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BIO 205

Chapter 21

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Immunity and Serology

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Immunity to Disease

Acquired Immunity Can Result by Actively ProducingAntibodies to an Antigen

Active immunity occurs when the bodys immune

system responds to antigens by producing antibodiesand lymphocytes

Naturally acquired active immunity follows illness or

pathogen exposure

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There Are Several Types of Vaccine Strategies

1. Live, attenuated vaccines contain weakenedmicrobes that multiply at only low levels, inducing astrong immune response.

Organisms can revert to a virulent form and cause

disease A single-dose vaccine can combine vaccines for

different diseases

Vaccines using attenuated bacteria are difficult andnot widely used

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2. Inactivated vaccines contain killed pathogens, whichinduce a weaker immune response

Booster shots are required to maintain immunity

They are safer than attenuated vaccines becausethey cannot cause disease

3. Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins (toxoids)

Since the product is inactivated, booster shots arerequired

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4. Subunit vaccines contain only those parts of the

antigens that stimulate a strong immune response Recombinant DNA technology can be used to

create recombinant subunit vaccines

Subunits cannot cause disease

5. Conjugate vaccines are created by attaching bacterialcapsule polysaccharides to a toxoid

They elicit a strong immune response

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Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule - 2006

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Acquired Immunity Also Can Result by Passively ReceivingAntibodies to an Antigen

Naturally acquired passive immunity (congenital immunity)occurs when antibodies pass from mother to fetus

Maternal IgG antibodies remain in the child 3-6 monthsafter birth

Maternal antibodies also pass to the newborn through:

first milk (colostrum) breast milk

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Artificially acquired passive immunity involves injection of antibody-rich serum into a body

The serum can be used to:

prevent disease (prophylactic) treat disease (therapeutic serum)

The immune system may recognize foreign serum proteinsas nonself and mount an allergic reaction

Immune complexes may form and serum sickness maydevelop

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Herd Immunity Results from Effective Vaccination Programs

In herd immunity, the majority of a population are immune

Unvaccinated individuals are unlikely to contact an infected individual

Herd immunity is affected by:

1. population density2. the strength of a persons immune system

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Do Vaccines Have DangerousSide Effects?

Adverse reactions tovaccines are reported to theVaccine Adverse EventsReporting System (VAERS)

People with egg allergiesshould not take fluvaccinations

The risk of contracting adisease is much greater than any risk associatedwith vaccines

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Serological Reactions

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Hemagglutination is used to:

determine blood type detect viruses that cause agglutination of red blood cells

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Complement Fixation Can Detect Antibodies to a Variety of Pathogens

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Monoclonal Antibodies AreBecoming a Magic Bulletin Biomedicine

Polyclonal antibodies occur because there are multipleepitopes on a pathogen

They activate different B

cell populations

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End of Chapter 21