidemiological studies show

that high levels of carotenoids are associated with a lower rate of cancer,

cardiovascular diseases and age-related macular degeneration.

Phytoestrogens (isoflavones)

The chemical structure of phytoestrogens is similar to that of estrogens.

However, their estrogen activity is lower by a factor of 10-2 to 10-3. Phyto-

estrogens also possess antioxidant characteristics. In epidemiological

studies, major differences were established between the development of

hormone-dependent types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancer.

West European women have a 4-6 times higher risk of breast cancer than

Asian women. But these are not the only differences. Asian people are also

more rarely affected by ovarian and colon cancer. These differences are

primarily attributable to their diet. In Asia soy is a basic foodstuff and the

average intake of isoflavones is stated as 20–50 mg per day. In contrast,

the intake in western countries amounts to less than 5 mg per day.

Polyphenols

Flavonoids (flavonols, flavones, anthocyans) belong to the group of poly-

phenols. Flavonols and flavones are responsible for yellow plant coloring;

anthocyans for red, blue and violet coloring. Polyphenols have antioxidant

characteristics, among others, and can contribute to the protection against

cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids are contained above all in the outer

layers of foods. This means that peeling apples or removing tomato skins

reduces the flavonoid content.

Phytosterines

Phytosterines are similar to the animal sterines, such as the cholesterol.

Sunflower seeds and sesame, as well as native soybean oil, are particularly

rich in phytosterines. It is probable that phytosterines inhibit the absorp-

tion of cholesterol in the gut.

32 33

The most important phytonutrients at a glance

Phytonutrients Natural forms Contained in Characteristics and features

Carotenoids (plant colorings)

Containoxygen:

Xanthophylls,e.g.

zeaxanthin,lutein

Vegetables,e.g.

spinach,curlykale

Preservevision,

promotecell

developmentand

cellcommunication,

possessantioxidant

characteristics,protect

againstUVradiation

Oxygen-free:

Alpha-carotene,beta-

carotene,lycopene

e.g.tomatoes,carrots,

apricots

Phytoestrogens Isoflavones Soybeans,peas,lentils,

beansandother

pulses

Riskreductionfor

certaincarcinomas

(primarilybreast,

prostateandcolon

cancer),reduction

inmenopausal

symptomssuchas

hotflushes,influence

onbonemetabolism,

positiveinfluenceon

riskfactorsforcardio-

vasculardiseases,

e.g.cholesterol

reduction

Lignans Whole-graincereals,

berries,linseed,

flaxseed

Polyphenols Flavonoids,

e.g.flavonols

Almostallplants

becausetheydeter-

minethecoloringof

flowersandfruit,etc.;

forexample,inonions,

curlykale

Antioxidant,

antimicrobial,

anti-inflammatory,

regulateblood

pressureandblood

coagulation,protect

againstcardiac

diseaseandcancerFlavones e.g.incelery,parsnips

Anthocyans e.g.inberries,

redwine

Phytosterines e.g.beta-sitosterol Particularlycommon

infattypartsofplants,

e.g.insunflower

seeds,sesame,native

soybeanoil

Reducecholesterol,

anticarcinogenic

withrelationtocolon

carcinoma

Essential fatty acids

Many people not only eat too much, but they also eat fat that is unfavorable

from a nutritional point of view. In order to preserve a strong heart and

healthy vessels, therefore, physicians and nutritionists recommend on the

one hand a reduction in fat consumption and on the other a preference

for foods with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.

Unsaturated fatty acids

A difference is made in dietetics between monounsaturated and poly-

unsaturated fatty acids. Unlike monounsaturated fatty acids, the body

cannot produce polyunsaturated fatty acids itself. These must therefore be

ingested in sufficient amounts through food. Polyunsaturated fatty acids

belong to the group of essential nutrients and as they have fundamental

structural responsibilities in the cell, they are indispensable for the human

organism and are invaluable for preserving good health.

Omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid family)

The recommended daily amount is 6–8 g. If intake is too low over a longer

period of time, deficiencies can develop that are connected with delayed

growth, skin lesions or a reduced ability to reproduce.

As today’s mixed diet commonly contains enough linoleic acid, there is not

much probability of health problems as a result of a lack of nourishment. In

contrast, it is frequently very difficult to guarantee an optimum supply of

Omega-3 fatty acids from a mixed diet.

34 35

Omega-3 fatty acids (linoleic acid family)

The recommended daily requirement for Omega-3 fatty acids is around

0.3–0.4 g. This need increases in the case of common diseases, such as

rheumatoid arthritis or cardiovascular diseases.

High concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids are contained in coldwater fish

such as mackerel, herring, salmon and cod. Game also has a relatively high

omega-3 fatty acid content.

A deficiency in adults only becomes noticeable after a long period. A lack of

these fatty acids is related to restricted vision or reduced learning abilities.

More attention should therefore be paid to ensuring a regular intake of

the necessary quantities. Seafish could make a contribution here, but

unfortunately fish consumption is Germany is generally far too low. Only

100 g of fish is consumed on average per person/week; this is not enough

to guarantee an optimum supply with a beneficial effect for your health.

At the same time, it is very important in view of the risk reduction for

cardiovascular diseases.

There are good reasons for a targeted dietary supplementation of omega-3

fatty acids, e. g. in the form of fish oil capsules. It is particularly valuable due

to the contribution to maintaining healthy vessels.

37

Effects of omega-3 fatty acids:

• Positive influence on inflammatory processes,

e. g. in the case of rheumatoid arthritis

• Positive influence on arteriosclerotic vessel changes

• Inhibit conglutination of the blood platelets

• Enlarge vessels and lower blood pressure

• Improve blood flow characteristics

Pro- und Prebiotika

Probiotics (pro bio = for life) are defined, living microorganisms of which

sufficient quantities enter the gut in active form and have a beneficial

effect on a person’s health.

Probiotics also contribute to a stable gut flora and a healthy intestinal

mucous membrane. At the same time, they boost the gut-associated

immune system. Probiotics can also prevent the settlement of pathogens.

The usage of probiotics can restrict allergic reactions and proves to be

good in cases of lactose intolerance, among other things. Therapeutic

measures, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or treatment with

antibiotics, can lead to changes in the gut-associated microflora. Here too,

the intake of probiotics can achieve a decrease in unwanted effects, such

as diarrhea. More recent study findings imply that probiotic cultures have

a positive influence on irritable bowel.

Prebiotics are indigestible substances. They enhance the growth of certain

microorganisms in the gut. The influence of prebiotics on the immune sys-

tem is increasingly becoming a subject of discussion in literature. There are

also indications that prebiotics have a beneficial effect on the development

of colon cancer and tumor growth. One well-known member of the group

of prebiotics is inulin, which is extracted from chicory.

39

Improving the micronutrient balance

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

The above definition by the World Health Organization wholeheartedly

underlines the objectives of the orthomolecular principle:

• Considerable enhancement of individual health

• Preservation of vitality and performance into advanced age

• Prevention of diet-related and chronic degenerative diseases

The basis of excellent health and physical resistance can only be achieved

if preferably all the substances present in the body are available in ideal

quantities.

Unfortunately, there is an increasing imbalance in the micronutrient levels

of many people as they approach old age. Frequently, people fail to reach

even the reference values required by the German Nutrition Society (DGE –

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung). Micronutrient levels could be con-

siderably improved as a result of the additional intake of orthomolecular

substances with a balanced quantity and dosage. This would actively

contribute to the preservation of health.

The previous chapters primarily described individual micronutrients.

The following pages will provide you with an insight into orthomolecular

treatment and its way of working.

Objectives of the orthomolecular principle

Taking care of the cardiovascular system

Nowadays, cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the most common

disease-related causes of death. In order to reduce the frequency of

these diseases, it is necessary to influence their development at an early

stage by modifying lifestyles, such as adopting nutritional measures or

exercising. Numerous orthomolecular substances can counteract both the

development of cardiovascular diseases and of cancer. Both of these are

chronic, degenerative diseases which are based on changes in important

metabolic processes. Cancer is related to changes in the DNA and protein

40

structures, cardiovascular diseases focus on changes in the fat metabolism.

Orthomolecular substances can have a beneficial effect with regard to the

prevention of these changes. It is most effective for the prophylaxis and

therapy of cardiovascular diseases if preferably all of the orthomolecular

substances that are important for this area of application are taken conti-

nually and over the long term with a sufficiently high dosage. In addition,

all orthomolecular substances that optimize the metabolism should be

used. The table on the following double page provides an overview. At the

same time, prescription heart medication from the physician should not be

reduced or stopped by the patient without prior consultation!

In addition to the intake of orthomolecular substances, a healthy lifestyle

with sufficient exercise and a balanced diet with a large quantity of fruit,

vegetables and fish also have a beneficial effect on the treatment and

prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Alcohol should be greatly reduced

and nicotine should be avoided completely.

Strengthening the body’s regeneration and defense system

During research processes into the connections between nutrition and the

aging process, several crucial questions repeatedly arise which are outlined

here from the viewpoint of the orthomolecular principle.

Which nutritional deficiencies are common as people grow older?

A deficiency in important micronutrients presents a health risk much more

frequently in old age than generally assumed. While the values for an

ideal energy and protein intake have been established, the ideal intake for

micronutrients is still being discussed by nutritionists and physicians.

Vitamin deficiencies in pensioners living in retirement homes

Daily intake as a %

100 *

Own catering Third-party catering

* Recommended DGE reference value

(German Nutrition Society)

It is clear, however, that even healthy people who follow a “normal” diet still

receive an insufficient supply of vitamins in old age. This is also shown in

the nutrition report from 2004: on average, people who are older than 65

years of age ingest less than 50 % of the recommended daily allowances for

iodine, folic acid and vitamin D. Considerable deficiencies were detected in

a study of pensioners who live in retirement homes. The study examined

the micronutrient intake of 67 women with an average age of 86 years.

It revealed that the reference values for vitamins recommended by the

German Nutrition Society (DGE – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung)

were not reached for any of the vitamins, even though the necessary quan-

tities could be comprehensively covered in a relatively simple manner by

regular dietary supplementation in the form of orthomolecular substances.

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B6

Folate

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Calcium

Magnesium

Iodine

20 40 60 80

42 43

Minerals/ Trace elements

Daily dosage Characteristics and features in relation to the cardiovascular system

Magnesium 100 – 300 mg Cardiac excitation conduction, lowers blood

pressure, positive influence on cardiac rhythm

Zinc 10 – 20 mg Antioxidant

Selenium 50 – 200 μg Antioxidant

Manganese 2 – 5 mg Antioxidant

Copper 0,5 – 4 mg Antioxidant

Chromium 30 – 150 μg Component of glucose tolerance factor

Molybdenum 60 – 300 μg Component of important enzymes

Iodine 150 – 300 μg Important for the thyroid gland

Essential fatty acids

Omega-3 fatty acids In the form of fish oil,

approx. 0.5 – 1 g

Prevent conglutination of the blood platelets,

positive influence on cardiac rhythm,

lower blood pressure, improve blood flow

characteristics, lower blood lipids (triglycerides)

Vitaminoids

L-carnitine 0.2 – 0.6 g Energy provision in the heart, helps the heart

to function normally

Coenzyme Q10 (= ubiquinone)

10 – 50 mg Energy provision in the heart muscle cells,

antioxidant, important for heart metabolism

Orthomolecular substances for the prophylaxis and nutrition-based therapy of the cardiovascular system

Vitamins Daily dosage Characteristics and features in relation to the cardiovascular system

Vitamin C > 500 mg Antioxidant, lowers blood pressure, stabilizes

blood vessels, lowers overall cholesterol levels,

regenerates Vitamin E

Vitamin E 100 – 500 mg Antioxidant, prevents oxidation of the

LDL cholesterol

Vitamin A 2,000 – 5,000 I.E. Antioxidant

Vitamin B1 7.5 – 40 mg Important for carbohydrate metabolism

Vitamin B2 7.5 – 40 mg Central role in the carbohydrate, fatty acid

and amino acid metabolism

Nicotinamide 50 – 200 mg Lowers LDL cholesterol, central role in the

carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid

metabolism

Vitamin B6 7.5 – 40 mg Lowers homocysteine

Vitamin B12 5 – 15 μg Important for build-up of red blood cells,

lowers homocysteine

Folic acid 0,4 – 1 mg Build-up of red blood cells,

lowers homocysteine

Pantothenic acid 10 – 30 mg Development and degeneration of carbo-

hydrates, fatty acids and amino acids

Biotin 100 – 500 μg Involved in the development and degeneration

of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids

Vitamin K 30 – 120 μg Blood coagulation

Carotenoids 5 – 20 mg Antioxidants

Bioflavonoids 5 – 20 mg Antioxidants

44 45

How important is nutrition for the immune system?

The immune system acts simultaneously as the health police force and

a repair service. It recognizes and combats harmful, exogenous intruders

such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. But it also repairs damaged cells or

destroys and disposes of them if they are irreparable. Good nutrition and

a well-balanced supply of micronutrients are important prerequisites for

a healthy immune system.

A study of 96 pensioners who took a multivitamin and mineral supplement

had a better immune response after 12 months than pensioners who did

not receive a supplement. It therefore follows that supplementation with a

suitable combination of micronutrients can improve the immune status of

pensioners.

There are also numerous connections between the development of cancer

and the performance of the immune system. This also explains why ortho-

molecular substances for strengthening the immune system can have a

beneficial effect on the development of cancer and its progression.

The gut – the largest immune organ of our body

With a surface area of about 400 m², the gut is the central point of the

immune system and therefore plays a significant role in a person‘s immune

response. The intestinal mucous membrane forms a natural barrier against

pathogens and pollutants with its immunocompetent cells. Disease which

involves the gut or intestinal mucous membrane could result in a weakened

immune response.

As already mentioned, the intake of pro- and prebiotics has a beneficial

effect on the gut flora. Due to the special role played by the gut in the

immune system, probiotics are particularly good for the immune system.

For example, supplementation with probiotics enhances the activity of

important defense cells.

A healthy and well-balanced diet, together with the intake of need-based,

combined micronutrients, boosts the immune system.

Physical performance and the immune system

Sport has a beneficial effect on the emotional and physical state of health.

In addition to other lifestyle factors, physical activity can counteract the

civilization diseases in today’s society. An increased number of free radicals

are generated as a result of the high oxygen consumption involved in

sporting activities. This can lead to an “oxidative stress situation”. The neu-

tralization of these free radicals places a strain on the immune system and

is characterized by decreasing concentrations of vitamin C and the anti-

oxidant enzymes, among others. In order to enhance regeneration of the

body’s immune system and ensure preservation, athletes should take

a supplement with antioxidants.

46 47

Promoting mental development across all age groups

The brain controls many metabolic processes in our body. It enables us to

store pieces of information and recall them as needed. At the same time,

it is possible that even the tiniest deficiency in micronutrient supply which

causes tiny, insignificant changes in the activity of an individual enzyme,

can join together with additional, otherwise insignificant changes in activi-

ty. In the end, this causes measurable impairment of a person’s intellectual

performance. In order to remain mentally alert until an advanced age and

therefore meet the requirements of everyday life, the body should receive

a continual supply of essential micronutrients.

Embryonic development of the fetus

Fetal development in the womb is characterized by a high cell division rate.

The fetus is completely dependent on the mother to supply the essential

micronutrients. An adequate supply of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA (doco-

sahexaenoic acid) is particularly important. This is necessary for the healthy

development of the brain and nervous system. At the same time, it also

enhances the intellectual capacity and the development of vision for the

growing organism.

In order to enable a trouble-free pregnancy and reduce the risk of physical

and mental disabilities in the child, other important micronutrients such

as folic acid, iron, vitamin B6, B12, selenium and magnesium should be

supplemented in addition to the omega-3 fatty acids.

49

Notes

Literature

H. K. Biesalski: Ernährungsmedizin, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-131-00292-1

DACH: Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr, Umschau/Braus Verlag, Frankfurt 2000, ISBN 3-829-57114-3

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung: Ernährungsbericht 2004, ISBN 3- 88749 -183 -1

H. Dietl und. G. Ohlenschläger: Handbuch der Orthomolekularen Medizin

Haug-Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-776-01405-9

Holmquist C, Larsson S, Wolk A et al. Multivitamin supplements are inversely associated with risk

of myocardial infarction in men and women. Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP)

J Nutr 2003; 133 (8) : 2650-4

Institute of Medicine, USA 1997, 1998, 2001

Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG et al. Use of the supplements and cataract :

The Blue Mountain Eye Study, Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132 : 19-26

Schmid A, Wilmes G, Stork A et al. Nährstoff- und Bewegungsmangel im Altenheim weit verbreitet

Geriatrie Journal 2001; 1-2 : 31-34

S. W. Souci, W. Fachmann, H. Kraut: Die Zusammensetzung der Lebensmittel-Nährwerttabellen

Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-88763-076-9

B. Watch, C. Leitzmann: Bioaktive Substanzen in Lebensmitteln

Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-777-31301-7

JournalsJournal für Orthomolekulare Medizin [Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine]

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Also important at an early age!

Although the embryonic phase is the phase with the highest cell division

rate, small children also have an increased need for micronutrients. This

special requirement must be met in order to ensure optimum develop-

ment. Supplementation with micronutrient combinations increased the

intellectual performance of school children between the age of 6 and 12

compared with those who did not receive a supplement. Once again, this

confirms the orthomolecular principle of using complex micronutrient

combinations instead of mono-products.

The fear of forgetting

As a person grows older, their intellectual capabilities can diminish. Alzheimer-

type dementia (Alzheimer’s disease) is a disease of the central nervous

system which is associated, among other things, with the loss of cognitive

capabilities. An excessive attack by free radicals and the related increased

oxidative stress is linked with the development of the disease. A diet which

is rich in fruit and vegetables can possibly contribute to an individual

reduction in the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have shown

that pensioners whose cognitive performance had decreased benefited by

a supplementation of antioxidants and also omega-3 fatty acids.

50 51