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BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 1
BIOL 2401, Anatomy & Physiology, Part 1 Laboratory Schedule
Lab Section: ___________ Lab Day & Time: ____________ Lab Instructor: ___________ Office & Phone: _____________
Week
Lab Notes Chapter
Subject
EXAM
ATES D
1
1, 2, 3 Introduction, Organs, Microscopes, Cell Anatomy
2
4, 5, 6
Cell Transport Mechanisms, Mitosis, Tissues
7
Integumentary system
4
1 - 7
EXAM 1
5
8
Skeletal system
6
8
Skeletal system
7
8
EXAM 2
8
9
Muscular system
9
9
Muscular system
10
9
EXAM 3
11
10
Nervous system
12
10
Nervous system
13
10
EXAM 4
14
11, 12
Special senses, Endocrine system
15
11 & 12
EXAM 5
16
1 - 12
Make-Up Exam (scheduled with your instructor only if you missed an exam)
Schedule subject to change.
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 2
CLASS PROCEDURES: BIOL 2401 LAB 1. ATTENDANCE:
a. Regular and punctual attendance is required at St. Philip=s College. Students who have accumulated two weeks of absences may be dropped from the course. Your lab instructor will inform your lecture instructor when you are absent from lab.
b. You are expected to arrive on time for class. The first three times you arrive within 15 minutes of class start time you will be counted as tardy. The fourth tardy and any subsequent tardies will count as absences.
c. Lab meets only once each week, so please do not schedule appointments during this time. Let your instructor know if you must leave lab for an emergency. 2. LECTURE: This course requires that lecture and laboratory be taken in the same semester. 3. SCHOOL POLICY: No food or drink allowed in classes. 4. EXAMS: There will be 5 lab exams. The exams will be practical exams and will be contain 50 - 75 questions. You will rotate through the exam stations in order to attempt all the questions on the exam. Rotations will be timed to insure all students have equal access to each exam station. 5. LABORATORY NOTES: The laboratory notes are included with the lecture notes and are available for purchase in the St. Philip=s College bookstore. 6. MAKE-UP EXAMS:
a. If you miss a lab exam, contact your lab instructor immediately. If you have a valid, verifiable excuse for missing the lab exam, you may be scheduled to take the exam later in the same week. If your instructor approves, he or she will schedule you to take the exam with another instructor. If you are unable to contact your lab instructor, contact the Anatomy Lab Coordinator in SCI 216. You may only re-schedule a lab exam once during the entire semester, and only for valid and verifiable reasons.
b. If you are unable to take an exam during the normally scheduled exam week, contact the Lab Coordinator in SCI 216 and provide the appropriate documentation for missing the class. The Lab Coordinator may arrange for you to take a computerized version of the exam. The computerized exam do NOT use models that are used for normal exams and will consist of graphics from textbooks.
c. During Summer sessions, the Biology Tutors will conduct the Make-up exams during normal tutoring hours. The computerized exam do NOT use models that are used for normal exams and will consist of graphics from textbooks. Exams must be made-up BEFORE the next exam in the lab.
d. Exams must be made-up BEFORE the next lab exam. e. You may take an exam during a different class OR take a computerized make-up
exam ONCE during the semester. Additional missed exams will be counted as a ‘0’. 7. VISITORS: Visitors are NOT allowed in laboratory. 8. BEEPERS & PHONES: Set your beepers, phones and other electronic devices to a silent mode (or >OFF=) during laboratory.
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 3
9. GRADE DETERMINATION: Your laboratory average will be given to your BIOL 2401 lecture instructor at the end of the semester. This lab average is 30% of your overall BIOL 2401 grade. Natural Sciences Department policy does not allow >Extra Credit= for laboratory classes. 10. STUDY HINTS: Listed below is advice given by former students who were successful in this class:
1) Helpful Biology Links are on the Natural Sciences Website. 2) Bring your textbook to lab so you can make notes by the illustrations 3) Use the tutors. Hours will be posted early in the semester 4) Form a study group, starting with the group at your lab table. 5) Use a coloring book and/or flash cards 6) Study one section of the notes at a time 7) Use the CD ROMs that came with the textbook 8) Visit the textbook=s website and course compass site 9) Use the additional software available in the computer lab in SCI 212. 10) Buy (and use) the video tape or DVD. These study aides are available in SCI 216 for $15 for the video tape or for the DVD.
One of the computer software programs available for your use in SCI 212 is Virtual Human Dissector (VH Dissector).
Lessons have been prepared to correspond to the BIOL 2401 and BIOL 2402 (Anatomy & Physiology) lab notes. Use one of the five computers that have the VH Dissector loaded on it. These computers are clearly marked, if you cannot find one, ask one of the lab workers.
From the Start Menu, choose >ALL PROGRAMS, then click on TOLTECH, then select VH DISSECTOR. The VH DISSECTOR program will open with several windows. If you choose you can close the cross section window. To do this you choose the >VIEW= tab and then select >HIDE CROSS SECTION=. To access the lessons you must first click on the >LESSONS= tab. A screen will appear with several items listed. Next, from the >FILE= tab, choose >OPEN LESSON=. The lessons are located in the =My Documents= folder, in the >VH Dissector Lessons= folder. The following file names are assigned to the various chapters: BIOL 2401 Chapter File Name Introduction Introhumanbody.html Skeletal system Skeletal.html Muscular system Muscleheadthorax.html
Muscleupperextremity.html Musclelowerextremity.html
Nervous system Nervous.html Special Senses Specialsenses.html Endocrine System Endocrine.html
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 4
Chapter 1, Organization of the Human Body I. Definitions: Text page: _________
A. Anatomy: the study of ______________
B. Physiology: the study of _____________
II. Levels of Organization:
A. Chemical or Molecular Level:
1. Atoms: basic unit of matter
2. Molecules
B. Cellular Level:
1. Organelles: functional units within cells
2. Cell: the basic unit of life
C. Tissue Level
1. Tissue: groups of cells performing a specific function
2. Four basic tissue types
a. Epithelial
b. Connective
c. Muscular
d. Nervous
D. Organ Level
1. Organ: combinations of tissues working together to form a readily
identifiable structure that has a specific set of functions
2. Examples: stomach, heart, skin, etc
E. Organ System Level
Text page:
_________
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 5
1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Circulatory System
7. Lymphatic & Immune Systems
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System
F. Organism Level
III. Anatomical Position:
A. Defines a reference posture for the standardized study of human anatomy
B. Standing erect, feet flat on floor
C. Arms down by the sides, open palms facing forward
IV. Directional Terms: usually occur in pairs of opposites
A. Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal)
B. Inferior vs. Superior
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 6
C. Lateral vs. Medial
D. Deep vs. Superficial
E. Additional directional terms are listed in the lecture section of your notes.
V. Major Body Cavities: Overview
A. Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity
1. Thoracic Cavity
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
B. Dorsal Body Cavity
1. Cranial Cavity
2. Spinal Cavity
VI. Structures within the Major Body Cavities Text
page: _________
A. Thoracic Cavity
1. Right pleural cavity contains the Right Lung
2. Left pleural cavity contains the Left Lung
3. Mediastinum: region between the pleural cavities
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 7
a. Pericardial cavity contains the Heart
b. Aortic arch (Arch of the aorta)
c. Thoracic aorta
d. Superior vena cava
e. Trachea
(1) Right primary bronchus
(2) Left primary bronchus
f. Esophagus
4. Diaphragm: the major muscle of respiration that separates the thoracic
cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
B. Abdominopelvic cavity
1. Abdominal cavity is above the pelvic brim and the Pelvic cavity is
below the pelvic brim.
2. Structures:
a. Stomach
b. Spleen
c. Liver
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 8
d. Gallbladder
e. Pancreas
f. Right kidney
g. Left kidney
h. Right ureter
i. Left ureter
j. Right adrenal gland
k. Left adrenal gland
l. Abdominal aorta
m. Inferior vena cava
n. Small intestines
(1) duodenum
(2) jejunum
(3) ileum
o. Large intestines (colon)
(1) cecum
(2) ascending colon
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 9
(3) vermiform appendix
(4) transverse colon
(5) descending colon
(6) sigmoid colon
p. Urinary bladder
q. Reproductive structures (to be identified in BIOL 2402)
Chapter 2, Light Microscope
VII. Parts of the Light Microscope:
A. Base
B. Arm
C. Stage
D. Coarse adjustment knob
E. Fine adjustment knob
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 10
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 11
F. Condenser
G. Iris diaphragm
H. Nosepiece
I. Objectives
1. Scanning objective: 4X
2. Low power objective: 10X
3. High Power objective: 40X or 43X
4. Oil Immersion objective: 100X
J. Stage control knobs
K. Ocular (eyepiece): 10X
VIII. Total Magnification
A. To calculate the Total Magnification, multiply the power of the ocular (10X)
times the power of the objective being used (4X, 10X, 40X (or 43X) or 100X)
B. Example: the total magnification using the Scanning objective is 40 (10X x 4)
IX. Focusing:
A. Center the slide on the stage so that the specimen is directly over the light
coming through the hole in the stage.
B. Rotate the nosepiece so that the 4X objective is over the specimen.
C. Look through the ocular, adjust the light using the iris diaphragm.
D. Focus using the coarse adjustment knob, then the fine adjustment knob.
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 12
E. To increase magnification, center the part of the specimen you want to enlarge
in the center of the field. Rotate the nosepiece to the next power objective.
Focus using only the fine adjustment knob. Adjust the light as needed.
F. DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB WITH THE HIGH
POWER OBJECTIVE! These objectives are long enough to crack the slide on
the stage or crack the objective lens.
G. Do not use the oil immersion lens. The specimens used in BIOL 2401 do not
require this high total magnification.
X. Safe transport of the light microscope will be demonstrated by your instructor.
A. Carry the microscope with 2 hands, one supporting the base and one hand
grasping the arm.
B. Before returning the microscope to the cabinet:
1. Move the stage to its lowest position
2. Move the shortest objective (scanning objective) over the hole in the
stage.
Chapter 3, Cell Anatomy
I. Generic Animal Cell:
Text
Page:_______
A. Nucleus
1. Nuclear membrane
2. Nucleolus
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 13
3. Chromatin
B. Cytoplasm
1. Organelles
a. Mitochondrion
b. Golgi body (Golgi Apparatus)
c. Golgi Vesicles
d. Lysosome
e. Fat Vacuole
f. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
g. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
h. Ribosomes
i. Centrioles
2. Cytosol
C. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Chapter 4, Mitosis
I. Mitosis Terminology:
Text Page:________
A. Mitosis: division of the nucleus
B. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
II. Cell Cycle:
III. Interphase:
IV. Phases of Mitosis: (Draw the phases in the space provided)
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 14
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 15
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
V. Web sites useful for this chapter:
A. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/main.html
B. http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm
C. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html
D. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/mitosis/mitosis.html
E. http://www.worc.ac.uk/departs/envman/courses/bio/l2/bio212/mitosis.html
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 16
Chapter 5, Tissues
I. Categories of Tissues:
Text
page:_________
A. Epithelial Tissue
1. Names are based on the number of layers of cells attached to a
basement membrane
a. Simple epithelium: one layer of cells
b. Stratified Epithelium: more than one layer of cells
2. Names are also based on the shape of the cells at the apical surface:
a. Squamous
b. Cuboidal
c. Columnar
d. Transitional
3. Identify the following epithelial tissues in the microscope or in
photomicrographs: (Draw the tissues in the space provided.)
a. Simple squamous epithelium
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 17
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 18
f. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
B. Connective Tissue: Identify the following connective tissues in the
microscope or in photomicrographs: (Draw the tissues in the space provided.)
1. Adipose connective tissue
2. Areolar connective tissue
3. Bone
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 19
4. Blood
5. Hyaline cartilage
6. Elastic cartilage
C. Muscle Tissues: will be identified during the muscular system lab
1. Skeletal muscle tissue
2. Smooth muscle tissue
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 20
3. Cardiac muscle tissue
D. Nervous Tissue: will be identified during the nervous system lab
II. Web sites useful for this chapter:
A. http://lima.osu.edu/biology/connective_tissue.htm
B. http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/index.htm
Chapter 6, Cell Transport Mechanisms
I. Passive Transport Mechanisms:
Text
page:_________
A. Diffusion:
1. Definition: the random movement of particles from regions of higher
concentrations to regions of lesser concentration. Eventually the
particles will be distributed evenly.
2. Examples:
a. Air Freshener sprayed into the air
b. Potassium permanganate crystals in water
B. Osmosis:
1. Definition: movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane
from an area of higher concentration to areas of lesser concentration
2. Examples:
a. Dried raisins in water
b. Dried beans in water
3. Types of solutions: (Draw each type of solutions indicating the direction
the water will flow)
a. Hypotonic solution
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 21
b. Hypertonic solution
c. Isotonic solution
C. Filtration:
1. Definition: Movement of particles across a semipermeable membrane
from an area of high pressure
2. Draw the filtration apparatus you saw demonstrated in lab
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 22
II. Web site useful for this chapter:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 23
A. http://www.niles-hs.k12.il.us/philac/biology/biolweb/Tonicity/plaNT.htm
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 24
Chapter 7, Integumentary System
I. Epidermis: composed of 5 strata (sublayers) Text
page:_________
A. Stratum corneum
B. Stratum lucidum
C. Stratum granulosum
D. Stratum spinosum
E. Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
II. Dermis:
A. Papillary dermis
1. Dermal papillae
2. Meissner=s corpuscles
B. Reticular dermis
1. Hair Structures
a. Hair shaft
b. Hair root
c. Hair bulb
d. Hair follicle
2. Arrector pili muscle
3. Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
4. Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
a. Eccrine sweat gland
b. Apocrine sweat gland
5. Pacinian corpuscle
C. Subcutaneous Layer
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 25
Chapter 8, Skeletal System
I. Microscopic Structure Of Bone:
Text
page:_________
A. Periosteum
B. Sharpey=s Fibers
C. Compact Bone
1. Haversian System (osteon)
a. Lamella
b. Lacuna
c. Osteoblasts
d. Osteocytes
2. Haversian Canal
3. Volkmann=s Canal
4. Endosteum
D. Spongy Bone
II. Bone Markings and features:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 26
A. Process
B. Condyle
C. Fossa
D. Foramen
E. Canal
F. Meatus
G. Fissure
H. Sulcus
III. Axial Skeleton:
A. Skull
Text
page:_________
1. Cranial Bones
a. Frontal bone
b. Temporal bone
(1) external auditory meatus
(2) styloid process
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 27
(3) zygomatic process
(4) mastoid process
(5) mandibular fossa
(6) jugular foramen
(7) carotid canal
(8) internal acoustic meatus
c. Parietal bone
d. Occipital bone
(1) foramen magnum
(2) occipital condyles
e. Sphenoid bone
(1) sella turcica
(2) greater wings
(3) lesser wing
(4) superior orbital fissure
(5) foramen ovale
(6) optic foramen
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 28
f. Ethmoid bone
(1) crista galli
(2) cribriform plate
(3) perpendicular plate
(4) middle conchae
2. Sutures
Text
Page:_________
a. Coronal suture: between the _____________ bone and the
______________ bones
b. Sagittal suture: between the _____________ bone and the
______________ bone
c. Lambdoidal suture: between the _____________ bone and the
______________ bone
d. Squamosal suture: between the _____________ bone and the
______________ bone
3. Facial Bones:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 29
Text
Pages:________
a. Nasal bone
b. Lacrimal bone
c. Maxilla
(1) infraorbital foramen
(2) palatine process
d. Palatine bone
e. Vomer
f. Inferior conchae
g. Zygomatic bone
h. Mandible
(1) mandibular condyle
(2) mandibular ramus
(3) coronoid process
(4) mental foramen
4. Hyoid bone
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 30
5. Vertebral column
Text
Page:_________
a. Cervical vertebrae (7)
(1) atlas
(2) axis
(a) dens (odontoid process)
b. Thoracic vertebrae (12)
c. Lumbar vertebrae (5)
d. Sacrum (1, fused from 5 vertebrae)
e. Coccyx (1, fused from 4 vertebrae)
f. Intervertebral disc
6. Vertebral Structure
Text
Page:_________
a. Centrum (body)
b. Spinous process
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 31
c. Vertebral foramen
d. Transverse process
e. Transverse foramen (only in the cervical vertebra)
7. Thorax
Text
Page:_________
a. True Ribs (7 pairs)
b. False ribs (5 pair)
(1) Floating ribs (last 2 pair of false ribs)
c. Costal cartilage
d. Sternum
(1) manubrium
(2) body
(3) xiphoid process
IV. Appendicular Skeleton
Text
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 32
Page:_________
A. Pectoral Girdle
1. Scapula (RIGHT or LEFT)
a. coracoid process
b. glenoid fossa
c. spine
d. acromion process
e. scapular notch
f. axillary border (lateral border)
g. vertebral border (medial border)
2. Clavicle
3. Humerus (RIGHT or LEFT)
a. head
b. capitulum
c. trochlea
d. olecranon fossa
e. coronoid fossa
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 33
4. Radius
a. head
b. radial tuberosity
c. styloid process
5. Ulna
a. olecranon process
b. trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
c. coronoid process
d. styloid process
6. carpals
7. metacarpals (5 per hand)
a. How are they numbered?
8. phalanges
a. proximal phalanx
b. middle phalanx
c. distal phalanx
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 34
B. Pelvic Girdle
Text
Page:_________
1. Os coxa (RIGHT or LEFT)
a. Ilium
(1) iliac crest
(2) greater sciatic notch
b. Ischium
(1) ischial tuberosity
(2) ischial spine
c. Pubis
d. acetabulum
e. obturator foramen
2. Femur (RIGHT or LEFT)
a. head
b. neck
c. greater trochanter
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 35
d. lesser trochanter
e. medial condyle
f. lateral condyle
g. intercondylar fossa
3. Patella
4. Tibia (RIGHT or LEFT)
a. anterior crest
b. medial malleolus
5. Fibula
a. lateral malleolus
6. Tarsals (7 per foot)
a. Calcaneous
b. Talus
7. Metatarsals (5 per foot)
a. How are they numbered?
8. Phalanges (14 per foot)
a. proximal phalanx
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 36
b. middle phalanx
c. distal phalanx
V. Articulations: Will be discussed in lecture
A. Classifications
1. Structural Classification
a. Synovial joints
b. Fibrous joints
c. Cartilaginous joints
2. Functional Classification
a. Diarthrosis
b. Amphiarthrosis
c. Synarthrosis
B. Types of Synovial Joints
1. Ball-and-socket
2. Hinge
3. Saddle
4. Pivot
5. Gliding (plane)
6. Condyloid (ellipsoid)
VI. Useful web sites for the skeletal system:
A. http://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 37
Chapter 9, Muscular System
I. Neuromuscular Junction (Myoneural Junction): Text page:_________
A. Motor Neuron
B. Nucleus
C. Myofibrils
D. Sacromere
E. Endomysium
F. Sarcolemma
G. Sarcoplasm
II. Muscles of facial expression: Text page:_________
A. Occipitalis
B. Frontalis
C. Orbicularis oculi
D. Orbicularis oris
E. Levator labii superioris
F. Zygomaticus
G. Risorius
H. Depressor anguli oris
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 38
I. Depressor labii inferioris
J. Mentalis
K. Buccinator
III. Muscles of chewing:
Text
page:_________
A. Masseter
B. Temporalis
IV. Other muscles of the head:
A. Auricularis anterior
B. Auricularis superior
C. Auricularis posterior
V. Muscles of the neck:
Text
page:_________
A. Sternocleidomastoid
B. Sternohyoid
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 39
C. Omohyoid
D. Splenius capitis
VI. Muscles of Respiration:
Text
page:_________
A. Diaphragm
B. External intercostals
C. Internal intercostals
D. Transversus thoracis
VII. Muscles of the abdomen:
Text
page:_________
A. Rectus abdominis
B. External oblique
C. Internal oblique
D. Transversus abdominis
VIII. Muscles of the back:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 40
Text
page:_________
A. Erector spinae group
1. Longissimus thoracis
B. Serratus posterior (inferior)
C. Quadratus lumborum
IX. Muscles acting on the shoulder and upper arm: Text
page:_________
A. Pectoralis major
B. Pectoralis minor
C. Serratus anterior
D. Trapezius
E. Levator scapulae
F. Rhomboideus major
G. Rhomboideus minor
H. Latissimus dorsi
I. Deltoid
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 41
J. Teres major
K. Coracobrachialis
L. Rotator Cuff Muscles:
1. Infraspinatus
2. Supraspinatus
3. Subscapularis
4. Teres minor
X. Muscles acting on the forearm:
Text
page:________
A. Biceps brachii
B. Brachialis
C. Triceps brachii
D. Brachioradialis
E. Anconeus
F. Pronator teres
G. Supinator
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 42
XI. Muscles acting on the wrist and hand: Text
page:________
A. Flexor carpi radialis
B. Flexor carpi ulnaris
C. Flexor digitorum superficialis
D. Palmaris longus
E. Extensor carpi radialis longus
F. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
G. Extensor carpi ulnaris
H. Extensor digitorum (communis)
I. Extensor digiti minimi
J. Abductor pollicis longus
K. Extensor pollicis brevis
XII. Muscles acting on the hip and femur:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 43
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 44
Text
page:________
A. Iliacus
B. Psoas major
C. Iliopsoas
D. Tensor fasciae latae
E. Gluteus maximus
F. Gluteus medius
G. Adductor longus
H. Adductor magnus
I. Gracilis
XIII. Muscles acting on the knee:
Text
page:_________
A. Quadriceps femoris Group
1. Rectus femoris
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 45
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius
B. Sartorius
C. Hamstring Group
1. Biceps femoris
2. Semimembranosus
3. Semitendinosus
D. Popliteus
XIV. Muscles acting on the foot:
Text
page:________
A. Extensor digitorum longus
B. Tibialis anterior
C. Gastrocnemius
D. Soleus
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 46
E. Flexor hallucis longus
F. Tibialis posterior
G. Peroneus brevis or Fibularis brevis
H. Peroneus longus or Fibularis longus
I. Flexor digitorum longus
J. Abductor digiti minimi
K. Flexor digitorum brevis
L. Abductor hallucis
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 47
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 48
Chapter 10, Nervous System
I. Divisions of the Nervous System: Text page:_________
A. Central Nervous System
1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
B. Peripheral Nervous System
1. Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)
2. Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)
II. Anatomy of the Nervous System:
A. Neuron (nerve cell) Text page:_________
1. Cell body
a. Nucleus
(1) Nucleolus
b. Nissl bodies
c. Neurofibrils
2. Dendrites
3. Axon
a. Axon hillock
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 49
b. Axon core
c. Axon terminal
d. Axonal end bulb
4. Schwann cell
a. Myelin sheath
b. Schwann cell nucleus
c. Neurilemma
d. Node of Ranvier
5. Endoneurium
B. Brain:
1. Cerebrum
Text
page:_________
a. Hemispheres (Right and Left)
b. Frontal lobe
c. Parietal lobe
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 50
d. Occipital lobe
e. Temporal lobe
2. Grooves in the brain
Text
page:_________
a. Fissure: deeper groove
b. Sulcus: shallower groove, plural is sulci
c. Gyrus: plural is gyri
d. Central sulcus
e. Longitudinal fissure
f. Lateral fissure
g. Parieto-occipital sulcus
h. Transverse fissure
3. Hindbrain & Midbrain
Text
page:_________
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 51
a. Medulla oblongata
b. Pons
c. Midbrain
d. Corpora quadrigemina
e. Cerebellum
(1) Arbor vitae
4. Diencephalon
Text
page:_________
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
(1) Mammillary bodies
(2) Pituitary gland
c. Pineal gland
5. Connectors of the brain
Text
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 52
page:_________
a. Corpus callosum
b. Septum pellucidum
c. Fornix
d. Anterior commissure
e. Posterior commissure
f. Massa intermedia (Intermediate mass)
6. Ventricles & cerebral spinal fluid passages Text page:_________
a. Lateral ventricles (right & left)
b. Third ventricle
c. Fourth ventricle
d. Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe)
e. Cerebral Aqueduct (Mesencephalic aqueduct)
f. Median aperture (Foramen of Magendie)
g. Choroid plexus
7. Cranial Nerves (12 pairs):
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 53
Text
page:_________
Cranial Nerve Type
I. Olfactory Sensory
II. Optic Sensroy
III. Oculomotor Motor
IV. Trochlear Motor
V. Trigeminal Mixed
VI. Abducens Motor
VII. Facial Mixed
VIII. Vestibulocochlear Sensory
IX. Glossopharyngeal Mixed
X. Vagus Mixed
XI. Accessory (Spinal Accessory) Motor
XII Hypoglossal Motor
C. Meninges:
Text
page:_________
1. Dura mater
a. Epidural space
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 54
b. Subdural space
2. Arachnoid
a. Subarachnoid space
3. Pia mater
D. Spinal cord:
Text
page:_________
1. White matter
a. Dorsal columns
b. Lateral columns
c. Ventral columns
d. Anterior median fissure
e. Posterior median sulcus
2. Gray matter
a. Dorsal horn
b. Lateral Horn
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 55
c. Ventral horn
d. Gray commissure
e. Central canal
3. Spinal nerve
a. Dorsal spinal root (composed of sensory neurons)
(1) Dorsal root ganglion
b. Ventral spinal root (composed of motor neurons)
4. Sensory neuron
5. Interneuron
6. Motor neuron
7. Synapse
E. Spinal Nerves:
Text
page:_________
1. Cervical plexus
a. Phrenic nerve
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 56
2. Brachial plexus
a. Radial nerve
b. Ulnar nerve
c. Median nerve
3. Lumbar plexus
a. Femoral nerve
b. Saphenous nerve
4. Sacral plexus
a. Sciatic nerve
b. Tibial nerve
c. Common peroneal nerve (fibular nerve)
III. Useful web sites for the nervous system:
A. http://www.ifisiol.unam.mx/Brain/nervsys.htm
B. http://www.ifisiol.unam.mx/Brain/segunda.htm
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 57
Chapter 11, Special Senses
I. Vision: Text page:_________
A. Accessory Structures
1. Lacrimal apparatus
a. Lacrimal gland
b. Lacrimal sac
2. Extrinsic eye muscles & associated cranial nerve
Muscle Cranial Nerve
a. Superior rectus III. Oculomotor
b. Inferior rectus III. Oculomotor
c. Medial rectus III. Oculomotor
d. Lateral rectus VI. Abducens
e. Superior oblique IV. Trochlear
f. Inferior oblique III. Oculomotor
3. Muscle that elevates the upper eyelid
a. Levator palpebrae superioris III. Oculomotor
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B. Anatomy of the eye
Text
page:_________
1. Tunics
a. Fibrous tunic (tunica fibrosa)
(1) sclera
(2) cornea
b. Vascular tunic (tunica vasculosa)
(1) choroid
(2) ciliary body
(a) ciliary muscle
(b) ciliary process
(3) iris
(4) pupil
c. Retina (tunica interna)
(1) optic disc
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 59
(a) optic nerve
(2) macula lutea
(3) fovea centralis
(4) rods
(5) cones
2. Optical Apparatus
a. Lens
(1) suspensory ligaments
b. Anterior Cavity
(1) Aqueous humor
(2) anterior chamber
(3) posterior chamber
c. Posterior Cavity
(1) Vitreous humor/body
II. Hearing and Equilibrium:
Text
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 60
page:_________
A. Anatomy of the Ear
1. Outer ear (external ear)
a. auricle (pinna)
(1) helix
(2) antihelix
(3) tragus (not on the model)
(4) antitragus
(5) lobe
b. external auditory meatus (auditory canal)
c. tympanic membrane
2. Middle ear (tympanic cavity)
a. Eustacian tube (auditory tube)
b. Ossicles
(1) malleus
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 61
(2) incus
(3) stapes
c. Stapedius
d. Tensor tympani
3. Inner ear
a. Bony Labyrinth
(1) perilymph
(2) Semicircular canals
(a) Anterior semicircular canal
(b) Posterior semicircular canal
(c) Lateral semicircular canal
(3) Ampulla
(4) Oval window
(5) Round window
b. Membranous labyrinth
(1) Endolymph
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 62
(2) Utricle
(3) Saccule
(4) Semicircular ducts
Anterior semicircular duct
Posterior semicircular duct
Lateral semicircular duct
(1) Ampulla
c. Vestibule
d. Cochlea
e. Vestibulocochlear nerve
(1) Vestibular branch
(2) Cochlear branch
Internal Anatomy of the Cochlea Text
page:_________
Scala vestibuli
Cochlear duct (Scala media)
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Scala tympani
Vestibular membrane
Tectorial membrane
Basilar membrane
Organ of Corti
I. Taste (Gustation):
Text
page:_________
A. Lingual papillae
1. Filiform papillae
2. Fungiform papillae
3. Vallate papillae (circumvallate papillae)
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 64
Chapter 12, Endocrine System
Endocrine glands:
Text
page:_________
A. Pituitary gland
B. Thyroid gland
C. Parathyroid gland
D. Adrenal gland
E. Pancreas
F. Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
Thymus
Pineal body
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